膨胀条件下混合型缓冲回填材料的渗透特性

 选取内蒙古高庙子膨润土(GMZ001膨润土),分别向其中添加0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%的石英砂,采用电子压力试验机在20 MPa荷载下静力压实制样,利用柔性壁渗透仪实测300 kPa围压条件下膨润土–石英砂混合物的渗透系数和体积膨胀变化。研究表明,在0%～50%掺砂率范围内,GMZ001膨润土–石英砂混合物的渗透性随掺砂率增大没有明显的变化,能够满足高放废物处置缓冲回填材料低渗透性的要求。引入有效黏土密度的概念,分析掺砂率和干密度对渗透系数的共同影响可知,膨润土–石英砂混合物渗透系数的对数值与有效黏土密度存在良好的线性衰减关系。结合压实试验结果发现,GMZ001膨润土–石英砂混合物的渗透系数为掺砂率的单值函数,据此提出不同压实条件下GMZ001膨润土–石英砂混合物渗透系数的预测关系式,期望为混合型缓冲回填材料的配比优化提供理论依据。     

膨胀性非饱和土统一硬化模型

缓冲和回填材料的选择作为高放废物处置中的重要一环,有着非常重要的作用。许多研究表明:高庙子膨润土的诸多优良特性如低渗透性、高膨胀性、热稳定性等非常适合作为高放废物处置的缓冲和回填材料。针对高庙子膨润土的高膨胀性,在超固结非饱和土统一硬化模型的基础上,通过引入一项与原有塑性体变相耦合的膨胀体变,建立了能够反映土体湿化膨胀的膨胀性非饱和土统一硬化模型。该模型能够较好地反映出膨胀性非饱和土的高膨胀性及其膨胀效应随初始干密度、超固结程度变化等特性。     

高庙子膨润土及其混合材料导热性能研究

导热性能是高放废物地质处置库缓冲/回填材料的重要性能之一。采用瞬变平面热源法,研究了我国高放废物地质处置首选缓冲/回填材料高庙子膨润土,及以其为主料,添加不同含量石英砂、北山花岗岩碎屑组成的混合材料的导热性能。分析了添加剂种类和含量、干密度、饱和度等因素对导热系数的影响。研究结果表明:高庙子膨润土及其混合材料的导热系数、热扩散系数都随干密度和含水量的增大而增大;石英砂、北山花岗岩碎屑能够不同程度提高膨润土的导热系数,石英砂的作用优于北山花岗岩碎屑;饱和度对添加剂发挥其提高缓冲/回填材料导热性能的作用影响明显,饱和度越高,添加剂的作用越显著。     

常含水率下非饱和高庙子膨润土加砂混合物的水力-力学性质

对非饱和高庙子膨润土与砂混合物击实样进行常含水率下的不排水等向压缩和不排水三轴剪切试验,研究非饱和高庙子膨润土与砂混合物的水力-力学特性,拟模拟深层地质处置工程中缓冲/回填材料在不排水状态下受力时的性状。试验研究表明:在不排水等向压缩和不排水三轴剪切试验中,固结应力和剪应力的增大引起非饱和土试样孔隙比减小,饱和度增大,吸力减小;在不排水剪切试验中,应力-应变曲线呈外凸的形状,试样发生体积收缩和侧向膨胀变形,净围压对试样的初始刚度、不排水剪切强度和变形有较大的影响。     

高压实高庙子膨润土的热传导性能

采用基于热探针法的热传导仪,研究了作为我国高放废物深地质处置首选缓冲/回填材料的内蒙古高庙子钠基膨润土和膨润土–石英砂混合材料的热传导特性,探讨了含砂量、干密度和含水率等因素影响,并运用多种热传导模型进行了预测对比分析。结果表明:高压实高庙子膨润土及膨润土–混合物的热传导系数均随干密度和含水率的增大而增大;在不同的干密度条件下,混合物的热传导系数均随含砂量的增加而增大,且干密度越大,热传导系数随含砂量的增加越明显;含水率不为零时,膨润土–砂混合物的热传导系数随含砂量的增加而增大;烘干试样(含水率为零)在石英含砂量为0～30%的范围内,混合物中石英砂的比例越大,热传导系数越高,石英砂比例为50%时,热传导系数有所下降。Kahr方程能较好地预测高庙子膨润土的热传导系数;Fricke方程预测的高庙子膨润土–砂混合物热传导系数与实测值拟合较好,可用于高庙子膨润土–砂混合物热传导系数的预测。     

高庙子膨润土–砂混合料的三向膨胀力特性

 对不同干密度和含砂率高庙子膨润土–砂混合缓冲/回填材料的试样进行一系列三向膨胀力试验研究,结果表明,混合料三向膨胀力均随干密度呈指数关系递增,随含砂率呈指数关系递减。混合料存在各向异性,竖向膨胀力大于水平向膨胀力;含砂率和干密度均对试样的各向异性产生影响;当含砂率大于30%以后,含砂率的增加对其各向异性影响较小;混合料的各向异性随干密度的增大更加显著,并逐渐趋于稳定;对各向异性的机制进行分析,提出基于体积率的膨润土干密度这一指标,建立高庙子膨润土及其含砂混合料三向膨胀力的经验模型,并对模型进行验证和应用,研究成果可为高放废物深地质处置库中的缓冲/回填材料设计提供参考。     

石英砂掺量对膨润土–砂混合物泥浆样干缩开裂的控制机制

高放废物地质处置工程中,膨润土–砂混合物作为缓冲回填材料的干缩开裂特征对工程屏障的安全性有重要影响。以混合型缓冲回填材料为研究对象,分别制备掺砂率为0%～50%膨润土–砂的浆状试样,通过室内恒温干燥试验,研究混合物的干缩开裂特征。结果表明:当掺砂率小于30%时,混合物的收缩曲线与径向应变曲线均基本重合,石英砂悬浮在膨润土中,混合物的干缩开裂特性由膨润土决定;当掺砂率大于30%时,混合物中石英砂逐渐相互接触,增加了颗粒间的摩擦力且有大孔隙形成,进而能够抑制混合物的干缩开裂。石英砂颗粒的相互接触显著提高了混合物进气值,略微提高了缩限,限制了混合物的干燥收缩。大孔隙的形成导致毛细水作用力的降低;颗粒间摩擦力的增加,增强了混合物抵抗断裂的能力,进而抑制了混合物干燥裂隙的发展。最终确定了抑制膨润土–砂混合物干缩开裂的最低掺砂率为30%。     

温度和盐/碱作用下膨润土-砂-石墨缓冲材料膨胀力性能演化

缓冲材料是核废料等高放废物地质处置库的最后一道工程屏障,要想科学合理地评估缓冲材料的实际工作性能,需对温度场和化学场作用下非饱和缓冲材料的膨胀特性有清晰的认识。以膨润土-砂-石墨缓冲材料(BSG)为硏究对象,基于自主研发的膨胀力试验装置,系统研究了温度、化学溶液对BSG混合物的膨胀力的影响。结果表明:高温和化学溶液降低膨胀力。阳离子类型的影响通过其化学活性的差异来解释。Ca²⁺离子具有比Na⁺离子更高的交换容量。温度对膨胀力的影响超过了阳离子类型,在室温条件下,加入CaCl₂溶液的BSG混合物的膨胀力高于加入NaCl溶液的,而高温下规律则相反。随着NaOH溶液pH值的增加,膨胀力减小。在较高的温度下,下降速率取决于NaOH溶液pH值。高浓度的OH^-有利于双层膨胀和土体结构重排,不同浓度的NaOH溶液对膨胀力的影响表现为Na⁺和OH^-的相互作用。土体结构重新排列引起的双层膨胀力的增加和膨胀力的降低分别由双层厚度的减小和蒙脱石和硅酸盐矿物的溶解控制。     

侧限状态下高压实高庙子膨润土非饱和渗透性的试验研究

高放废弃物深地质处置库中,由高压实膨润土形成的人工屏障,起着阻障围岩中地下水渗入内库并引起核素迁移以及库内高放废物的辐射扩散的作用。因此,有必要研究侧限状态下高压实膨润土的非饱和渗透性能。采用瞬时截面法试验研究了侧限状态下高压实高庙子膨润土的非饱和渗透特性。结果表明:侧限状态下,干密度为1.7g/cm3的高压实高庙子膨润土的非饱和渗透系数,数值为1.13×10-13～8.41×10-15m/s,且与土中吸力呈非单一增减关系。当土中吸力约为68MPa时,非饱和渗透系数最小;吸力大于68MPa时,其非饱和渗透系数随着吸力的增加而增加;而当吸力小于68MPa时,非饱和渗透系数随着土中吸力的增加而减小。     

盐碱演化环境下高压实GMZ膨润土膨胀变形特性

高放射性废物深地质处置库中,混凝土材料在地下水和辐射热的长期耦合作用下,不断衰解生成高碱性物质,进而影响高压实膨润土的膨胀变形特性,危及处置库运行安全。针对中国北山处置场地下水特征对缓冲/回填材料高压实高庙子(GMZ)膨润土变形特性的影响,分别配制北山地下水(BSW)、早期混凝土衰解液(YCW)和后期混凝土衰解液(ECW),开展了盐碱演化环境下高压实GMZ膨润土的一维膨胀变形试验,获取了初试干密度(1.50,1.60,1.70,1.80 g/cm³)和上覆荷载(0.1,0.2,0.4 MPa)对膨润土变形的影响规律。结果表明：随着BSW、YCW和ECW 3种溶液相继入渗,高压实膨润土的稳定膨胀变形率不断增加,但增加值逐渐减小;当YCW和ECW入渗时,稳定膨胀变形率的增加值随干密度增加而减小,随荷载增大而减小。基于压汞试验结果,阐明了盐碱演化环境下高压实膨润土持续膨胀的微观机理。研究成果可为中国处置库缓冲/回填材料的选择和工程屏障设计提供依据。     

聚丙烯纤维对硅灰混凝土氯离子渗透性能的影响

在正交试验的基础上,采用NEL试验方法研究了不同掺量(体积掺量0.067%～0.5%)、不同尺度(3、6、10 mm)的聚丙烯纤维混杂对硅灰混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响.研究表明,聚丙烯纤维影响硅灰混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的因素依次为:长短纤维掺量比＞纤维掺量＞复合纤维长度.当纤维掺量在低掺量范围内增加时,硅灰混凝土氯离子渗透性能会降低,而当纤维掺量较高时,硅灰混凝土氯离子渗透性能反而增加;纤维对硅灰混凝土氯离子渗透性能的影响与复合纤维的长度关系不大,而与长短纤维掺量比关系密切.     

Extending internal curing to concrete mixtures with W/C higher than 0.42

Internal curing (IC) is an effective method for improving performance of low W/C – low permeability concretes because they require additional water to hydrate the cementitious materials. Conventional concretes, on the other hand, contain enough water to hydrate the cementitious materials, but are frequently not properly cured, allowing drying and compromising strength gain and durability. The aim of this investigation is to assess the effect of IC as a complement to traditional curing in relatively high W/C concretes (W/C above 0.42) under drying conditions. Degree of hydration, compressive strength, and permeability were measured in concretes with IC and without IC. Results show that even under drying conditions, mixtures with IC exhibit 16% higher hydration, 19% higher compressive strength, and 30% lower permeability than their counterparts with no IC. This suggests that IC can be very useful for improving performance in concrete mixtures with relatively high W/C under poor curing conditions.     

吸附不同气体对煤岩渗透特性的影响

注CO2或者CO2/N2混合气强化煤层气开采以及进行CO2封存时,气体的吸附/解吸会影响煤岩的渗透特性。采用自行研制的煤岩三轴渗流装置进行恒定有效应力、不同气体压力条件下,煤岩吸附纯CO2,CH4,N2以及不同配比的CO2/N2混合气体对渗透特性影响的试验研究,以探讨煤岩在气体压力以及吸附作用下渗透特性的变化规律。结果表明:(1)气体组分固定的条件下,煤样渗透率随气体压力的增加呈负指数减小。(2)相同气体压力条件下,煤样吸附气体后渗透率都有不同程度的下降,且下降幅度跟吸附气体的组分有关,吸附纯CO2下降的幅度最大,吸附CH4次之,吸附N2最小;吸附CO2/N2混合气时,其中CO2组分浓度越高,煤样渗透率越低,但当N2量达到一定比例时,煤样渗透率会得到改善。(3)气体压力加卸载过程得到的煤岩渗透率–气体压力关系曲线存在滞后现象,这与气体在煤岩中的吸附/解吸曲线滞后有关,因此煤岩渗透率跟压力路径有关。试验结果对于煤矿瓦斯抽采以及CO2或烟道气注入煤层后的储层渗透率的预测与控制具有重要指导意义。     

Effect of biopolymers on permeability of sand-bentonite mixtures

Application of biopolymer-modified geomaterials in waste disposal practices is gaining wide acceptance due to their superior tensile characteristics and improved crack resistance. Permeability is an important design parameter which determines the suitability of a material as a liner for construction of engineered landfills. Given this, the permeability characteristics of sand-bentonite mixtures amended with biopolymers was studied using a modified-falling head permeability apparatus under an accelerated gravity environment. Both distilled water and synthetic leachate were utilized as permeant liquid to assess the role of biopolymer amendment on the permeation behavior of sand-bentonite mixtures. Experimental results indicate that addition of biopolymers causes aggregation of the clay platelets, which in turn enhances the permeation behavior of the biopolymer-modified sand-bentonite mixtures. These mixtures meet the regulatory requirement of the liner.     

土石混合体的渗透特性试验研究

土石混合体的物质组成以砾石与砂土、粘土等为主,受宏观构造和微观结构复杂性的影响,其渗透性极为不均匀。采用自制大直径常水头渗透仪,针对5种不同级配的土石混合体,通过渗透试验探讨了粗粒含量、细粒含量、不均匀系数、平均粒径等对其渗透特性的影响规律,并分析了管涌破坏的影响因素。     

Properties of self-compacting concretes made with binary,ternary, and quaternary cementitious blends of fly ash,blast furnace slag,and silica fume

Self-compacting concretes (SCCs) have brought a promising insight into the concrete industry to provide environmental impact and cost reduction. However, the use of ternary and especially quaternary cementitious blends of mineral admixtures have not found sufficient applications in the production of SCCs. For this purpose, an experimental study was conducted to investigate properties of SCCs with mineral admixtures. Moreover, durability based multi-objective optimization of the mixtures were performed to achieve an optimal concrete mixture proportioning. A total of 22 concrete mixtures were designed having a constant water/binder ratio of 0.44 and a total binder content of 450 kg/m³. The control mixture included only a Portland cement (PC) as the binder while the remaining mixtures incorporated binary, ternary, and quaternary cementitious blends of PC, fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (S), and silica fume (SF). Fresh properties of the SCCs were tested for slump flow diameter, slump flow time, L-box height ratio, and V-funnel flow time. Furthermore, the hardened properties of the concretes were tested for sorptivity, water permeability, chloride permeability, electrical resistivity, drying shrinkage, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. The results indicated that when the durability properties of the concretes were taken into account, the ternary use of S and SF provided the best performance.     

Performance comparison of laboratory and field produced pervious concrete mixtures

Portland cement pervious concrete (PCPC) is an environmentally friendly paving material that has been increasingly used in parking lots as well as low volume and low speed pavements. Although specifications are available for the mix design and construction of pervious concrete, there still remains a need for laboratory tests to ensure the anticipated performance of laboratory designed pervious concrete. In this study, the performance of laboratory and field produced pervious concrete mixtures as well as field cores were evaluated and compared through laboratory performance tests, including air voids, permeability, compressive and split tensile strengths, as well as Cantabro and freeze–thaw durability tests. Two types of coarse aggregate, limestone and granite, with two gradings, No. 8 and No. 89 specified in ASTM C33, were used to produce the mixtures. Latex, air-entraining admixture (AEA), and high range water reducer (HRWR) were also added to improve the overall performance of pervious concrete. The results indicated that the mixtures made with limestone and latex had lower porosity and permeability, as well as higher strength and abrasion resistance than other mixtures. Even for pervious concrete, the addition of AEA could still help to improve the freeze–thaw resistance. The comparison between laboratory and field mixtures showed that a properly designed and laboratory verified pervious concrete mixture could meet the requirements of permeability, strength, and durability performance in the field.     

受铅污染的土-膨润土竖向隔离墙材料的压缩及渗透特性试验研究

土-膨润土系竖向隔离墙广泛应用于工业污染场地修复工程中。由于黏土与污染液的相互作用,隔离墙的工程性质将发生改变。通过一维压缩固结试验,研究高岭土-膨润土系竖向隔离墙材料与硝酸铅溶液相互作用下的物理性质、压缩固结和渗透特性的改变规律,并给出机理解释。引入评价天然重塑黏土的压缩和渗透特性的归一化孔隙比e /e_L和孔隙指数I_v概念,进一步评价分析受铅污染土-膨润土系竖向隔离墙材料的压缩和渗透特性。     

Deformation and water/gas flow properties of claystone/bentonite mixtures

As a potential engineered barrier material for disposal of radioactive waste in clay formations,claystone aggregate excavated from the Opalinus clay(OPA),its mixture with bentonite MX80 in a mass ratio of 7/3,and pure bentonite were extensively investigated with respect to the hydro-mechanical properties and performances.With these materials,a series of parallel experiments was performed under sequentially applied conditions of hydration with synthetic porewater of the clay formation,consolidation and water flow under increased stresses,and gas injection into the water-saturated and compacted materials under loading.Significant responses of the clay mixtures were observed.Main findings include:(1) the hydration and induced swelling of the mixtures are mainly dominated by bentonite content and dry density;(2) the consolidation decreases the porosity and water permeability exponentially by 2-3 orders of magnitude to low values of 10~(-18)-10~(-20) m~2 at stresses of 2-5 MPa,depending upon bentonite content;and(3) the gas penetration in the water-saturated and compacted bentonite is characterised by a cyclic pressure rising/dropping process limited in between the upper breakthrough and lower shut-off boundaries,whereas the compacted claystone and claystone/bentonite mixture allow for gas release at low and moderate pressures.The results are helpful for design of the engineered barriers for safe isolation of radioactive waste in repositories.