脂肪酶对水基油墨清洗剂洗涤能力的影响研究

采用阴离子和非离子表面活性剂复配体系,研究了不同脂肪酶用量下的水基油墨清洗剂性能。通过稳定性、腐蚀性、净洗力以及泡沫性能对一系列脂肪酶型水基油墨清洗剂进行了评价,优化了配方组成。结果表明:所配制的脂肪酶型水基油墨清洗剂具有良好的高低温稳定性;脂肪酶用量对腐蚀性无影响,含有脂肪酶的油墨清洗剂具有良好的抗腐蚀性能;当脂肪酶用量为0.4%时,体系的净洗力最强、发泡力最低。     

污染影响型土壤环境影响评价探讨

在当今建设项目开发过程中，污染影响型土壤环境影响评价是一项关键内容。为实现此项工作质量的良好保障，以某实际工程为例，对污染影响型土壤环境评价进行了分析，为土壤环境评价效果的保障与工程用地的科学选择提供有效参考。     

受限空间内高效硫化氢吸消液性能评价实验研究

设计搭建了两套不同规模的受限空间硫化氢吸消液性能评价装置,评价了SJ-1型吸消液对不同浓度硫化氢气体的清除性能。结果表明,SJ-1型吸消液对高浓度硫化氢气体(> 1 500 mg/m³)具有良好的清除能力,可快速将泄漏的硫化氢气体降至安全浓度以下;同时,在高浓度硫化氢持续泄漏过程中,连续喷射SJ-1型吸消液,同样可有效降低其浓度,具有良好的清除性能。     

受限空间内高效硫化氢吸消液性能评价实验研究

设计搭建了两套不同规模的受限空间硫化氢吸消液性能评价装置,评价了SJ-1型吸消液对不同浓度硫化氢气体的清除性能。结果表明,SJ-1型吸消液对高浓度硫化氢气体( 1 500 mg/m~3)具有良好的清除能力,可快速将泄漏的硫化氢气体降至安全浓度以下;同时,在高浓度硫化氢持续泄漏过程中,连续喷射SJ-1型吸消液,同样可有效降低其浓度,具有良好的清除性能。     

超声波检测PE管道热熔焊接缺陷的实验研究

采用超声波测试了模拟制备的典型热熔焊接缺陷,分析了缺陷的超声波特征,测试了缺陷对管道力学性能的影响。结果表明,超声波对面积型和孔洞型缺陷有良好的检测能力,并能准确测定缺陷的深度;超声波检测结果与力学性能检测结果具有良好的关联性,可以采用距离–波幅曲线灵敏度评判指标进行缺陷的质量分级评价。     

松辽盆地某地区青山口组烃源岩地球化学特征

利用烃源岩各分析测试结果分析松辽盆地研究区青山口组烃源岩特征并进行综合评价。研究结果表明,研究区青山口组烃源岩有机质丰度高,属于优质烃源岩,其中以青一段烃源岩为最优;烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅰ1、Ⅰ2型,含有少量Ⅱ型,烃源岩成熟度普遍达到成熟阶段。研究区青山口组具有良好的生油条件,其中青一段为主力烃源岩,青二、三段次之。     

I-safe法在EDC过程评价中的应用研究

首先介绍了本质安全及典型的指标型本质安全评价方法,阐述了i-safe法的结构及其评分体系;应用i-safe法分别评价了生产EDC过程的直接氯化法和氧氯化法,得到它们的本质安全指标值分别为66,76;结果表明直接氯化法的本质安全指标值较低,即其本质安全性较高,主要原因是氧氯化法采用了危害性的原料,且其反应条件较苛刻,反应热的值较大。应用i-safe法的评价结果为选择安全性良好的EDC过程方案提供了数据支持。     

I-safe法在EDC过程评价中的应用研究

首先介绍了本质安全及典型的指标型本质安全评价方法,阐述了i-safe法的结构及其评分体系;应用i-safe法分别评价了生产EDC过程的直接氯化法和氧氯化法,得到它们的本质安全指标值分别为66.76;结果表明直接氯化法的本质安全指标值较低,即其本质安全性较高,主要原因是氧氯化法采用了危害性的原料,且其反应条件较苛刻,反应热的值较大。本研究应用i-safe法的评价结果为选择安全性良好的EDC过程方案提供了数据支持。     

一种含甜菜碱型单体的缔合型稠化剂的合成及性能评价

以甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基胺(DM)和1,3-丙磺酸内酯为原料,合成了3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐(DMAPS)甜菜碱型单体;以DMAPS单体、丙烯酰胺、疏水单体进行三元共聚,后水解,得到一种缔合型稠化剂。对其抗温抗盐,流变性,粘弹性进行了评价。结果表明,稠化剂具有良好的溶解性、抗温抗盐性、粘弹性。     

一种含甜菜碱型单体的缔合型稠化剂的合成及性能评价

以甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基胺(DM)和1,3-丙磺酸内酯为原料,合成了3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐(DMAPS)甜菜碱型单体;以DMAPS单体、丙烯酰胺、疏水单体进行三元共聚,后水解,得到一种缔合型稠化剂。对其抗温抗盐,流变性,粘弹性进行了评价。结果表明,稠化剂具有良好的溶解性、抗温抗盐性、粘弹性。     

Adsorption of cationic-anionic surfactant mixtures on activated carbon

This paper reported the adsorption of cationic-anionic surfactant mixtures, such as octyltriethylammonium bromide/sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (OTEAB/SDBS) and dodecylpyridinium chloride/sodium octanesulfonate (DPC/SOS), on activated carbon (AC) in deionized water and in mineralized water systems. The AC surface chemistry was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ζ-potential determinations. It was observed that in deionized water solution, the addition of SOS obviously promoted the adsorption of DPC, while the existence of OTEAB increased the adsorption of SDBS first and then decreased that slightly with increasing SDBS concentration. In mineralized water solution, the addition of cationic (anionic) surfactants reduced the adsorption of anionic (cationic) surfactants. It was shown that the adsorption of the surfactants on the AC was predominated mainly by the hydrophobic interaction between AC surface and surfactants because of the low oxygen content and very low ζ-potential on the AC surface. There might exist synergism between cationic and anionic surfactants when adsorbing on AC in deionized water due to the electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged surface active ions. Such synergism might be greatly weakened when a large number of inorganic salts exist owing to the “screen” effect of the counter ions of the salt on the electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged surface active ions.     

Synthesis and properties of bis(sodium sulfonated ester) types of cleavable surfactants derived from 1-O-alkylglycerols

Novel sulfonated ester types of cleavable surfactants were easily prepared by acid-catalyzed esterification of 1-O-alkylglycerols with bromocarboxylic acids, followed by the Strecker reaction. These surfactants have good solubility in water. Though this series of cleavable surfactants are divalent in type, they show good micelle formation and the ability to lower surface tension. The solubility of these surfactants in hard water was more than 10 times higher than sodium 1-dodecanesulfonate. They decompose quickly and completely in 0.5 M NaOD. Their biodegradabilities were higher or almost the same as that of sodium 1-dodecanesulfonate.     

Synthesis and Properties of Dissymmetric Gemini Surfactants

A series of novel dissymmetric gemini cationics surfactants was synthesized by three-step reactions. The dissymmetric gemini surfactants contain a dodecanoic acid dimethylethylamine ester as the constant cationic part on one side of the hydroxypropyl center and a similar other cationic part, but with a different acid length (from octanoic to palmitic), on the other side. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the effectiveness of surface tension reduction (γ _CMC) were determined. The surface tension measurements of dissymmetric gemini surfactants showed good water solubility, and low CMC had great efficiency in lowering the surface tension and a strong adsorption at the air/water interface. The CMC was observed to increase initially with the increase of the ester bond alkyl group. They also showed good foaming properties and wetting capabilites.     

Influence of Temperature on the Surface Tension of Triton Surfactant Solutions

The surface tension of different Triton surfactants (X-100, X-405, and X-705) with or without adding sodium chloride was measured in the temperature range between 20 and 40°C using the maximum bubble pressure method. Rising temperature reduced the surface tension of Triton surfactants via disrupting the H-bonds between the ethylene oxide (EO) group and water. Increasing the number of the EO groups created the steeper thermal gradient of the surface tension. The data indicated that EO-water bonds are easier to be broken by rising temperature than the water–water H-bonds, with an entropy change of −0.535 J deg⁻¹ per mole of EO. The presence of NaCl decreased the surface tension for all systems. However, NaCl produced a synergistic effect with surfactants on the surface tension.     

聚醚改性硅油表面性质的研究

对实验室自制聚醚改性硅油(以下简称硅醚)的表面张力及浊点进行测定,并对其表面性质的特征及趋势进行了研究。结果表明,随硅醚质量浓度的增加,硅醚水溶液的表面张力值下降,硅醚质量浓度增至约0.01 g/L后,表面张力值降幅渐缓,其表面张力最低值为29~42 mN/m;随着硅醚侧链聚醚中环氧丙烷链段所占比例增加,其水溶液的浊点略有下降,质量浓度约为0.1 g/L的硅醚以侧链聚醚结构n(EO)∶n(PO)=1∶4的硅醚的浊点最小,为9.5℃;随体系温度上升,质量浓度约为0.01 g/L的硅醚水溶液的表面张力降幅小于同样质量浓度的甲基硅油加乳化剂A25(硬脂醇/脂肪醇醚-25)的水溶液,并求得质量浓度约为0.01 g/L不同环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷摩尔比的硅醚的表面张力随体系温度下降的系数及方程,根据实验建立的方程所得的某温度下表面张力的计算值与实测值之间的平均相对偏差为7%。     

Influence of Nonionic Rosin Surfactants on Surface Activity of Silica Particles and Stability of Oil in Water Emulsions

Rosin as a natural product has become a source for production of less toxic bio-surfactants to produce emulsions which are widely used in various agriculture and food products, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In this respect, a nonionic surfactant was prepared from reaction of rosin acids and rosin maleic anhydride adduct with poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether 750 (MPEG 750) to produce a rosin ester (RMPEG 750). The surface activity parameters of the prepared surfactants, such as surface excess concentration (Γ _max), the area per molecule at interface (A _min), and the effectiveness of surface tension reduction, were measured to determine the micellization and adsorption characteristics of the prepared surfactants at the water/air interface. The adsorption of the prepared surfactants on the surface of either hydrophilic or hydrophobic silica particles was determined using a spectrophotometric method. Interfacial tension between water and toluene were measured to select the best condition to obtain toluene/water emulsion in the presence of modified solid silica particles. The effects of silica particle hydrophilicity and the surfactant concentrations on the surface, interfacial activity, and on the emulsion drop size were also investigated.     

Micellization and Adsorption Behaviors of New Reactive Polymerizable Surfactants Based on Modified Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylates

The synthesis and characterization of a series of polymerizable surfactants based on alkyl phenol ethoxylate backbone and carboxylic or anhydride chain ends were investigated. Surface activities of these polymerizable surfactants were investigated to correlate their structure and their performances. The new bifunctional surfmers were prepared by reacting polyoxyethylene 4-nonyl-2-propylene-phenol nonionic reactive surfactants with maleic anhydride. The chemical structure of the prepared surfactants was characterized by ¹³C and ¹H NMR analyses. The surface activities of the modified polymerizable surfactants were measured from the adsorption isotherm measurements which were determined from the relationship between the concentrations and surface tension of surfactants in aqueous medium at different temperatures. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) values were determined for water soluble surfactants. It was found that CMC decreases with the incorporation of the anhydride and acid groups in the chemical structure of polyoxyethylene 4-nonyl -2-propylene-phenol nonionic surfactant. surface-active parameters such as area per molecule at the interface (A _min), surface excess concentration (Γ_max) and the effectiveness of surface tension reduction (π_CMC) were measured from the adsorption isotherms of the modified surfactants. Some thermodynamic data for the adsorption process were calculated and discussed. The data indicated that the new surfmers are more reactive than the simple polyoxyethylene 4-nonyl-2-propylene-phenol and more adsorbed at interfaces. We have performed a preliminary experiment to explore the emulsification efficiency of the newly synthesized reactive surfactants in equal volume oil–water emulsions. Different emulsion types and stabilities were obtained.     

Preparation and Surface Activities of Modified Soy Protein–Dextrin Surfactants

A series of polymeric surfactants has been prepared through the reaction of soy protein with polyethoxylated stearyl ethers of various hydrophilic chain lengths. These surfactants exhibited surface activity, evaluated using surface tension, foaming, and wetting power that was superior to that of traditional surfactants containing only one hydrophobic moiety and one hydrophilic head group. Changing the ethoxylate (EO) group length had a significant effect on the surface activity. Increasing the EO group length decreased the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and increased the surface tension at the CMC (γ_CMC). The good surface properties of these polysaccharide/protein‐type surfactants suggest that they could be used as emulsifiers to prepare oil‐in‐water emulsions displaying good stability.     

CORROSION INHIBITION OF STEEL PIPELINES IN OIL WELL FORMATION WATER BY A NEW FAMILY OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS

A new family of nonionic surfactants was synthesized and evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for steel pipelines in oil well formation water. Polarization data show that the selected surfactants act as mixed-type inhibitors. EIS results show that the change in impedance parameters (R_t and C_dl) with the concentration of the surfactants studied is indicative of the adsorption of surfactant molecules on carbon steel surface, leading to formation of a good protective film. The properties of this film were studied by various surface analysis tools. Finally, the relation between the surface properties of the inhibitor molecules and corrosion inhibition efficiency is discussed.     

Synthesis,Surface Properties and Effect of an Amino Acid Head Group of 11-(2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenoxy)undecanoicacid-Based Anionic Surfactants

Our present research describes the surface properties of three biobased anionic surfactant synthesized from vinylguaiacol and 11-bromo undecanoic acid. To further improve its hydrophobicity and bioavailability, amino acid head group incorporation was carried out. All these synthesized compounds were thoroughly characterized using NMR and mass spectroscopy. The performance properties such as foaming, wetting, emulsification value and calcium tolerance were evaluated. The studied surfactants possess excellent emulsion stability and moderate calcium tolerance as compared to commercially available surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The micelle formation and the thermodynamics involved at the air–water interface were estimated from surface tension measurements. These surfactants showed a higher tendency towards adsorption at the air–water interface than micellization. Dynamic light scattering and steady state fluorescence anisotropy study were carried out to shed light on the bulk micellization properties of the synthesized surfactant. Along with spherical micelles of <5 nm size, larger aggregates (35–84 nm) were observed with higher anisotropy values. FESEM images further confirmed the larger spherical micelles formed by these surfactants. The surfactants formed chiral aggregates above the critical micelle concentration as indicated by circular dichroism spectra. These surfactants may be suitable candidates for additives to detergents to improve their calcium tolerance especially in the case of hard water. Furthermore, a low foaming ability along with high emulsion stability may find these surfactants to be better replacement of the conventional surfactant used as emulsifiers in many industrial applications.