Combined Effects of Solar Activity and El Niño on Hydrologic Patterns in the Yoshino River Basin,Japan

Relatively little is known about the combined effects of solar activity and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on both surface and subsurface hydrologic patterns, especially in Japan. Analyses of hydrologic responses to solar activity and ENSO could provide scientific guidance on regional water resource management. In this work, annual and decadal variations of hydrological processes (precipitation, river discharge, groundwater level) in Yoshino River basin and their possible interactions with solar activity and ENSO were analyzed using wavelet techniques. Results show the following: (1) The hydrological processes mainly fluctuate in the periodicities of 0.5, 1, 2–7 and 11 years. Strong cross power and high coherence between hydrological variability and sunspot number/Sea Surface Temperature (SST) were obtained in the periodicities of 2–7 and 11 years, indicating potential influence of solar and El Niño activities on hydrological patterns. (2) The solar–modulated ENSO plays a critical linkage between solar activity and hydrological processes. The ENSO transferred the solar energy to the local precipitation in the 22-year band; the influence was transferred by ENSO to streamflow in the periodicities of 7 and 11 years; and the linkage did not function in the SUN–ENSO–aquifer interaction system. (3) The precipitation, river discharge and aquifer water level show different responses to solar activity and ENSO. Solar activity and ENSO propagate both direct and indirect impacts on hydrological processes in different spatial and temporal domains.     

Identification of Strong Karst Groundwater Runoff Belt by Cross Wavelet Transform

Karst aquifers are highly heterogeneous and exhibit hierarchical permeability structures or flow paths. Conduits and fractures typically account for less than 1 percent of the porosity of the aquifer, but more than 95 percent of the permeability. For the purposes of karst groundwater resources management, as well as of protection strategies against potential contamination, identifying the strong karst groundwater runoff belt of an entire aquifer system is generally more important than information about a specific spring. In this project, we introduce cross wavelet transform to analyze the relation between precipitation and spring discharge, and then identify the strong karst groundwater runoff belt. In highly concentrated karst areas, the precipitation signal can penetrate an aquifer relatively easily and will readily affect spring discharge. The precipitation and spring discharge are thus closely related, and the cross wavelet transform coefficients are large. Conversely, in areas of low karst concentration, the cross wavelet transform coefficients are small. We applied the method to Niangziguan Springs Basin in China to detect the strong karst groundwater runoff belt. Results showed that Pingding County and Yangquan City have a high degree of karstification (i.e. the strong karst groundwater runoff belt), Xiyang County and Shouyang County have a moderate degree of karstification, and Yuxian County, Heshun County, and Zuoquan County have a low degree of karstification. The results agree with the geological structure of Niangziguan Springs Basin.     

柳林泉域岩溶水化学演化及地球化学模拟

为揭示柳林泉域岩溶水化学演化机理,在对柳林泉域水文地质调查的基础上,从岩溶水阴阳离子组成和矿物饱和指数入手,分析了岩溶水化学特征及其演化过程,通过建立逆向地球化学模型,模拟了岩溶含水层中的水岩作用。结果表明:沿地下水流动路径,柳林泉域岩溶水化学类型由补给区的HCO_3-Ca·Mg型演化为径流区的HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型,在排泄区演化为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na型。柳林泉域岩溶水化学演化的主要地球化学作用为碳酸盐岩和石膏的溶解作用,且沿地下水流动路径,由补给区的方解石和白云石共同溶解作用,逐渐向径流区的白云石和石膏溶解作用为主演化,排泄区还发生了岩盐溶解作用。去白云岩化作用和Na~+-Ca~(2+)离子交换吸附作用在径流区和排泄区影响岩溶水化学类型。     

Predicting Monthly Spring Discharges Using a Simple Statistical Model

Current precipitation and past climate variability induce considerable intermonthly fluctuations in spring discharges. This study presents the DISHMET model (Discharge Hydro-Climatological Model) developed to perform historical spring reconstructions in the lack of physical assumptions. We analyzed discharge data of the Caraventa spring, located on the southern side of Mount La Montagna in Southern Italy, which has been monitored since the 1996s. The La Montagna aquifer is tectonically and litologically complex and deformed bedding controls the groundwater flow. Due to this aspect a parsimonious model should be more suitable than a complex model in spring discharge estimation. Thus, the DISHMET model incorporates monthly and annual precipitation only. The model is able to estimate sufficiently well the monthly fluctuations of groundwater discharge. DISHMET can be easily used to assess historical discharge, even when hydrological data is discontinuously available. The magnitude of this discharge is linked to the frequency and type of weather patterns transiting over the central Mediterranean area during the autumn and winter seasons. It is mainly related to the local precipitation that recharges the Mt. La Montagna aquifer. An analysis of antecedent rainfall and spring discharge reveal moderate to strong relationships.     

Basement Groundwater as a Complementary Resource for Overexploited Stream-Connected Alluvial Aquifers

The use of groundwater from alluvial aquifers largely affects stream discharge by capturing the stream resources. This affects hydrological processes and riparian biodiversity. In this study, complementary water resources are investigated in an effort to ease human pressure on alluvial systems and, eventually, on stream-aquifer relationships. Discharge and hydrochemical data along a 5 km reach of the Tordera River (NE Spain) provide evidence that groundwater fluxes, associated with a regional hydrogeological system related to the basement fracture network, contribute to alluvial recharge and to stream flow. End-member mixing analysis considering upstream discharge, groundwater flows, and human inputs to the stream as major flow sources shows that regional basement groundwater fluxes are responsible for as much as 20 % of the total discharge, which also explains unexpected rises in stream flow. This suggests a possible new approach to local water resources planning, indicating that conjunctive use might actually be feasible.     

Understanding groundwater table using a statistical model

In this study, a statistical model was established to estimate the groundwater table using precipitation, evaporation, the river stage of the Liangduo River, and the tide level of the Yellow Sea, as well as to predict the groundwater table with easily measurable climate data in a coastal plain in eastern China. To achieve these objectives, groundwater table data from twelve wells in a farmland covering an area of 50 m × 150 m were measured over a 12-month period in 2013 in Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province. Trend analysis and correlation analysis were conducted to study the patterns of changes in the groundwater table. In addition, a linear regression model was established and regression analysis was conducted to understand the relationships between precipitation, evaporation, river stage, tide level, and groundwater table. The results are as follows:(1) The groundwater table was strongly affected by climate factors(e.g., precipitation and evaporation), and river stage was also a significant factor affecting the groundwater table in the study area( p 0.01, where p is the probability value).(2) The groundwater table was especially sensitive to precipitation. The significance of the factors of the groundwater table were ranked in the following descending order:precipitation, evaporation, and river stage.(3) A triple linear regression model of the groundwater table, precipitation, evaporation, and river stage was established. The linear relationship between the groundwater table and the main factors was satisfied by the actual values versus the simulated values of the groundwater table(R~2 = 0.841, where R~2 is the coefficient of determination).     

基于泉群流量与降水量相关性的明水泉域岩溶水强径流带识别

运用皮尔逊相关系数法分析了明水泉域各水文站月尺度最佳降水滞时,依据最佳降水滞时在旬尺度和日尺度条件下分别计算了 2006-2013年泉群流量与各水文站降水量的皮尔逊相关系数,得出与泉群流量关系相对密切的水文站点,从而识别出明水泉域强径流带.结果表明:各水文站最佳降水滞时均为5个月;明水站、闫家域站和旭升站降水量变化与泉...     

改进的新安江模型多目标参数优化 ——以临涣集流域为例

平原灌区水文过程受人类开采灌溉影响较大,地表水与地下水物质能量交换频繁,单目标率定方法难以同时有效模拟该区流量和地下水埋深过程。对此,在新安江模型基础上加入地下水蓄水库,构建地表-地下水耦合模型,建立包含流量与地下水埋深信息的多目标函数。采用MCAT分析流量和埋深单目标以及多目标下的参数敏感性,用SCE-UA算法率定遴选出的敏感参数,比较单目标和多目标率定结果。结果表明,该多目标参数优化方法显著提高了工作效率,解决了单目标率定中无法同时达到流量与地下水埋深过程模拟高精度的问题。模型在临涣集流域的耦合模拟中取得较好效果,为平原灌区地表水与地下水动态模拟和水资源评价提供参考。     

Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on River High Flows through Comparative Use of GR4J, HBV and Xinanjiang Models

This study analyses the extreme high flows in Jinhua River basin under the impact of climate change for the near future 2011–2040. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of using the bias corrected RCM outputs as input on the extreme flows by hydrological models. The future projections are obtained through the PRECIS model with resolution of 50 km?×?50 km under climate scenario A1B. The daily precipitation from the PRECIS is bias corrected by distribution based scaling method. Afterwards, three hydrological models (GR4J, HBV and Xinanjiang) are calibrated and applied to simulate the daily discharge in the future. The hydrological models are driven with both bias corrected precipitation and raw precipitation from the PRECIS model for 2011–2040. It is found that after bias correction, the amount, frequency, intensity and variance of the precipitation from the regional climate model resemble the observation better. For the three hydrological models, the simulated annual maximum discharges are higher by using the raw precipitation from PRECIS than by bias corrected precipitation at any return period. Meanwhile, the uncertainties from different models cannot be neglected. The largest difference between three models is about 2,100 m³/s.     

Evaluating the Available Regional Groundwater Resources Using the Distributed Hydrogeological Budget

In this study, several hydrogeological catchments of Central Italy have been characterized focusing the attention on the presence of areas in which, over the last two decades, the hydrological equilibrium between recharge and discharge (phenomena of marked reduction of spring discharge and progressive drawdown of groundwater levels) has been compromised by overexploitation of groundwater resources. A GIS system has been used in order to develop the study and the homogenous distribution of the hydrological knowledge and of the existing imbalances has been performed. Characterizing elements of the research are: a) the definition of the hydrogeological units; b) the hydrogeological survey of around a thousand water-points; c) the monthly analysis of climatic data of numerous survey stations; d) the census and the recording of water concessions; e) the evaluation of agriculture hydro-exigency derived from the analysis of the use of soil; f) the withdrawals defined by a statistic analysis of data. These elements have allowed to define the Distributed Hydrogeological Budget which is a useful instrument to evaluate critical areas.     

Local and Regional Water Flow Quantification in Groundwater-dependent Wetlands

Runoff, groundwater recharge and discharge, and surface water–groundwater interaction are the main driving forces of wetlands. The quantification of such flows is crucial information in the restoration and management of groundwater-dependent wetlands. The objective of this work is to quantify groundwater inflow at the level of the hydrogeological basin, which discharges into the wetland in the coastal plain of the Río de la Plata (Argentina). It also aims at evaluating whether such inflow is affected by groundwater exploitation in the high plain adjacent to the wetland. On the basis of water level data, a model of hydrological behaviour was developed and then a numerical simulation to quantify groundwater inflow was carried out. The evolution of groundwater levels was analyzed considering three situations: one of them in natural conditions and two others under different groundwater exploitation conditions. In the first case, the inflow originates in the recharge from precipitation, in the local groundwater discharge from the adjacent high plain and in the regional one from the semi-confined aquifer. The exploitation of the semi-confined aquifer in the high plain causes the formation of a cone of depression which modifies the hydrodynamics of the wetland in the area adjacent to the extraction wells. The quantification of flows shows that groundwater exploitation in areas of the basin located out of the wetland may cause the volume of water flowing into the wetland through groundwater discharge to decrease by approximately 25 %. The importance of considering discharge wetlands as part of regional hydrogeological systems should be highlighted, mainly as regards the management of natural resources.     

涞源岩溶地下水系统泉水量变化特征分析

涞源泉泉域是一个全封闭式泉排型岩溶水系统,泉水利用对当地工农业生产发挥了重要作用.通过对涞源岩溶地下水系统特征分析,利用地表水系列资料,采用基流分割法、相关系数法等,计算出泉水量系列资料.由降水补给地下水,再以泉水的形式排泄,在此过程中使水量在时间上滞后,而且水量趋于平稳,泉水量年极值比为7.33,变差系数为0.34,年内分配变化幅度平缓.由降水—入渗—地下径流—泉水排出的过程,水资源经过地下岩溶调节作用,有利于水资源的开发利用,而且对水质也起到净化作用.研究和分析岩溶地下水径流量变化特征,为合理利用泉水资源提供科学依据.     

Relating Trends in Streamflow to Anthropogenic Influences: A Case Study of Himayat Sagar Catchment,India

Catchment development has been identified as a potentially major cause of streamflow change in many river basins in India. This research aims to understand changes in the Himayat Sagar catchment (HSC), India, where significant reductions in streamflow have been observed. Rainfall and streamflow trend analysis for 1980–2004 shows a decline in streamflow without significant changes in rainfall. A regression model was used to quantify changes in the rainfall-runoff relationship over the study period. We relate these streamflow trends to anthropogenic changes in land use, groundwater abstraction and watershed development that lead to increased ET (Evapotranspiration) in the catchment. Streamflow has declined at a rate of 3.6 mm/y. Various estimates of changes in evapotranspiration/irrigation water use were made. Well inventories suggested an increase of 7.2 mm/y in groundwater extractions whereas typical irrigation practices suggests applied water increased by 9.0 mm/y, while estimates of evapotranspiration using remote sensing data showed an increasing rate of 4.1 mm/y. Surface water storage capacity of various small watershed development structures increased by 2 mm over 7 years. It is concluded that the dominant hydrological process responsible for streamflow reduction is the increase in evapotranspiration associated with irrigation development, however, most of the anthropogenic changes examined are interrelated and occurred simultaneously, making separating out individual impacts very difficult.     

若干水文预报方法综述

将现有水文预报方法分为过程驱动模型方法和数据驱动模型方法两大类.过程驱动模型指以水文学概念为基础,对径流的产流过程与河道演进过程进行模拟,从而进行流量过程预报的模型.过程驱动模型近年在中长期预报方面的发展主要表现在对概念性流域降雨径流模型的结构进行改进,以适应较大时间尺度预报的需要.数据驱动模型则是基本不考虑水文过程的物理机制,而以建立输入输出数据之间的最优数学关系为目标的黑箱子方法.数据驱动模型以回归模型最为常用,近年来由于神经网络模型、非线性时间序列分析模型、模糊数学方法和灰色系统模型等的引进,以及水文数据获取能力和计算能力的发展,数据驱动模型在水文预报中受到了广泛的关注.     

Linking the thermal regimes of streams in the Great Lakes Basin,Ontario, to landscape and climate variables

The lack of geographically broad‐scale temperature data has limited our ability to classify stream temperatures and assess the processes affecting them. Continuous data (1 July 2005–30 June 2006) from 90 sites throughout the Great Lakes Basin (GLB) were used to classify and model the thermal regimes of streams in Ontario. Existing and newly developed temperature metrics were used to characterize the data for each site. The 90 sites clustered into three thermal regimes based on maximum weekly maximum temperature (°C) and spring rate of change (°C · d^?1). The centroids of regime 1, 2 and 3 had temperatures of 26.4, 28.4, 23.5°C and warming rates of 0.20, 0.12 and 0.10°C · d^?1, respectively. There was a regional pattern in the thermal regimes; most sites in the north were regime 1 and most sites in the south were regime 2 but neither regime was limited to those areas. Regime 3 sites were found throughout the study area. Discriminant function analysis indicated that per cent riparian forest, mean annual air temperature, per cent surface water and groundwater discharge potential influenced the thermal regimes at the sites, and demonstrated how variables at three spatial scales influence stream temperatures. This study provides a framework for thermal assessments elsewhere and demonstrates how anthropogenic activities such as riparian deforestation, groundwater withdrawal, stream regulation and climate change will all affect the main drivers of thermal regimes in streams. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Urbanisation and Shallow Groundwater: Predicting Changes in Catchment Hydrological Responses

The impact of urbanisation on catchment hydrological response was investigated by using a process-based coupled surface water–groundwater model (MODHMS). The modelling estimated likely changes in river discharge as a result of land-use change in the Southern River catchment in Western Australia, underlined by a highly transmissive aquifer, has permeable soils and a shallow watertable. A significant increase in total annual discharge was predicted as a result of urbanisation area with the runoff coefficient rising from 0.01 to more than 0.40. In contrast with urban areas elsewhere, these changes were mainly due to a shift in the subsurface water balance, leading to significant reduction in evaporative losses from the soil profile and shallow watertable after urbanisation (from nearly 80 % of infiltration to less than 20 %). The infiltration of roof and road runoff and establishment of subsurface drainage adopted in local construction practice leads to higher groundwater recharge rates and subsequently groundwater discharge to the urban drainage network. Urban density and groundwater abstraction for urban irrigation most strongly influence the urbanisation impact on catchment fluxes. The results shows that urban development leads to a production of ‘harvestable’ water; and depending on local needs, this water could be used for public and private water supply or to improve environmental flows.     

River Temperature Modelling by Strahler Order at the Regional Scale in the Loire River Basin,France

Daily water temperature was simulated at a regional scale during the summer period using a simplified model based on the equilibrium temperature concept. The factors considered were heat exchanges at the water/atmosphere interface and groundwater inputs. The selected study area was the Loire River basin (110 000 km²), which displays contrasted meteorological, hydrological and geomorphological features. To capture the intra‐basin variability of relevant physical factors driving the hydrological and thermal response of the system, the modelling approach combined a semi‐distributed hydrological model, simulating the daily discharge at the outlet of 68 subwatersheds (drainage area between 100 and 3700 km²), and a thermal model, simulating the average daily water temperature for each Strahler order in each subwatershed. Simulations at 67 measurement stations revealed a median root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.9°C in summer between 2000 and 2006. Water temperature at stations located more than 100 km from their headwater was adequately simulated (median RMSE < 1.5°C; ?0.5°C < median biases < 0.5°C). However, performance for rivers closer to their source varied because of the averaging of geomorphological and hydrological features across all the tributaries with the same Strahler order in a subwatershed, which tended to mask the specific features of the tributaries. In particular, this increased the difficulty of simulating the thermal response of groundwater‐fed rivers during the hot spells of 2003. This modelling by coupling subwatershed and Strahler order for temperature simulations is less time‐consuming and has proven to be extremely consistent for large rivers, where the addition of streambed inputs is adequate to describe the effect of groundwater inputs on their thermal regime. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating Groundwater Withdrawal in Poorly Gauged Agricultural Basins

A method is presented for estimating the annual groundwater withdrawal based on water balance resulting from surface and groundwater hydrological considerations. The unknown groundwater losses of the aquifer are estimated from the groundwater level fluctuations, the specific yield and the groundwater withdrawal prior to the installation of the irrigation network. The meteorological and hydrometric data are used in the Sacramento hydrological conceptual model for the estimation of the stored groundwater volume, via minimization of the difference between the simulated and measured stream discharge. Following the installation of the network due to poorly kept field records, an initial estimation of the groundwater withdrawal is made based on the fluctuations of the groundwater level, the specific yield, and the annual precipitation. The monthly stored groundwater volume is verified against the volume obtained during the recharge of the basin (November–April). The difference between the groundwater volume and the measured discharge of the basin (May–October) is in agreement with the initial estimation of the groundwater withdrawal. This method is applied successfully in an agricultural basin on the island of Crete, Greece and its novelty lies in the fact that it can be used in basins where groundwater withdrawal is not known or data is incomplete.     

灰关联分析方法在NAM模型参数敏感性分析中的应用

应用NAM模型对资水水系夫夷水流域新宁水文站的洪水过程进行模拟。利用灰色系统关联分析方法来研究NAM模型参数对模型模拟径流深、洪峰流量和峰现时间的影响。计算实例表明：浅层蓄水容量对NAM模型模拟径流深的影响较大,地表径流和壤中流汇流时间常数对NAM模型模拟径流深的影响较小;地表径流系数、地表径流和壤中流汇流时间常数对NAM模型模拟洪峰流量的影响较大,壤中流出流时间对NAM模型模拟洪峰流量的影响较小;地表径流和壤中流汇流时间常数对NAM模型模拟峰现时间的影响较大。     

Streamflow Modeling in a Highly Managed Mountainous Glacier Watershed Using SWAT: The Upper Rhone River Watershed Case in Switzerland

Streamflow simulation is often challenging in mountainous watersheds because of irregular topography and complex hydrological processes. Rates of change in precipitation and temperature with respect to elevation often limit the ability to reproduce stream runoff by hydrological models. Anthropogenic influence, such as water transfers in high altitude hydropower reservoirs increases the difficulty in modeling since the natural flow regime is altered by long term storage of water in the reservoirs. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used for simulating streamflow in the upper Rhone watershed located in the south western part of Switzerland. The catchment area covers 5220 km², where most of the land cover is dominated by forest and 14 % is glacier. Streamflow calibration was done at daily time steps for the period of 2001–2005, and validated for 2006–2010. Two different approaches were used for simulating snow and glacier melt process, namely the temperature index approach with and without elevation bands. The hydropower network was implemented based on the intake points that form part of the inter-reservoir network. Subbasins were grouped into two major categories with glaciers and without glaciers for simulating snow and glacier melt processes. Model performance was evaluated both visually and statistically where a good relation between observed and simulated discharge was found. Our study suggests that a proper configuration of the network leads to better model performance despite the complexity that arises for water transaction. Implementing elevation bands generates better results than without elevation bands. Results show that considering all the complexity arising from natural variability and anthropogenic influences, SWAT performs well in simulating runoff in the upper Rhone watershed. Findings from this study can be applicable for high elevation snow and glacier dominated catchments with similar hydro-physiographic constraints.