基于疲劳寿命计的疲劳状态诊断方法研究

结构的疲劳状态诊断是指在疲劳载荷作用过程中，在结构丧失承载能力之前，对结构的损伤和承载性能的变化的检验和评估。利用自行研制的疲劳寿命计作为传感元件，对某结构进行了疲劳损伤状态的诊断的研究。研究结果表明，疲劳寿命计在疲劳载荷的作用过程中产生稳定的电阻变化，可以通过该电阻变化表示疲劳进程，并以此建立等幅加载和非等幅加载条件下的对应关系，诊断其疲劳状态。     

疲劳寿命计退火特性及电阻变化推算载荷谱的研究

对三种交变应变量循环后的疲劳寿命计在不同温度下进行退火实验,由它们在低于再结晶温度退火后电阻去除量的不同,得出疲劳寿命计在交变应变作用下电阻累积的主要机理。根据疲劳寿命计的标定特性曲线和在载荷谱下的响应特性,由三个不同方向粘贴的疲劳寿命计电阻变化推算载荷谱,该方法扩大了疲劳寿命计的使用范围。     

基于疲劳寿命计的桥梁载荷谱识别研究

疲劳寿命计是结构承载过程中理想的疲劳状态监测元件，其电阻产生的不可逆变化反映了结构的疲劳加载历程。首先比较分析了普通应变片和疲劳寿命计在实际应用中的优劣，然后在采用恒幅加载实验研究其基本测试性能的基础上，通过多级加载实验进一步证实了疲劳寿命计电阻响应规律的正确性，由此研究分析了桥梁等大型结构在实际的瑞利分布载荷作用下的疲劳加载历程，并对其使用寿命和剩余寿命进行预测。     

基于数字疲劳传感器的疲劳损伤在线评估系统

为了长期有效预测大型结构的疲劳损伤,以实现在线评估,本文介绍了基于数字疲劳传感器的疲劳监测系统,该系统可以利用电阻等效原理与变幅加载等效及双疲劳计建立的计算模型得到时程载荷谱;并根据Miner线性疲劳损伤累积理论计算出桥梁测点的剩余寿命.本文以上海某大桥疲劳监测子系统为例,根据疲劳传感器采集到的数据估算测点的疲劳剩余寿命,从而实现对大型结构可靠有效的在线健康评估.     

2024铝合金喷丸试件疲劳寿命试验及仿真研究

现有的喷丸材料疲劳性能研究扩展有限元模型没有考虑残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响。对2024铝合金的喷丸与未喷丸试样进行三弯疲劳试验,以明确喷丸工艺对试件疲劳寿命的强化作用。通过ABAQUS建立试件的二维平面应力模型,导入残余应力并利用扩展有限元法模拟循环载荷下裂纹的萌生与扩展,对比试验结果来验证该扩展有限元数值模型的正确性。最后基于该数值模型,改变载荷工况,研究不同载荷工况下残余应力对疲劳寿命的影响,得到喷丸残余应力强化作用与载荷工况的关系。结果表明:喷丸引入的残余应力可以有效地增强试件的疲劳寿命;过大的循环载荷可能造成喷丸残余应力发生松弛;在最大载荷不变的前提下,应力比越小,试件疲劳寿命越短;应力比越大,残余应力对疲劳寿命强化效果越明显。     

考虑平均应变的低周疲劳寿命本征损伤耗散预测方法

金属构件疲劳破坏是工业中常见的破坏形式。为了提高构件疲劳寿命的预测精度，针对低周疲劳载荷下平均应变对疲劳寿命的影响，基于连续介质损伤力学及其不可逆热力学框架，并引入Ramberg-Osgood循环本构模型，以等本征损伤耗散功作为等寿命条件，建立了一种考虑平均应变的低周疲劳寿命预测模型。为对比验证新建模型的有效性和先进性，采用新建模型、修正的Ohji模型、Sandor模型和Wei-Wong模型分别对叠加平均应变的45钢和2124-T851铝合金的低周疲劳寿命进行了预测，并与对应的试验结果进行对比。结果表明：新建模型的预测结果与试验结果吻合较好，其预测效果优于现有模型。基于本征损伤耗散理论的疲劳寿命预测方法为金属材料疲劳寿命的预测提供了新思路。     

热声激励下金属薄壁结构的随机疲劳寿命估算

金属薄壁结构在热声载荷作用下会发生复杂的大挠度非线性响应,结构内部快速变化的复杂应力严重降低了结构的疲劳寿命。在结构热声激振非线性响应分析基础上,采用雨流循环计数法对应力响应时间历程进行疲劳循环计数,通过Morrow TFS,SWT平均应力模型将疲劳循环进行零均值等效处理,结合Miner线性损伤累积理论,计算结构的热声疲劳寿命。以2024-T3型铝合金薄板为研究对象,计算得到了屈曲前后四种温度条件有限带宽高斯白噪声载荷作用下的非线性动态响应,并估算了疲劳寿命。分析结果表明,屈曲前结构的疲劳寿命随着温度升高下降,屈曲后结构持续跳变时的疲劳寿命持续下降直至最低,结构进入间歇跳变区域后疲劳寿命上升,结构热声疲劳寿命与非线性响应特征具有特定的对应关系。     

EXPLORATION OF A NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVE FATIGUE PROPERTY OF MATERIALSⅠ--An Increased Fatigue Life of Low Carbon Steel

研究了低碳钢经大电流脉冲处理后改善疲劳性能的可能性，结果表明：在循环载荷作用一定周次后，经大电流脉冲处理，可使低碳钢的疲劳性能得以改善，并可延长其疲劳寿命的量级。     

蠕变/疲劳共同作用下寿命估算方法

通过载荷谱转换，将带保载时间的蠕变／疲劳循环用不带保载时间的纯疲劳循环代替，提出蠕变／疲劳共同作用时的寿命估算方法。对１２Ｃｒ１ＭｏＶ钢母材和焊材的蠕变／疲劳交互作用试验数据的分析结果表明，本方法方便、实用。提出一个表征蠕变／疲劳连续加载时交互作用行为的参数，蠕变／疲劳寿命比。分析认为，材料的蠕变疲劳交互作用行为与该比值的大小腾。材料在蠕变／疲劳共同作用下呈这是呈负交经作用，并非材料固有的特性，还取决于载荷条件。     

从电阻变异规律分析疲劳损伤件中温热等静压效果

本文采用直流双臂电桥、QJ-55型高精度仪器,对40Cr调质试样及经过一定疲劳损伤后,分别进行电阻测量,并在试验中途进行中温热等静压,检测电阻的变化和测定剩余疲劳寿命.结果发现疲劳损伤试样经中温热等静压后,电阻有所降低,再继续疲劳试验时,电阻增加趋势变得缓慢.表明中温热等静压减轻了试样疲劳损伤程度和继续疲劳试验时减缓了疲劳损伤程度的发展趋势,从而大幅度提高了疲劳寿命.     

PREDICTING FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION LIFE OF AN ALUMINIUM ALLOY AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Abstract— A simple approach to predict the fatigue crack initiation (FCI) life of notches at low temperatures is developed. The stress cycle to initiate a 0.25 mm crack at a notch tip is presented as a function of an equivalent stress amplitude. The results of the study indicate that the FCI life of an aluminium alloy increases with decrease in temperature and the effect of temperature on the FCI resistance can be predict in the form of an FCI coefficient C and the FCI threshold. The coefficient C is the parameter controlling FCI resistance in the low cycle fatigue region and it can be calculated from the elasticity modulus and the strain hardening exponent. The threshold is the parameter governing FCI resistance in the high cycle fatigue region and its value depends mainly upon the endurance limit. The temperature- dependence of the endurance limit can be predicted by a thermal activation model. By means of this approach, the fatigue crack initiation life at low temperatures can be predicted from the material tensile properties without any additional low temperature fatigue tests and without any empirical modification so long as the endurance limit of the metal at room temperature is predetermined. The results suggest that this approach is applicable to other aluminium alloys.     

混凝土双轴拉压、三轴拉压压变幅疲劳性能研究

利用大型多轴疲劳试验机,进行了拉压双轴和拉压压三轴荷载作用下混凝土两级、三级变幅疲劳试验研究,重点分析了残余应变的变化规律。试验结果表明：混凝土在拉压和拉压压加载工况下的残余应变主要与相对疲劳次数和侧压应力比有关,基本不受加载历程因素的影响。定义相对残余应变为损伤变量,建立了损伤演变方程,并进行了疲劳损伤分析和剩余疲劳寿命预测,为混凝土在多轴变幅疲劳试验研究及疲劳损伤评价提供参考。     

EFFECTS OF COLD EXPANSION OF A HOLE ON FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION LOCATION AND LIFE OF AN LY12CZ ALLOY

Abstract— In the present study the effects of cold expansion of a hole on the location of fatigue crack initiation and life of LY12CZ alloy sheets are experimentally investigated and a quantitative expression of fatigue crack initiation life presented. Test results and analysis show that there may exist an optimum amount of cold expansion, for which both the coefficient of the resistance to fatigue crack initiation and the threshold are increased, and that the direction of cold expansion has no appreciable effect on fatigue crack initiation life. Observations show that, after cold expansion the fatigue crack nearly always initiates on the final entry face from which the mandrel is introduced into the hole during the final cold expansion process. Therefore it may be thought that the entry face is less resistant to fatigue crack initiation. In addition, the assumption of equivalence of residual stresses and also the strain hardening conditions on both the entry and exit faces may be questionable.     

拉-拉疲劳载荷下钛合金湿喷丸的残余应力松弛及再次喷丸工艺EI北大核心CSCD

采用湿法喷丸强化工艺(wet shot-peening)对TC4钛合金表面进行处理,研究高、低周的拉-拉疲劳过程中合金残余应力松弛规律,探讨再次喷丸工艺(re-shot-peening,RSP)对疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:在拉应力载荷状态下,残余压应力依然发生松弛现象。疲劳载荷水平对喷丸TC4钛合金残余压应力场(CRSF)的松弛速率、松弛程度和松弛范围具有重要影响。高周疲劳(HCF)过程中残余应力松弛主要发生在近表层0~30μm,松弛速率较慢。低周疲劳(LCF)过程中残余应力松弛发生在0~80μm,范围更大,速率更快。RSP周期对于TC4钛合金的疲劳寿命也具有较大影响。在25%和50%初始喷丸疲劳寿命进行RSP处理会显著提高疲劳寿命,而在75%初始喷丸疲劳寿命处进行RSP处理对于疲劳寿命基本没有影响。此外,RSP的强化效果与疲劳载荷水平相关,对于高周疲劳寿命提高明显。     

X-ray Diffraction Based Residual Stress Measurements for Assessment of Fatigue Damage and Rejuvenation Process for Undercarriages of Aircrafts

Assessment of fatigue damage during the service life of any component is important to ensure its continued integrity and predict the remnant life of the component. This is important to reduce the overall life cycle cost of the components. A component undergoing fluctuating stresses experiences fatigue damage and this is one of the major causes of failure of engineering components. Accumulation of fatigue damage takes place in undercarriages of aircrafts due to fluctuating stresses experienced after each landing. The accumulated fatigue damage has been assessed by carrying out residual stress measurements at stress critical regions of the undercarriages using X-ray diffraction technique. In the undercarriages, high compressive residual stresses are introduced as part of fabrication process, to enhance the fatigue resistance. These compressive residual stresses get redistributed due to the localized plastic deformation and become tensile with the increase in number of landings. The life of the undercarriages is extended by employing a rejuvenation treatment to overcome the surface tensile residual stresses, by first removing the material from stress critical regions, followed by shot peening treatment which introduces surface compressive stresses, thus enabling continued use of the undercarriages. The additional thickness provided at the design stage enables removal of fatigue damaged surface layers without affecting the overall structural integrity. The residual stress redistribution in stress critical regions of the struts of the undercarriages was measured and found to match qualitatively well with the values predicted from FEM based simulations.     

PROCESSING AND USE OF ZIRCONIUM BASED MATERIALS

The basic physical properties and steps in the manufacture of zirconium and important zirconium based materials are discussed. Once considered prohibitively expensive for structural use, its current cost is becoming competitive with other special alloys for various industrial applications. Its actual life cycle cost in many cases has been considerably lower than that experienced with alternative materials

Physical properties which combine to make zirconium attractive include: high strength, particularly when alloyed, outstanding resistance to many forms of corrosion in marine, industrial and most other environments, superior fatigue resistance and good metallurgical workability. Its oxide compound, zirconia, has become a base material for a new generation of tough ceramics. These ceramics are also candidates for fiber reinforcement. Several modern ceramic fabrication techniques are discussed

This review is a compilation of data and information from various sources concerning the physical properties, manufacture, and availability of zirconium and zirconium based materials. It is not intended as an exhaustive analysis of the subject. Rather, it should serve as a convenient introduction for those interested in this group of increasingly attractive alternative structural materials.     

High cycle fatigue analysis in presence of residual stresses by using a continuum damage mechanics model

This study attempts to predict the high cycle fatigue life of steel butt welds by numerical method. At first, FE simulation of plate butt welding is carried out to obtain the weld-induced residual stresses employing sequentially coupled three-dimensional (3-D) thermo-mechanical FE formulation. Then, a nonlinear damage cumulative model for multiaxial high cycle fatigue based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM), which can incorporate the effect of welding residual stresses, is derived using FE technique. The high cycle fatigue damage model is applied to the butt welds subjected to cyclic fatigue loading to calculate the fatigue life considering the residual stresses, and the computed total fatigue life which takes into account the fatigue crack initiation and the propagation is compared with the test result. In addition, the fatigue life prediction of the welds without considering the residual stresses is implemented to investigate the influence of welding residual stresses on the fatigue performance. The FE results show that the high cycle fatigue damage model proposed in this work can predict the fatigue life of steel butt welds with high accuracy, and welding residual stresses should be taken into account in assessing the fatigue life of the welds.     

MSP试验法评价PZT陶瓷的循环疲劳寿命

采用小样品力学性能试验方法(Modified Small Punch Tests,简称MSP)对Pb(Zr,Ti)O3陶瓷(PZT)实施了不同大小应力下的循环疲劳实验,循环应力越大,样品的残余强度和压电常数衰减越快,这是由应力循环过程中大量微裂纹的产生和扩展所致.通过最大强度值与疲劳寿命的对应关系求得100 Hz循环疲劳下该样品的裂纹扩展指数n为395,由此推测了PZT陶瓷样品的使用寿命,在循环应力的最大值不超过79.1 MPa的条件下,该样品的连续使用寿命可达5年以上.     

Influence of anodization on the fatigue strength of 7050-T7451 aluminium alloy

In recent years, with higher demand for improved quality and corrosion resistance, recovered substrates have been extensively used. Consequently residual stresses originated from these coatings reduce the fatigue strength of a component. Due to this negative influence occasioned by corrosion resistance protective coatings, an effective process like shot peening must be considered to improve the fatigue strength. The shot peening treatment pushes the crack sources beneath the surface in most of medium and high cycle cases due to the compressive residual stress field (CRSF) induced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence on the fatigue life of anodic films grown on 7050-T7451 aluminium alloy by sulphuric acid anodizing, chromic acid anodizing and hard anodizing. The influence on the rotating and reverse bending fatigue strength of anodic films grown on the aluminium alloy is to degrade the stress life fatigue performance of the base material. A consistent gain in fatigue life in relation to the base material was obtained through the shot peening process in coated specimens, associated to a residual stress field compressive near the surface, useful to avoid fatigue crack nucleation and delay or even stop crack propagation.