自动萃取红外法与手动萃取红外法测定污水中石油类浅析

研究了自动萃取红外法与手动萃取红外法测定污水中石油类测试方法,利用空白加标样品分别进行测试。测试结果表明,自动萃取红外法的标准曲线、检出限、精密度、正确度等指标优于手工萃取红外法。检出限均<0.06mg/L,精密度、正确度测试的相对标准偏差均<5%,满足标准测试要求。从检测质量控制稳定性和检测人员使用试剂安全性角度考虑,采用自动萃取红外法开展污水中石油类的测定,对空白加标样品测试结果表明：石油类化合物在有检出的情况下,使用全自动萃取红外法比手工萃取红外法测试石油类的质量控制稳定性、安全性更为优越。     

非分散红外测油法中S—316和CCI4两种萃取剂的应用研究

就S－316（氯化三氟乙烯）和CCI4（四氯化碳）两种萃取剂在非分散红外测油法中的应用进行探讨、分析。通过对使用两种萃取剂（S－316和CCI4）方法的线性、精密度、检出限及回收率的比较,结果表明,在测油仪标定满刻度2－200mg/L范围内成线性,测量精度1％左右,检出限为0．1mg/L ,加标回收率达到85％以上。在严格控制萃取剂纯度和分析操作的条件下,使用两种萃取剂所得结果一致,完全满足现场测油的精度。但使用CCI4的成本远低于S－316,在用非分散红外法测水中含油量中有很高的实用价值,在环境监测中有着广阔的应用前景。     

盐析效应对水中油含量测定影响的研究

用环己烷、环己烯和苯分别配制3种类型的模拟水样,采用四氯化碳萃取红外分光光度法测定水中的油含量,研究了盐析效应对饱和烃、不饱和烃与芳香烃含量测定的影响。结果表明,盐析效应对饱和烃含量测定的影响非常小,而对不饱和烃与芳香烃含量测定的影响比较大。在此基础上研究了盐析效应对石化废水和油田废水中油含量测定的影响。     

非分散红外测油法中S-316和CCl4两种萃取剂的应用研究

就 S- 316 (氯化三氟乙烯 )和 CCl4(四氯化碳 )两种萃取剂在非分散红外测油法中的应用进行探讨、分析。通过对使用两种萃取剂 (S- 316和 CCl4)方法的线性、精密度、检出限及回收率的比较 ,结果表明 ,在测油仪标定满刻度 2～ 2 0 0 m g/L 范围内成线性 ,测量精度 1%左右 ,检出限为 0 .1m g/L,加标回收率达到 85 %以上。在严格控制萃取剂纯度和分析操作的条件下 ,使用两种萃取剂所得结果一致 ,完全满足现场测油的精度。但使用 CCl4的成本远低于 S- 316 ,在用非分散红外法测水中含油量中有很高的实用价值 ,在环境监测中有着广阔的应用前景     

水中油分析技术探讨

为加深对水中油类污染的认识,掌握水中油类的分析技术和方法,满足环境监测对分析方法提出的快速、准确、及时的要求,对现行国标《水质石油类和动植物油的测定红外光度法》（GB／T19488—1996）不适应监测需求的萃取、吸附、脱水3个预处理步骤进行了改进,均获得了比较满意的结果。     

红外吸收法测定SiC的探讨

随着我国工业领域的持续发展,相关领域对Si C的需求量日益增大,基于此背景,本文对红外吸收法测定Si C进行探讨。该方法的大致步骤为:对Si C试样进行灼烧预处理→除去游离碳→校正仪器→用高频红外碳硫仪测定Si C。实验表明,此种测定方式步骤简单,用时较少,具有极大的市场竞争优势。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中油烃分布的条件优化

采用固相微萃取和气相色谱相结合的手段建立了炼油厂油品的标准谱图,通过检测的循环冷却水微量泄漏油烃的谱图,并与标准谱图对比,可快速、灵敏、准确地确定油品泄漏部位,减少因油品泄漏对循环冷却水所造成的危害。研究了萃取纤维、吸附温度、加热温度、吸附时间和解吸时间等固相微萃取条件。建立了某炼油厂的油品标准谱图。并通过模拟水样的检测,对该方法的准确性进行了验证。该方法适用于循环冷却水系统泄漏油烃的鉴定和泄漏部位的快速查找。     

含乙酸的化工废水络合萃取过程及再生技术研究

采用三辛胺-正辛醇-煤油萃取剂体系对含有乙酸的化工废水迚行处理,研究了萃取剂对不同浓度乙酸的萃取效率,考察了再生后萃取剂的应用效果。结果表明:当工业水中乙酸浓度由1%增加到10%时,萃取剂对乙酸的萃取效率逐渐降低。对浓度5%、10%乙酸的水样迚行络合萃取后上层的萃取液经红外表征,络合萃取物的结构収生了一定的变化。真空度为0.07~0.08 MPa,控制塔釜蒸馏温度至165℃,采用减压蒸馏对络合萃取物再生,经红外光谱定性分析及试验效果的验证,回收得到的萃取剂其使用效果不变。     

焦化粗苯加氢萃取精制技术的探讨

苯是生产苯乙烯、环己烷、苯酚、硝基苯、顺酐、氯苯以及直链烷基苯等重要石油化工产品的基础大宗原料。工业苯主要来自催化重整生成油、裂解加氢汽油以及焦化粗苯。焦化粗苯中苯含量为65％-80％,如果经过加氢精制,可得到高质量的纯苯,符合国家一级苯要求。     

红外分光测油仪测定气体中微量油含量

目前,气体中的微量油含量测定仍然没有成熟简便的分析方法。测定油含量的传统方法有重量法和分光光度法。重量法适用于液体中高含量油的测定。分光光度法测定油含量的方法有紫外分光光度法、荧光法、非分散红外法和红外分光光度法。紫外分光光光度法和荧光法只能测定以芳烃形式存在的油,     

油标对红外光度法测定水中油的影响

油标准物质的选择是红外分光光度法测定水中油的重要环节,选择了两种不同的油标,采用红外分光光度法对水中油进行了分析,结果表明,油标不同,测量结果不同。理想的油标是从待测水样中提取,这样的油标的组成才能与被测水样中油的组分相同,红外光谱图基本相同,测定结果才准确可靠。     

Deacidifying rice bran oil by solvent extraction and membrane technology

Crude rice bran oil containing 16.5% free fatty acids (FFA) was deacidified by extracting with methanol. At the optimal ratio of 1.8:1 methanol/oil by weight, the concentration of FFA in the crude rice bran oil was reduced to 3.7%. A second extraction at 1:1 ratio reduced FFA in the oil to 0.33%. The FFA in the methanol extract was recovered by nanofiltration using commercial membranes. The DS-5 membrane from Osmonics/Desal and the BW-30 membrane from Dow/Film Tec gave average FFA rejection of 93–96% and an average flux of 41 L/m²·h (LMH) to concentrate the FFA from 4.69% to 20%. The permeate, containing 0.4–0.7% FFA, can be nanofiltered again to recover more FFA with flux of 67–75 LMH. Design estimates indicate a two-stage membrane system can recover 97.8% of the FFA and can result in a final retentate stream with 20% FFA or more and a permeate stream with negligible FFA (0.13%) that can be recycled for FFA extraction. The capital cost of the membrane plant would be about $48/kg oil processed/h and annual operating cost would be about $15/ton FFA recovered. The process has several advantages in that it does not require alkali for neutralization, no soapstock nor wastewater is produced, and effluent discharges are minimized.     

Extraction of cottonseed oil using subcritical water technology

This work represents the extraction of cottonseed oil using subcritical water. The extraction efficiencies of different range temperatures (180–280°C), having mean particle size range from 3 mm to less than 0.5 mm, water:seed ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1, and 2:1, and extraction times in the range of 5–60 min were all investigated. The composition of the extracted oil, using the subcritical water, was analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography and compared with that extracted using traditional hexane extraction. The results showed that the optimum temperature, mean particle size, water:seed ratio, and extraction time were 270°C, <0.5 mm, 2:1, and 30 min, respectively. In addition the extracted oil was identical to that extracted using the traditional hexane method. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

斜板混凝沉降—过滤法处理低渗透油田采油污水的研究及应用

随着油田注水开发的深入,油田采出污水水质变化幅度和处理难度不断增加,采用常规处理难以达到油田注水标准.严重影响了油田的正常生产.以陕北某低渗透油田采油污水为研究对象,采用斜板混凝沉降-过滤法对该采油污水进行处理研究.研究结果表明,采用无机聚合物絮凝剂WXT-766与有机阳离子助凝剂WT-831复配使用具有很好的处理效果.在这种处理工艺条件下,可使处理后污水含油质量浓度降至5.0 mg/L、悬浮物质量浓度降至3.0 mg/L、悬浮物粒径<2.0 μm,达到了低渗透油藏注入水水质指标.     

采油污水回用深度处理技术研究进展

油田在生产开发过程中产生了大量多余的污水,如果外排将会对生态环境造成危害.采取合适的技术手段将多余污水深度处理后回用,是保障油田可持续发展、减少环境污染、提高经济效益的重要途径.综述了油田污水回用深度处理技术的研究及应用进展,并对采油污水回用处理技术进行了展望.     

植物精油提取新技术的研究进展

随着化工分离技术研究的不断深入,植物精油的提取技术也得到了进一步发展,出现了很多新的提取技术和方法。介绍了植物精油的提取技术,包括超临界CO~2萃取、连续亚临界萃取、微波萃取、微胶囊双水相萃取、超声波萃取、分子蒸馏、酶法提取等方法,对这些技术进行了分析,同时展望了植物精油提取技术的发展前景。     

Rapid method for determining moisture content in crude palm oil by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

A simple, rapid, and direct Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method was developed for the determination of moisture content of crude palm oil (CPO). The calibration set was prepared by adding double-distilled water to dried CPO in ratios (w/w) between 0 and 13% moisture. A partial least squares (PLS) regression technique was employed to construct a calibration model followed by cross-validation step. The accuracy of this method was comparable to the accuracy of the American Oil Chemists' Society's vacuum oven method, which is used for determination of moisture and volatile matter, with mean difference (MD_a) of 0.0105, a coefficient of determination (R ²) and a standard error of calibration (SEC) of 0.9781 and 0.91, respectively. It is also comparable to the accuracy of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's distillation method with MD_a, R ², and SEC of 0.0695, 0.9701, and 0.65, respectively. The study showed that midband FTIR spectroscopy combined with the PLS regression calibration technique is rapid and accurate for determination of moisture content of CPO samples with a total analysis time of less than 2 min and less than 2 mL of sample.     

Factors affecting oil extraction/water adsorption in sequential extraction processing of corn

The sequential extraction process (SEP) uses ethanol to extract oil and protein from cracked, flaked, and dried corn, and the dried corn simultaneously dehydrates the ethanol. Value-added co-products are possible, potentially making production of fuel ethanol more economical. The effects of solvent-to-corn (S/C) ratio, corn moisture content (MC), and number of extraction stages on ethanol drying, oil recovery, and protein loss during the simultaneous oil extraction/water adsorption step of SEP were evaluated. Extractions were carried out by using both aqueous ethanol and ethanol/hexane blends at 56°C. The S/C ratios tested were 3∶1, 2∶1 (control), 1.5∶1, and 1∶1 (w/w). More anhydrous ethanol, greater oil yields, and less co-extracted protein were obtained with higher S/C ratios. Less anhydrous ethanol and lower moisture adsorption capacities were obtained when the corn MC was ≥1.12%. Oil yields gradually decreased with drier corn, whereas protein loss increased when corn MC was <1.12%. Reducing the number of extraction stages from seven (original SEP) to five did not affect ethanol drying capability, oil yields, and protein co-extracted with oil. Using ethanol/hexane blends resulted in more anhydrous ethanol, higher oil yields, and less protein co-extracted with oil.     

Effect of palm kernel oil extraction method on the electrical conductance of Nigerian traditional soaps in alcohols

Nigerian traditional soaps were prepared using two commercial samples of palm kernel oil (black and pale-orange oils) that were extracted locally using two different traditional methods. The effect of the oil extraction method on the conductance of soaps in alcohols was then investigated. The conductance of the soaps prepared from the pale-orange oil was higher than that prepared from the black type. The plots of concentration conductance vs. the square root of concentration for methanolic solutions of the pale-orange oil soaps were linear, whereas the plots obtained for the black oil soaps were nonlinear. The plots of log₁₀ k vs. 1/T were linear for all the soaps in methanol and for potassium soaps in 1-propanol, whereas they were nonlinear for sodium soaps in 1-propanol. The activation energy terms for the soaps prepared from pale-orange oil generally decreased with an increase in concentration, whereas the activation energies for the black oil soaps were less sensitive to changes in concentration. These observations suggest that the purity of the palm kernel oil can have a significant effect on the properties and quality of the traditional soaps and that the pale-orange oil was probably purer than the black type.     

石油开采井下作业堵水技术的应用探讨

石油开采井下作业堵水是石油开采的重要工作步骤,在进行石油开采的井下作业过程中,很可能在某些地下层面出现漏水的情况,此时石油的含水率较高,既不利于石油开采作业的安全性,也影响石油的开采工作,因此需要进行堵水处理。阐述了石油开采井下作业堵水技术的原理和具体的应用。