上海市水功能区纳污能力和分阶段限排总量研究

以COD、NH3-N为控制指标,应用一维感潮河网纳污能力模型计算上海市水功能区水域纳污能力。结果表明,上海市水功能区COD和NH3-N的纳污能力分别为79.96万t/a和7.56万t/a。以水功能区水质和污染物入河量分析评价结果为基础,制定水功能区分阶段达标目标,并从空间和时间上分解,提出每个水功能区分阶段限制排污总量控制方案。     

山丘区水环境容量计算及限制排污总量分析——以临海市“五水共治”规划为例

为改善山丘区水环境,以典型山丘区城市临海市为研究对象,基于对临海市水环境现状、水环境功能及水污染负荷的充分调查,建立河网水量水质数学模型,计算了河网水环境容量,并提出了污染物排放总量控制和削减方案。结果表明:临海市河网的水环境容量COD为15 904.3 t/a,NH3-N为1585.2 t/a,水质超标率分别为COD 15.61%,NH3-N 16.67%。规划年工程实施后预计新增水环境容量COD 1 137.7 t/a,NH3-N 114 t/a,削减污染物入河量COD 10 610.6 t/a,NH3-N 1 082 t/a,水环境质量得到较大提升。     

太湖下游河网区水质变化特征与引水调控效果

为探究复杂水文水动力条件及污染来源区域的引水调控效果,选取太湖下游河网区29个断面2007—2018年NH_3-N和COD_(Mn)逐月监测数据,采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、聚类分析法、Pearson相关分析法以及单因素方差法进行分析。结果表明,研究区水质情况在时间上可分为两个阶段,2015年为水质整体转好的拐点;空间上可分为6类断面,距离引水口较近的断面改善效果较好,引水改善范围逐年扩大;不同水质指标对引水量的响应情况不同,NH_3-N在距离引水口较近的断面与引水量呈显著负相关关系,而COD_(Mn)与引水量呈显著负相关关系的断面更多;不同引水量对水质指标的影响存在空间差异,综合得出引水量为2.0亿～2.5亿m~3时对水质的改善效果最优。     

Simulation of Water Quality under Different Reservoir Regulation Scenarios in the Tidal River

Reservoir regulation is one of the effective ways to improve water quality. However, when water quality requirement is considered, reservoir operation is complicated due to tidal regimes in the tidal rivers. The study was carried out in the tidal river reach between Dongjiang Hydro-Project and Shilong in Dongjiang River. To evaluate the effect of reservoir regulation on water quality, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model combined with water quality has been developed. Under the scenarios of differrent flood discharge from the Shima River and different release discharge of Dongjiang Hydro-Project, water quality is simulated using the two-dimensional model. NH₃-N and COD concentrations are taken as the major indicators for water quality. Results indicate that (1) water quality is related to the tidal fluctuation, NH₃-N and COD concentrations increase at flood tide and decrease at ebb tide; (2) There is no obvious over-limit of COD concentration, NH₃-N concentration is found as the main pollution impacts water quality at water intake; (3) flood discharge from Shima River flows back to the upper reach of water intake during higher high tidal period, NH₃-N concentration non-compliance occurs, flood tide is the main factor which impacts water quality; (4) reservoir regulation of Dongjiang Hydro-Project causes a significant improvement on water quality, release discharge of Dongjiang Hydro-Project is determined to insure the water supply safety, which keeps tidal-induced backwater always flowing to lower reach of the water intake. The study provides a hydrodynamic perspective on water quality improvement due to reservoir regulation in the tidal river.     

多种修复技术对城市内河水质及微生物群落的影响

采集城市内河水样,分别采用曝气增氧、碳源添加、生物投菌和综合修复等技术,在实验室进行水质修复模拟实验,并以水质参数、微生物多样性及丰度为鉴定指标,分析不同修复技术对城市河流水质的修复效果及其对河流微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,曝气、生物投菌和综合修复技术可以提高河流微生物群落结构多样性,水体微生物群落以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)为主;而使用碳源添加技术的水样,河流微生物的多样性下降明显,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度达到了93%;水质修复方面,曝气增氧技术和生物投菌技术都仅能降低水体COD质量浓度,无法降低水体TN及NH+4-N质量浓度;碳源添加和综合修复技术,对水体TN和NH+4-N的去除效果明显,但投加碳源的河流水体中的COD质量浓度显著上升;相关性分析结果表明,影响水体微生物群落结构的主要环境因子为COD和DO。     

渭河陕西段河水水质COD、NH3-N变化特征分析

渭河是黄河的一级支流,是重要的地表水体。随着近年来国民经济的飞速发展,工业农业用水量不断上升,排入渭河的污染物质逐年增加,致使渭河的水质污染不断加剧,已基本丧失了其原有功能。分析渭河水质变化特征对于防治渭河水污染具有重要的指导作用。通过对渭河干流的19个监测断面以及渭河(陕西段)断面的COD和NH3-N监测数据进行统计分析。结果表明:虽然渭河的水质总体恶化趋势得到有效的遏制,但渭河干流仍有1/2的监测断面没有达到水环境功能的要求,2007-2011年虽然渭河一些断面的水质仍为劣Ⅴ类,但COD和氨氮的浓度呈逐年降低的趋势。     

IMPACT OF CHANGING HYDROLOGY ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN HIGH ARCTIC RIVERS

Despite the importance of river nutrient retention in regulating downstream water quality and the potential alterations to nutrient fluxes associated with climate‐induced changes in Arctic hydrology, current understanding of nutrient cycling in Arctic river systems is limited. This study adopted an experimental approach to quantify conceptual water source contributions (meltwater, groundwater), environmental conditions and uptake of NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, PO₄^3? and acetate at 12 headwater rivers in Svalbard and so determine the role of changing hydrology on nutrient uptake in these Arctic river systems. Most rivers exhibited low demand for NO₃^? and PO₄^3?, but demand for NH₄⁺ and acetate was more variable and in several rivers comparable with that measured in sub‐Arctic regions. The proportion of meltwater contributing to river flow was not significantly related to nutrient uptake. However, NH₄⁺ uptake was associated positively with algal biomass, water temperature and transient storage area, whereas acetate uptake was associated positively with more stable river channels. Mean demand for NH₄⁺ increased when added with acetate, suggesting NH₄⁺ retention may be facilitated by labile dissolved organic carbon availability in these rivers. Consequently, nutrient export from Arctic river systems could be influenced in future by changes in hydrological and environmental process interactions associated with forecasted climate warming. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

落蓬湾断面水质达标及胥河水环境容量研究

落蓬湾断面目前水质不能稳定达标。为进一步提高国家考核断面水质达标率,持续改善水环境质量,进而开展落蓬湾断面水质达标及胥河水环境容量计算研究。根据现状水文、水质和污染源资料,分析落蓬湾断面水质超标原因。采用控制断面达标法计算得到入胥河的最大允许排污量。结果表明:胥河COD、氨氮、总磷的近期水环境容量分别为3011.8、195.0、99.2 t/a,远期水环境容量分别为1738.7、135.9、70.0 t/a。基于胥河水环境容量计算结果,结合研究区域内入胥河的污染物量,确定研究区域各类污染物的削减比例,为胥河的水环境整治提供理论支撑。     

Assessing Water Quality of Three Gorges Reservoir, China, Over a Five-Year Period From 2006 to 2011

Understanding temporal variability in water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is crucial for evaluating environmental effects of damming and protecting China’s largest freshwater resource. This study examined water quality changes in the main channel of the Yangtze River after dam completion as well as its relationship with water level fluctuation (WLF), controlled by annual impoundment operations and conditioned by flooding. Finally, the mass balance budget and integrative water quality indexing (WQI) methods were applied to elucidate the status of overall water quality since dam completion. Results showed that TGR outlet water (Yichang) exhibited higher pH and COD_Mn values and lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) than inlet water (Zhutuo). Temporal variations in water quality parameters displayed similar trends for the outlet and inlet. Water quality parameters all showed negative correlations to water level, revealing the different effects of damming on water quality. It was estimated that reservoir impoundment led to a DO depletion of 1495.5 (±1482.0)?×?10³ tons/yr and a COD_Mn increase of 564.0 (±405.0)?×?10³ tons/yr, likely deriving from various internal pollutant loads from the WLF zone and tributary watersheds. According to WQI, TGR water quality remained at healthy levels. However, WQI linear regression showed that water quality at the outlet significantly decreased over time, indicating that the construction of the Three Gorges Dam generally caused water quality deterioration. Further investigation is required to determine the spatial distribution of point and non-point pollution sources and to identify major factors that influence TGR water quality.     

沣河水质与流量之间的关系分析

为了打造生态沣河,本文基于秦渡镇断面2001-2009年的定期水质监测资料,以及秦渡镇水文站2001年到2009年的逐日流量数据,以及2009年到2011年大峪口断面、秦渡镇断面的多场洪水监测资料,研究分析了沣河水质与流量之间的关系.结果表明:(1)监测断面流量的大小和每场洪水平均流量的大小均对NH3-N、TN和COD的污染浓度有影响,且流域上下游不同断面的水质流量之间的关系也有差异;(2)根据2002年到2008年秦渡镇断面所监测的6场洪水资料,可知洪水对COD非点源污染的影响较大.而2006年NH3-N、TN的点源污染严重,此外几年NH3-N的点源污染较严重,TN变化不稳定.     

长江南京段水污染现状及限排总量

通过长江南京段18个水功能区水质的5 a变化趋势,分析主要污染源及其入江排污量,提出了各水功能区限制排污总量和入江污染物削减建议。结果表明:长江南京段2005—2009年期间,83.3%的水功能区达标率均随时间呈下降趋势,2009年83.3%的水功能区所有的水质监测点均没有达到其水质目标;主要污染源头为通江河道,其COD、NH3-N排放量分别占入江排污总量的65.7%、49.9%;工业、企业排污口的COD、NH3-N排放量分别占入江排污总量的20.9%和25.0%。长江南京段水体COD限制排污总量为6.59万t/a,NH3-N限制排污总量为0.26万t/a;需要削减污染物的水功能区包括5个饮用水水源区、1个保留区和3个渔业、农业、工业用水区;削减任务最重的为饮用水水源区,其COD和NH3-N削减率分别在87.0%～99.0%和17.8%～97.4%之间。     

Nitrogen dry deposition to Lake Superior and Lake Michigan

Nitrate (NO₃^?) levels in Lake Superior have increased from historic levels of about 5?μM to its current concentration of about 25?μM. The atmosphere makes a substantial contribution to the nitrogen budgets for Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. This study provides a more well-defined estimate of nitrogen dry deposition rates derived from the measurement of over-water concentrations, and in situ meteorological measurements, which were input into the Resistance Model. We obtained a nitrogen dry deposition rate of [(3.41?±?2.26)?×?10⁷?kg?N/yr; (5.90?±?3.91)?kg?N/ha/yr] over Lake Michigan, and [(1.54?±?1.06)?×?10⁷?kg?N/yr; (1.87?±?1.27)?kg?N/ha/yr] over Lake Superior. Nitric acid (HNO₃), which originates from the combustion of fossil fuels, contributes 84% of the total nitrogen dry deposition to Lake Michigan; and 66% to Lake Superior. Ammonia (NH₃), which originates from agricultural activities and gasoline combustion, is the second highest contributor of nitrogen dry deposition to both lakes: contributing 13% to Lake Michigan and 32% to Lake Superior. The nitrogen dry deposition is approximately 68% of the nitrogen wet deposition over Lake Superior, and approximately 80% of wet deposition over Lake Michigan. The over-water dry deposition velocity of HNO₃ and NH₃ were also evaluated. We obtained morning deposition velocities of 0.099?cm/s for NH₃ and 0.095?cm/s for HNO₃; and afternoon values of 0.137?cm/s for NH₃ and 0.132?cm/s for HNO₃. Another key finding is that the atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen compounds near Lake Michigan and Lake Superior have decreased since 2003.     

Application and Sensitivity Analysis of Artificial Neural Network for Prediction of Chemical Oxygen Demand

Integrating water quality forecasting model with river restoration techniques makes river restoration more effective and efficient. This research investigates how to use the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) during river restoration in Wuxi city, China. Specifically, we applied a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) using ten neurons in a single hidden layer and seven input variables (Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, Suspended Sediment, Transparency, and NH₃-N) to simulate COD. The modeled results have a correlation coefficient of 0.966, 0.949, and 0.890 with the observations for the raining, validation, and testing phases, respectively. When presenting the trained network to an independent data set, the ANN model still shows a good predictive capability, indicating by a correlation coefficient of 0.978, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.628 mg/L, and a mean square error (MSE) of 0.394 mg²/L². A sensitivity analysis was further implemented to analyze the effect of each of the input variables on prediction of COD. DO, TO, and Transparency have relatively low influences on the estimate of COD, and can be removed from the input variables. The results from this study indicate that ANN models can provide satisfactory estimates of COD during the process of bacterial treatment and is a useful supportive tool for river restoration.     

基于龙王庙断面水质达标的城南河流域水环境容量

为保证南京市浦口区城南河龙王庙断面水质稳定达标,综合考虑水文、水质和污染源现状,对研究区域入城南河的污染源进行排污口概化,构建水环境数学模型,计算得到基于龙王庙断面水质达标的城南河水环境容量,以此与现状入河的污染物量比较,确定污染物的削减比例。结果表明:在保证龙王庙断面水质达标的情况下,城南河COD、NH+4-N和TP的水环境容量分别为2 183 t/a、201 t/a和154 t/a,污染物削减率与水质超标率的差距在20%以内。     

渭河陕西段底泥间隙水与上覆水中污染物分布特征研究

通过渭河8个断面2015年4月和9月的采样分析,探讨了表层底泥间隙水和上覆水中污染物的分布特征,并对间隙水和上覆水中的污染物浓度进行了相关性分析。结果表明:在丰水期时上覆水中TN、NO_3—N、NH_3—N及COD含量均高于平水期,其中采样点D5(泾河汇入前渭河干流处)的污染物含量很高;间隙水中TN、NH_3—N、NO_3—N变化趋势相似,丰水期TN、NH_3—N、NO_3—N含量均高于平水期含量,采样点D5、D7(泾河汇入后干流处)丰水期总磷、COD含量很高;相关性分和上覆水中TN、COD浓度在丰水期高度相关,说明间隙水中TN、TP、COD的浓度是其上覆水中TN、TP、COD浓度的决定因素。     

动态纳污能力计算方法与应用研究

通过环境水槽实验获取了COD和NH3-N衰减系数与流速效应之间的定量关系式,建立了反应污染物衰减与流速动态变化的二维水流水质数学模型。以广东省飞来峡水利枢纽库区为例,利用二维水流水质数学模型和常规的完全混合模型对库区COD和NH3-N纳污能力进行了计算。结果表明:前者计算的纳污能力大于后者,其计算出的主流区纳污能力为库湾区的8.4倍左右。分析认为二维水流水质数学模型计算结果更符合实际。     

江苏省太湖流域污染物排放变化规律及总量削减率的确定

基于江苏省2007年、2009—2011年4次污染源普查资料,选取COD和NH3-N为研究因子,统计江苏省太湖流域2007年、2009—2011年污染物排放变化规律;根据已核定的区域纳污能力以及总量控制值,对研究区域入河量及排放量进行削减分析(以2010年为现状年)。结果表明:12007年、2009—2011年江苏省太湖流域污染物排放总量逐年下降,其中城镇点源所占比例呈逐年下降趋势,面源比例呈增长趋势;2"十二五"期间,江苏省太湖流域COD和NH3-N的入河量削减率分别为20%和65%;3"十二五"期间,江苏省太湖流域COD和NH3-N的点源排放削减率分别为27%和35%。     

水质标识指数法在赣江尾闾段水质评价中的应用

赣江为鄱阳湖的重要补给水源,赣江水质对鄱阳湖生态有着重要影响。本文以电导率（EC）、浊度（TUR）、悬浮物（SS）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH₄-N）、硝态氮（NO₃-N）以及化学需氧量（COD）作为赣江水质评价指标,采用水质标识指数法对赣江尾闾段2015年10月30日、12月4日以及2016年1月12日、3月10日和5月30日5个时间点、3个支流、8个监测点的水质进行综合评价分析。分析结果表明：采用主要污染物水质标识指数法（PP-WQI）所得赣江下游北、中、南支流污染指数分别为3.84（COD）、3.53（COD）、3.84（COD/SS）,综合水质标识指数法（CWQI）所得污染指数分别为3.8077、3.5003、3.7465;水质介于Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类之间,属于轻度污染,主要污染物为COD、TN和SS。水质在空间上表现为中支较好,南支和北支较差,上游优于下游;在时间上表现为夏季（5月30日）最差,冬季最好（12月4日和1月12日）。     

The Influence of Green Roofs on Runoff Water Quality: A Case Study from Estonia

This paper describes the runoff water quality of Light Weight Aggregates (LWA)-based extensive green roofs and sod roofs in Estonia. Samples were taken from August 2004 to April 2009 from 10 different green roofs to determine what level of water quality may be found. The results presented here show that green roofs influenced water quality to a considerable degree. The runoff water of LWA-based green roofs generally had higher values of pH, BOD₇, TP and PO₄-P than that from sod roofs. However, COD, TN, SO₄ and Ca-Mg salt were higher in the sod roofs than in the green roofs. The results for NH₄-N and NO₃-N were similar for both roof types. According to the results, the character of the runoff and the contents in the substrate layer at the moment the samples were taken affected runoff quality more than the age and location of the green roof. The use of NPK-nutrients in the substrate or in the soil caused much higher values of COD and concentrations of TP, PO₄-P, TN, NH₄-N and NO₃-N in runoff water than on non-fertilized green roofs. The results of samples taken from the Tartu LWA-based green roof each spring in the period 2005–2009, at a time when the snow had almost melted, showed that concentrations of compounds in runoff water generally decreased gradually. The pH value and Ca-Mg salt concentration were, however, stable, and this was caused by the LWA material.     

Effects of hydraulic retention time,temperature, and effluent recycling on efficiency of anaerobic filter in treating rural domestic wastewater

With rural population expansion and improvement of the socio-economic standard of living, treatment of rural domestic wastewater has rapidly become a major aspect of environmental concern. Selection of a suitable method for treatment of rural domestic wastewater depends on its efficiency, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. This study investigated the effects of hydraulic retention time(HRT), temperature, and effluent recycling on the treatment efficiency of an anaerobic filter(AF) reactor. The first round of experimental operations was run for three months with HRTs of one, two, and three days, temperatures of 18℃, 21℃, and 24℃, and no effluent recycling. The second round of experimental operations was conducted for another three months with HRTs of three and four days; temperatures of 30.67℃, 30.57℃, and 26.91℃; and three effluent recycling ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The first round of operations showed removal rates of 32% to 44% for COD, 30% to 35% for TN, 32% to 36% for +4NH-N, 19% to 23% for 3NO-N-, and 12% to 22% for TP. In the second round of operations, the removal rates varied from 75% to 81% for COD, 35% to 41% for TN, 31% to 39% for +4NH-N, 30% to 34% for 3NO-N-, and 41% to 48% for TP. The average gas production rates were 6.72 L/d and 7.26 L/d for the first and second rounds of operations, respectively. The gas production rate increased in the second round of operations as a result of applied effluent recycling. The best removal efficiency was obtained for an optimum HRT of three days, a temperature of 30℃, and an effluent recycling ratio of 2:1. The results show that the removal efficiency of the AF reactor was affected by HRT, temperature, and effluent recycling.