Mechanical properties,electrical resistivity and piezoresistivity of carbon fibre-based self-sensing cementitious composites

Carbon fibre (CF) is one of the most effective materials in improving the conductivity of the composites by developing a conductive network within the matrix, which also enhanced the piezoresistivity behaviour of the cementitious composites and has a potential application for structural health monitoring. A systematic study of the effect of sizing condition and fibre length on the piezoresistivity behaviour of cementitious composites by adopting unsized CF with the length of 3, 6 and 12 mm, and desized CF of 6 and 12 mm as functional fillers. Each type of CF was added at four different weight fractions of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7% to determine the optimal fibre content. Electrical resistivity and piezoresistivity tests were conducted for samples before and after drying treatment to evaluate the effect of water content on electrical properties. Besides, fresh properties of the fresh mixture, mechanical properties and microstructure of the composites were also investigated. Results showed that unsized CF is more effective in enhancing composites flexural strength and reducing the electrical resistivity, which also showed a stronger bonding with the cement matrix and also demonstrated a better dispersive ability. In terms of piezoresistivity behaviour, for a given fibre length, desized CF showed higher sensitivity and repeatability compared to unsized CF; however, the signals showed more noise. The best piezoresistivity behaviour was obtained for composites containing 3 mm CF at 0.7 wt%, which showed a fractional change in resistivity (FCR) value of approximately 70%. An equation was developed, which can successfully describe the relationship between the FCR of cementitious composites containing CF and the applied external stress.     

Conductivity and percolation of nanotube based polymer composites in extensional deformations

Anisotropic conductive particles are ideal fillers to achieve electrical conductivity in polymer composites. Polymer processing is generally associated to the development of flow fields. It has been observed that flow yields an increase in resistivity. This increase is ascribed to the rotation and flow induced alignment of the particles. Indeed alignment lowers the inter-particle contact probability and thereby the conductivity of the material. The effect of laminar shear has been the topic of several studies over the last years. However, the contribution of elongational flow remains vague in spite of its ubiquity in polymer processing. We report an experimental study in which the contribution of elongational flow and extension is isolated. It is found that the resistivity of extruded composites displays a quadratic increase as a function of the draw ratio. A simple model that considers the relative translation of the particles accounts for this behavior and reveals that translation has much more dramatic consequences than rotation on the conductivity and percolation of nanocomposites.     

碳纳米管水泥基复合材料导电特性影响因素研究进展

将适量碳纳米管加入水泥基材料,可使其拥有独特的导电特性,进而实现水泥基材料结构的自感知和智能化.碳纳米管水泥基复合材料的导电特性受到物理场和材料组分等因素的影响和制约,但现有研究对此问题的关注和深度不够.综述了碳纳米管水泥基复合材料导电特性影响因素的研究现状,针对复合材料的电阻率和电流等电学指标,分析了物理场影响复合材...     

Volume Fraction and Whisker Orientation Dependence of the Electrical Properties of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Mullite Composites

The electrical behavior of hot-pressed mullite composites reinforced with 10, 20, and 30% SiC whiskers (SiC_w) was evaluated in the frequency range 100 Hz–10 MHz and compared with 2 GHz data as well as dc resistivity measurements. It is found that the addition of SiC_w has a dramatic effect on the dielectric properties as well as the resistivity of these materials. The ac properties (dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and impedance) show a strong dependence on the volume fraction of SiC and on the orientation of the electric field with respect to the hot-pressing direction and hence the whisker orientation. The dc resistivity measurements are sensitive to the whisker volume fraction but cannot easily discriminate between those samples that were measured parallel or perpendicular to the hot-pressing direction as was possible with the ac measurements.     

Electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of flow-induced oriented carbon nanotubes in polycarbonate

The electrical and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polycarbonate (MWCNT/PC) composites are investigated. The composites were prepared by diluting masterbatch (15 wt.% MWCNT) using a Haake mixer and then injection-molded into a dog-bone mold. Various MWCNT alignments were created by changing operating conditions. Electrical resistivity measurements were carried out at three different areas at both parallel and perpendicular to the flow direction. The results showed higher resistivity and percolation threshold at higher alignments in both parallel and perpendicular to the flow direction. By applying Ohm’s law it was seen that after percolation, the field emission mechanisms are more important at higher orientations. Higher MWCNT alignments were observed in areas with higher resistivities, and this was verified using SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Additionally, EMI SE measurements were done on compression-molded samples at different concentrations and thicknesses. The results showed that both EMI SE by reflection and absorption increased with increase in MWCNT loading and shielding material thickness.     

Impact of electrode separator on performance of a zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide packed-bed electrode flow battery

A zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide packed-bed electrode flow battery was used to evaluate using granular materials with ionic activity as separating materials between electrodes, increasing the separation distance between electrodes, while using separating materials, and reversing the electrolyte flow direction through the flow battery. Results indicate that materials with more ionic activity (ion exchange resins) perform better than materials with limited ionic activity (stainless steel). Among the more ionically active materials, the basic material out-performed the acidic material with an anode-to-cathode flow regime at low current draw. The best performance was obtained using ALL-CRAFT 4K-activated carbon as separation material. The use of an ionically active separation material reduced the difference in cell performance between 2.22 and 5.40 cm of separation by 56%. Although expected to be an important parameter for packed-bed electrode flow battery, the electrolyte flow direction did not produce a discernable difference in performance using the low current draw of these studies.     

外加磁场下C／C复合材料的Fe—Ni催化石墨化以及性能研究

在Fe—Ni存在下,外加磁场不但可以提高酚醛树脂炭的石墨化度而且对新生成的石墨层也具有很好的导向作用。实验以短切雕N基碳纤维为增强体,酚醛树脂为基体碳源,采用液相浸渍的方法制备c／c复合材料。主要研究了外加磁场对c／c复合材料的Fe—Ni催化石墨化、电性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,磁场作用下对含有铁磁性催化剂Fe—Ni的C／C复合材料的石墨化具有较好的改善作用;C／C复合材料的石墨化度越高其电阻率越低,并且电阻率在不同的磁场方向上呈现出了显著的差异性,平行于磁场方向上比垂直方向上的电阻率更低;但是,随着复合材料石墨化度的提高其抗压强度发生显著的降低。     

Fire reactions of ceramic and polymer moulding composites

Abstract

Abstract

Low cost ceramic dough moulding compounds/composites (CDMC) are composed of inorganic metal silicates and chopped fibre reinforcements. This paper investigates the fire reactions of these materials under severe thermal and heat conditions. This research is targeted to potential applications in the replacement of glass fibre reinforced polymeric insulation materials such as phenolic composites as engine heat shields which experience high temperature and heat transmission. The materials developed can provide good properties, including heat insulation with high thermal stability for engine drafts, where traditional glass/phenolic composites were used and gave a very short life cycle. This work compares the thermal properties of the glass fibre reinforced phenolic composites and metal silicate composites produced under the same processing conditions. The results show that CDMC possesses significantly better thermal stability and heat resistance in comparison with phenolic moulding composite (phenolic dough moulding composites). The indication was that under the testing condition of heat flux of 75?kW?m^?2 intended for materials used for applications in marine, transport and possibly nuclear waste immobilisation, the integration of the CDMC was kept intact and survived as a high temperature insulation material.     

Effect of axial stretching on electrical resistivity of short carbon fibre and carbon black filled conductive rubber composites

The variation of electrical resistivity of carbon black and short carbon fibre (SCF) filled rubber composites was studied against the degree of strain at constant strain rate. It was found that both the degree of strain and strain rate affect the electrical resistivity of the composites. The change in resistivity against the strain and strain rate depends both on the concentration and the type of conductive filler. The incorporation of short carbon fibres (SCF) imparts higher conductivity to the composite than carbon black at the same level of loading. Composites filled with carbon black exhibit better mechanical properties than SCF filled composites. Electrical setting, ie a permanent change in electrical resistivity, was observed during extension–retraction cycles. A good correlation was found between the mechanical response and the electrical response towards strain sensitivity. The results of different experiments are discussed in the light of breakdown and formation of conductive networks in the filled rubber composites. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

In situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of carbon black

A hybrid material of polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and conductive carbon black (PaniDBSA/CB) was prepared by in situ polymerization. The presence of low amount of CB (up to 25 wt %) resulted in a decrease in resistivity as compared to pure PaniDBSA. Composite with 25 wt % of CB presented the lowest resistivity and a tubular morphology characterized by microtubules with high aspect ratio evidenced by SEM examination. Higher amount of CB give rise to materials with higher resistivity values and a granular morphology, similar to pure carbon black. Ultraviolet–visible and electron paramagnetic resonance analyses were employed to evaluate the polaron concentration. X‐ray diffraction was used to characterize the molecular structure of these composites. It was observed a decrease in the crystallinity degree and a shift of the polaron band transition toward lower wavelength as the amount of CB in the composite increases. From the EPR measurements, one can suggest that the higher chain order and polaron mobility is observed in hybrid with 25% of CB. This behavior is in agreement to the electrical resistivity values and SEM microscopy. The effect of CB on thermal stability of the composites was also investigated. The effect of the PaniDBSA/CB hybrid material on the processability and resistivity of the composites based on styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS) block copolymer as the insulating matrix have been also evaluated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 535–541, 2006     

碳纳米管/有机酸复合相变材料的制备及性能

以多壁碳纳米管（MWNT）为支撑材料，十二酸（LA）、十四酸（MA）、十六酸（SA）和十八酸（PA）为相变主材，采用熔融共混法制备不同成型复合相变材料。利用压片机、红外热成像仪、导热系数测试仪和电阻率测试仪对成型材料的物理性质、温度场分布、蓄-放热时间、导热率和电阻率进行测试。结果表明，成型压力和MWNT添加量对复合材料密度影响较小。4种有机酸中分别添加24%、19%、25%和26%的MWNT时，有机酸不会泄漏。成型后虽然温度场分布更均匀，且具有良好疏水性，但蓄热速度减缓。复合材料导热率分别比纯有机酸提高2.7~3.7倍、2.7~4.5倍、2.7~4.4倍和1.7~2.4倍。压力从1MPa变到11MPa时，复合材料电阻率分别减小75.9%、76.5%、72.2%和74.0%，材料电阻率变化曲线拟合表明两者之间相关性较高。说明制备的复合相变材料具有良好的疏水、导热和导电性能。     

Development of novel silk/wool hybrid fibre polypropylene composites

Recycling and reusing fibrous waste is one of the most important environmental tasks that face the world, to reduce environmental loading and promote the most effective use of resources. In this study, the shuttle-less loom silk selvedge waste and wool fibres were used to produce functional composites. First, the silk selvedge waste was opened and converted into fibrous form. The opened silk fibres were mixed with wool and polypropylene staple fibres in the proportions of 35/15/50, 35/35/30 and 15/35/50. The functional composites were produced by compression moulding technique with optimum process conditions. The effect of silk and wool fibre content on the mechanical properties of silk/wool hybrid fibre polypropylene composites was studied by measuring the tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of the resultant composite material. The thermal conductivity and water uptake properties of the composites were also studied. The morphology of silk/wool hybrid fibre polypropylene composites was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy technique. It was found that the composite containing 35/15/50 silk/wool/polypropylene showed the best performance in mechanical properties. The tensile, flexural and impact strengths of 35/15/50 silk/wool/polypropylene composite sample were found to be 30.21 MPa, 19.88 MPa and 0.713 J, respectively. The results also showed that the thermal conductivity was the least while the silk and wool fibre contents were the most in the composite. The water absorption study showed that the composite containing more fibre content possessed maximum water uptake properties. The study strongly suggests that the silk/wool hybrid fibre polypropylene composite materials are quite capable of serving as a potential cost effective, technologically viable, and attractive substitute to the conventional glass epoxy composites used as electrical insulating materials in printed circuit boards.     

Epoxy‐ and polyester‐based composites reinforced with glass,carbon and aramid fabrics: Measurement of heat capacity and thermal conductivity of composites by differential scanning calorimetry

The primary purpose of the study is to investigate the temperature dependence of heat capacity and thermal conductivity of composites having different fiber/matrix combinations by means of heat‐flux differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The materials used as samples in this study were epoxy‐ and polyester‐based composites. Noncrimp stitched glass, carbon, and aramid fabric were used as reinforcements for making unidirectional composites. For the heat capacity measurements the composite sample and a standard material are separately subjected to same linear temperature program. By recording the heat flow rate into the composite sample as a function of temperature, and comparing it with the heat flow rate into a standard material under the same conditions, the temperature dependence of heat capacity of the composite sample is determined. Measurements were carried out over a wide range of temperatures from about 20 to 250°C. The differential scanning calorimeter was adapted to perform the thermal conductivity measurements in the direction perpendicular to the fiber axis over the temperature range of 45–235°C. The method used in this study utilizes the measurement of rate of heat flow into a sensor material during its first‐order phase transition to obtain the thermal resistance of a composite material placed between the sensor material and the heater in the DSC. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

层状结构氧化石墨烯/聚丙烯接枝磺化苯乙烯/聚苯胺复合抗静电剂的制备及应用

以苯胺、聚丙烯接枝磺化苯乙烯、氧化石墨烯为反应原料,以盐酸为掺杂剂,通过苯胺原位聚合及大分子反应制备了氧化石墨烯/聚丙烯接枝磺化苯乙烯/聚苯胺（GO/PP-g-SPS/PANI）层状结构的复合材料。研究了复合材料的体积电阻率及反应物配比对复合材料体积电阻的影响。分别采用FTIR、XPS对复合材料进行了结构分析,并采用SEM对复合材料结构形貌进行了表征,同时研究了将其添加到PP中的抗静电性能。研究结果表明： GO/PP-g-SPS/PANI制备最佳配比为质量比m_PP-g-SPS∶m_GO∶m_ANI=30∶15∶1时,材料体积电阻率最小为120Ω·mm。添加到PP中导电逾渗阈值为0.7%（质量分数）,PP材料的体积电阻率达到最低值4.5×10¹⁰Ω·mm,比纯PP降低了6个数量级,拉伸强度提高了2.8MPa。SEM形貌图表明GO/PP-g-SPS/PANI以GO为骨架表面层状蜂窝结构,聚合物大分子镶嵌在GO片层间,与PP共混物界面具有良好的相容性。     

展望高分子材料在世纪转换年代的发展和作用

高分子合成材料主要指合成树脂和塑料、合成纤维、合成橡胶这三大合成材料。它们已广泛应用于尖端技术、国防建设和国民经济各领域。它与金属材料、陶瓷材料一起称为新技术革命的三大支柱材料。高分子材料的发展不仅对材料科学本身有重大影响，而且也直接关系到国民经济所有领域的发展。高分子材料为了满足２１世纪新技术革命发展的需要，主要朝着高性能化、高功能化、复合化、精细化和智能化的方向发展。     

PA 12导电复合材料的结构与性能

采用熔融共混的方法制备了炭黑含量不同的聚酰胺(PA)12导电复合材料,研究了复合材料的导电性能、结构以及炭黑的分散状况。复合材料的体积电阻率随炭黑含量的增加而显著降低,导电炭黑的逾渗阈值低于15%。炭黑具有异相成核的作用,可提高PA 12初始结晶温度。复合材料的储能模量随炭黑含量增加而升高,炭黑对PA 12的分子运动有明显的阻碍作用,使复合材料的玻璃化转变温度移向高温方向。炭黑在PA 12基体中分散较均匀,随炭黑含量增加,炭黑颗粒间距减小,使PA 12复合材料具有良好的导电性能,体积电阻率最低为1×105Ω.cm。     

The influence of zirconia fibre on ablative composite materials

ABSTRACT

Zirconia fibres have excellent high temperature ablation resistance and have been widely used in ablative materials. In this paper, zirconia fibre was used for reinforcing the ablative composite materials to study the influence of zirconia fibre had upon the mechanical properties and the high temperature ablation properties of such composites. The results showed that the bending strength of the material was also good and reached a maximum of 13.05?MPa. After sintering at 1400°C, the bending strength was also great which could reach 13.05?MPa. In addition, the corrosion resistance of the composites was excellent and the oxygen-acetylene line ablation rate was 0.03?mm?s^?1 when the fibre content was 30?wt-%.     

接结纱经向间距对EP/CFSF复合材料性能的影响

基于不同接结纱经向间距的设计,研究了不同接结纱经向间距对环氧树脂(EP)/碳纤维间隔织物(CFSF)复合材料的力学性能、电学性能的影响规律,结合扫描电子显微镜,分析经向间距对复合材料性能的影响机制。结果表明,随着接结纱经向间距的增加,EP/CFSF复合材料的冲击强度和弯曲强度减小,韧性减弱,电阻率增大。当接结纱经向间距为4 mm时,复合材料具有较佳的综合性能,其冲击强度为13.5 k J/m~2,弯曲强度为121.30 MPa,导电性能最好,电阻率为0.077Ω·m。     

铝电解槽用石墨化阴极材料的研究

以4种国产焦炭、3种国产煤沥青为原材料，采用热模压成型、一次焙烧、高压浸渍、二次焙烧和石墨化等工艺开展了铝电解槽用石墨化阴极材料的研究。在对原材料结构和理化性能分析的基础上，考察了原材料种类和配比不同的15个试样在热处理过程中的收缩率和体积密度的变化，并对石墨化后的试样的各项理化性能与工业发达国家生产的石墨化阴极炭块的性能指标进行了对比分析。结果表明，以国产焦炭和煤沥青为原材料，经过适当的混配和热处理工艺得到的石墨化阴极材料试样，其综合性能指标已达到铝电解槽对高性能石墨化阴极材料的要求。     

The effect of filler concentration on the electrical,thermal, and mechanical properties of carbon particle and carbon fiber‐reinforced poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) composites

Composite materials of poly (styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (luran) matrix with carbon fibers (CF)/carbon particles (CP) were prepared and their properties were evaluated. The mechanical and thermal properties of these composites were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Although, by increasing the filler concentration no significant difference was found in melting and crystallization temperatures of the luran. The storage and tensile modulus of the composites increased linearly with filler concentration up to 40 wt % that was approximately three times higher than that of the virgin luran. There is a shift in glass transition temperature of the composite with increasing the filler concentration and the damping peak became flatter that indicated the effectiveness of the filler–matrix interaction. The volume resistivity and thermal conductivity (TC) of the composites were also measured. At a given carbon filler content the CF–Luran composites have much less volume resistivity as compared to CP–Luran composites. The decreased percolation threshold and volume resistivity in case of CF–Luran composites indicated that conductive paths existed in the composites. The conductive pathways were probably formed through interconnection of the carbon fillers. The volume resistivity was also decreased as a function of temperature. The thermal conductivity was increased linearly as a function of temperature with increasing filler concentration up to 40% of CF and CP. This increase was more profound in case of CF–Luran as compared to CP–Luran composites. This was owing to greater thermal networks of fibers as compared to particles. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:186–197, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers