Energies, wavelengths, and transition probabilities for Ge-like Kr, Mo, Sn, and Xe ions

Energy levels, wavelengths, transition probabilities, and oscillator strengths have been calculated for Ge-like Kr, Mo, Sn, and Xe ions among the fine-structure levels of terms belonging to the ([Ar] 3d¹⁰)4s²4p², ([Ar] 3d¹⁰)4s 4p³, ([Ar] 3d¹⁰)4s²4p 4d, and ([Ar] 3d¹⁰)4p⁴ configurations. The fully relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method, taking both correlations within the n=4 complex and the quantum electrodynamic effects into account, have been used in the calculations. The results are compared with the available experimental and other theoretical results.     

Single- and multiple-electron loss cross-sections for fast heavy ions colliding with neutrals: Semi-classical calculations

Extensive calculations of single, multiple and total electron-loss cross-sections of fast heavy ions in collisions with neutral atoms are performed in the semi-classical approximation using the DEPOSIT code based on the energy deposition model and statistical distributions for ionization probabilities. The results are presented for Ar¹⁺, Ar²⁺, Kr⁷⁺, Xe³⁺, Xe¹⁸⁺, Pb²⁵⁺ and U^q+ (q = 10, 28, 39, 62) ions colliding with H, N, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and U atoms at energies E > 1 MeV/u and compared with available experimental data and the n-particle classical-trajectory Monte Carlo (nCTMC) calculations. The results show that the present semi-classical model can be applied for estimation of multiple and total electron-loss cross-sections within accuracies of a factor of 2.From calculated data for the total electron-loss cross-sections σ_tot, their dependencies on relative velocity v, the first ionization potential I₁ of the projectile and the target atomic number Z_A are found and a semi-empirical formula for σ_tot is suggested. The velocity range, where the semi-classical approximation can be used, is discussed.     

One-electron capture and target-ionization in He-neutral-atom collisions

One-electron capture and target-ionization cross-sections in collisions of He⁺ ions with neutral atoms: He⁺ + A → He + A⁺ and He⁺ + A → He⁺ + A⁺ + e, A = H, He(1s², 1s2s), Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, are calculated and compared with available experimental data over the broad energy range E = 0.1 keV/u–10 MeV/u of He⁺ ions. The role of the metastable states of neutral helium atoms in such collisions, which are of importance in plasma physics applications, is briefly discussed. The recommended cross-section data for these processes are presented in a closed analytical form (nine-order polynomials) which can be used for a plasma modeling and diagnostics.     

Mixing of Cr and Si atoms induced by noble gas ions irradiation of Cr/Si bilayers

Cr/Si bilayers were irradiated at room temperature with 120 keV Ar, 140 keV Kr and 350 keV Xe ions to fluences ranging from 10¹⁵ to 2 × 10¹⁶ ions/cm². The thickness of Cr layer evaporated on Si substrate was about 400 Å. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was used to investigate the atomic mixing induced at the Cr-Si interface as function of the incident ion mass and fluence. We observed that for the samples irradiated with Ar ions, RBS yields from both Cr layer and Si substrate are the same as before the irradiation. There is no mixing of Cr and Si atoms, even at the fluence of 2 × 10¹⁶ ions/cm². For the samples irradiated with Kr ions, a slight broadening of the Cr and Si interfacial edges was produced from the fluence of 5 × 10¹⁵ ions/cm². The broadening of the Cr and Si interfacial edges is more pronounced with Xe ions particularly to the fluence of 10¹⁶ ions/cm². The interface broadening was found to depend linearly on the ion fluence and suggests that the mixing is like a diffusion controlled process. The experimental mixing rates were determined and compared with values predicted by ballistic and thermal spike models. Our experimental data were well reproduced by the thermal spikes model.     

Radiative recombination and photoionization cross sections for heavy element impurities in plasmas: II. Ions of Si, Cl, Ar, Ti, Cr, Kr, and Xe

Total cross sections for radiative recombination with an electron for 36 ions of Si, Cl, Ar, Ti, Cr, Kr, and Xe as well as subshell photoionization cross sections are presented. The electron kinetic energy is ?50 keV. The calculations were performed using the relativistic Dirac-Fock method and the results have been included in a database of radiative recombination and photoionization cross sections for the heavy element impurity ions occurring in plasmas. The data are required for modelling fusion and astrophysical plasmas. To obtain the total radiative recombination cross section, calculations have been carried out for ground and all excited electron states up to states with the principal quantum number n = 20. The subshell photoionization cross sections for all states with n ? 12 and orbital momenta ? ? 6 have been fitted by an analytical expression with five fit parameters which are tabulated.     

Evaluation of theoretical critical angle including mass effects for channeling by computer simulation

The calculated critical angles using the theory included mass effects of Zheng et al. for the axial channeling of ion have been investigated by the computer simulations, making comparisons with the theory of Lindhard and the precise formula of Barrett’s numerical simulations. The computer simulations employing the ACOCT program code, which treats the atomic collisions three-dimensionally and is based on the binary collision approximation (BCA), were carried out for the channeling of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn ions incident along the 〈1 0 0〉 axis in Al, Cu, Ag and Pt crystals. A slight dependence of the channeling critical angle on the atomic number of incident ion in the ACOCT results is in agreement with that in the calculated ones using the theory of mass effects. The average critical angles in the ACOCT results for the channeling of six rare gas ions are approximately 5.0/Z₂ times the magnitude of the theoretical critical angles with mass effects, where Z₂ is the atomic number of crystal atom. Besides, the results show that the calculated critical angles using the theory with mass effects are substantially larger than those using the theory of Lindhard, the Barrett’s formula and the formula by the ACOCT simulations for He ions impinging on Al, Cu, Ag and Pt crystals, and that the channeling critical angles in the ACOCT results agree well with those in the calculated ones using Barrett’s formula for 0.6-50 MeV He ions incident on Cu and Ag crystals and 5-50 MeV He ions impinging on Al and Pt crystals.     

Measurement and analysis of the energy–angular distribution of secondary neutrons for Be at 5.9 and 6.4 MeV incident neutrons

The energy-angle double-differential neutron emission cross-sections of beryllium have been measured using the time of flight technique for 5.9 and 6.4 MeV incident neutrons, respectively, at 10 laboratory angles between 25° and 150°. The measured results are compared with model calculations based on the LUNF code and those of other authors and the ENDF/B-VII data. The estimation of the inelastic scattering neutron cross-sections leaving ⁹Be^∗ at the low-lying level states are also theoretically analyzed by the LUNF code. The experimental and calculated results indicated that the lowest (1.68 MeV) level still contributes to the (n, 2n) reaction with cross-sections of several 10 mb. The angular distributions and the angle-integrated elastic scattering cross-sections are also presented in comparison with other ones, these being in good agreement with the ENDF/B-VII data.     

Amorphisation of ZnAl2O4 spinel under heavy ion irradiation

ZnAl₂O₄ spinels have been irradiated with several ions (Ne, S, Kr and Xe) at the IRRSUD beamline of the GANIL facility, in order to determine irradiation conditions (stopping power, fluence) for amorphisation. We observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that with Xe ions at 92 MeV, individual ion tracks are still crystalline, whereas an amorphisation starts below a fluence of 5 × 10¹² cm⁻² up to a total amorphisation between 1 × 10¹³ and 1 × 10¹⁴ cm⁻². The coexistence of amorphous and crystalline domains in the same pristine grain is clearly visible in the TEM images. All the crystalline domains remain close to the same orientation as the original grain. According to TEM and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) results, the stopping power threshold for amorphisation is between 9 and 12 keV nm⁻¹.     

Production of Multiply-Charged Ions of Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe by the Electron-Bonbarded Hot Cathode IoN Source of IPCR

Production of multiply-charged ions of Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe has been studied by use of an electron-bombarded hot cathode type ion source of the IPCR 160cm cyclotron, which is similar to Morozov's source. These multiply-charged ions were accelerated by a 3rd harmonics acceleration mode in the cyclotron and detected with a beam probe fixed at the radius of 55cm. Observed multiply-charged ions are Ne2+, Ne3+, Ne4+, Ne5+, Ar3+, Ar4+ Ar5+, Ar6+, Ar7+, Ar8+, Kr6+, Kr7+, Kr8+, Kr9+, Xe9+, Xe10+ and Xe11+. Relative abundance of each charge state of four elements were measured. In case of Kr and Xe , the intensity of observed multiply-charged ions decreased to 1/3 or 1/4 when the charge number is increased by one. Intensities of Ar4+, Ar6+, Ar8+, Kr6+ and Kr8+ were measured as a function of the operation conditions of the ion source, such as arc voltage, arc power and gas flow rate. It was found that a smaller gas flow and a higher arc power brought about a higher yield in all the measured ions. Obtained current intensities of ion source output are 40?A Ar8+, 600?A Kr6+, 40?A Kr9+, 150?A Xe9+ and 10?A Xe11+ respectively.     

Production cross-sections of residual radionuclides from proton-induced reactions on Ag up to 40 MeV

We measured the cross-sections of the ^{104g,105,106m}Ag and ^104,107Cd radionuclides produced by proton-induced reactions on natural silver by using a stacked-foil activation technique in the energy range from a threshold energy to 40 MeV at a MC50 cyclotron. The results showed generally good agreement with available data as well as the theoretical data. The integral yields for thick targets were also deduced using the measured cross-sections and the stopping power of ^natAg over the energy range from a threshold energy to 40 MeV, taking into account that the total energy is absorbed in the targets. The production cross-sections for the ^104gAg and the ¹⁰⁴Cd radionuclides from natural silver were measured for the first time.     

Polarization effects on the cross-section of ion-atom collisions

Coupled-channel cross-sections for electron capture, ionization and electron loss due to polarization effects are calculated. The maximum impact parameter for electron escape is analyzed within the classical framework. The probabilities of ionization and capture are analyzed simultaneously by a semi-empirical method. Differing from the n-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo method, the condition for electron escape is determined by Coulomb forces related to the two nuclei. This method can be used to calculate coupled-channel cross-sections rather than single-channel ones in other methods. Therefore the calculated results can be compared with experimental data directly. In the low energy range, neglecting the ionization effect, the single-capture cross-sections of hydrogen atoms induced by various partially-stripped ions were calculated. In the high energy range, neglecting the capture effect on ionization, the pure-ionization cross-sections of neon atoms induced by Ne^q+ (q = 4, 6, 8) and Ar^q+ (q = 4, 6, 8, 10) at an incident energy E = 1.05 MeV/u were calculated. Good agreement was found between our calculation and experimental data in the literature. This method had been partially applied for intermediate energy successfully.     

Calculations of neutron-induced production cross-sections of W up to 20 MeV

Neutron-induced cross-sections for the stable isotopes ^{180,182,183,184,186}W in the energy region up to 20 MeV have been calculated. Calculations were made with the codes CEM03.01 and ALICE/ASH, using the following models: the Dubna version of the intranuclear cascade model for the cascade stage of interaction; the hybrid, the geometry dependent hybrid and the exciton model for the pre-equilibrium component; the Hauser–Feshbach and the Weisskopf–Ewing statistical models for the equilibrium component. Effects of some important model parameters such as level density parameter and pairing correction were investigated. Calculated cross-sections were compared with available experimental data in the literature and with ENDF/B-VI T = 300 K and JENDL-3.3 T = 300 K evaluated data libraries.     

Performance evaluation of a resonance ionization mass spectrometer developed for the FFDL system of fast reactors

To prevent a fuel failure event from becoming a serious radiation accident, sodium-cooled fast reactors are equipped with a system for failed fuel detection and location (FFDL). The FFDL instrument employed in the prototype fast breeder reactor Monju is based on the gas tagging method, in which precise and accurate measurements of krypton and xenon isotope ratios (⁷⁸Kr/⁸⁰Kr, ⁸²Kr/⁸⁰Kr and ¹²⁶Xe/¹²⁹Xe) must be performed in a short time. Burnup measurements also contribute to accurate determination of ⁸²Kr/⁸⁰Kr. We have developed a highly sensitive resonance ionization mass spectrometer for the isotopic analyses, which uses resonance ionization of Kr and Xe atoms by a pulsed laser at wavelengths of 216.7 and 249.6 nm, respectively. In evaluating the performance of our spectrometer, we find that systematic errors caused by isotope shifts can be reduced to negligible levels, and that statistical errors of 3% at a nuclide concentration of 7 ppt can be achieved with a single measurement time of about 40 minutes for each Kr and Xe isotope ratio. This means that, within one hour, about 200 fuel assemblies can be individually identified with a probability of 99%, verifying the applicability of our spectrometer to the FFDL system of fast reactors.     

Energy levels and radiative rates for transitions in B-like to F-like Kr ions (Kr XXXII-XXVIII)

Energy levels, radiative rates, oscillator strengths, line strengths, and lifetimes have been calculated for transitions in B-like to F-like Kr ions, Kr XXXIII-XXVIII. For the calculations, the fully relativistic GRASP code has been adopted, and results are reported for all electric dipole (E1), electric quadrupole (E2), magnetic dipole (M1), and magnetic quadrupole (M2) transitions among the lowest 125, 236, 272, 226, and 113 levels of Kr XXXII, Kr XXXI, Kr XXX, Kr XXIX, and Kr XXVIII, respectively, belonging to the n ? 3 configurations. Comparisons are made with earlier available theoretical and experimental results, and some discrepancies have been noted and explained.     

Calculation and analysis of cross-sections for p+Zr reactions up to 200 MeV

Proton-induced reactions on ^{90,91,92,94,96,nat}Zr were studied in the energy range from threshold to 200 MeV. All cross-sections, elastic and inelastic scattering angular distributions were calculated and analyzed by using nuclear theoretical models which integrate optical model, distorted born wave approximation theory, intra-nuclear cascade model, pre-equilibrium and equilibrium reaction theories. Theoretical calculated results are compared with existing experimental data.     

Fragmentation of positronium in collision with xenon

Cross-sections are presented, both integrated and differential with respect to the longitudinal energy of the ejected positrons, for the fragmentation of Ps in collisions with Xe at 18 and 30 eV impact energy and compared with available theory. The shapes of the positron spectra are also compared with those measured in collisions with He at the same impact energy.     

Double electron capture by protons in collisions with H2

Double electron capture of protons in collisions with molecular hydrogen in the energy range 1.5-10 keV was studied by measuring the resulting H^- velocity distributions. In this paper, a technique that provides experimental evidence about double capture mechanisms is proposed. In addition, cross-sections for this process were measured in the energy range of 1-5 keV.     

Proton elastic scattering and proton induced γ-ray emission cross-sections on Na from 2 to 5 MeV

Differential cross-sections for proton elastic scattering on sodium and for γ-ray emission from the reactions ²³Na(p,p′γ)²³Na (E_γ = 440 keV and E_γ = 1636 keV) and ²³Na(p,α′γ)²⁰Ne (E_γ = 1634 keV) were measured for proton energies from 2.2 to 5.2 MeV using a 63 μg/cm² NaBr target evaporated on a self-supporting thin C film.The γ-rays were detected by a 38% relative efficiency Ge detector placed at an angle of 135° with respect to the beam direction, while the backscattered protons were collected by a Si surface barrier detector placed at a scattering angle of 150°. Absolute differential cross-sections were obtained with an overall uncertainty estimated to be better than ±6.0% for elastic scattering and ±12% for γ-ray emission, at all the beam energies.To provide a convincing test of the overall validity of the measured elastic scattering cross-section, thick target benchmark experiments at several proton energies are presented.     

Gas phase in experimental fuel elements with compact uranium dioxide,irradiated in the SM-2 reactor

Conclusions A complex procedure has been developed for the study of gas release from nuclear fuel, including reactor measurements and post-reactor determination of the amount and composition of the gas medium in the fuel elements at room and elevated temperatures. In fuel elements with compact uranium dioxide (density 10.0–10.43 g/cm³), in addition to gaseous fission products and the helium introduced, Ar, H₂, O₂, CO, CO₂, and N₂ are present, and after irradiation their quantity exceeds the initial quantity, measured for unirradiated fuel elements, by a factor of several.The yield of Xe and Kr under the can of the fuel elements during irradiation of uranium dioxide in the SM-2 reactor amounts to 30–50%, but the measured ratio of Xe/Kr exceeds the calculated ratio by a factor of 1.2, because of the reaction¹³⁵Xe(n, )¹³⁶Xe. The content in the fuel of adsorbed helium is equal to 0.004 n.cm³/g UO₂. The data obtained can be used for physics and technological calculations, and also for refining the procedure for the determination of gas release.Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 91–95, August, 1984.     

The investigation of the neutron emission spectra of Th and U for neutron incident energy from 2 to 18 MeV

In this study, experimental neutron-emission spectra produced by (n, xn) reactions on nuclei ²³²Th have been compared with experimental ²³⁸U(n, xn) neutron-emission spectra from 2 to 18 MeV. Angle-integrated cross-sections in neutron induced reactions on targets ²³⁸U have been calculated at the bombarding energies from 2 to 18 MeV. In the calculations, the geometry dependent hybrid model and the cascade exciton model including the effects of pre-equilibrium have been used. In addition, we have described how multiple pre-equilibrium emissions can be included in the Feshbach–Kerman-Koonin (FKK) fully quantum-mechanical theory. By analyzing (n, xn) reaction on ²³⁸U with the incident energy from 2 to 18 MeV, the importance of multiple pre-equilibrium emission can be seen clearly. All calculated results have been compared with experimental data. The obtained results have been discussed and compared with the available experimental data and found agreement with each other.