管线钢在役焊接热影响区显微组织的热模拟研究

为探讨在役焊接这种严酷的焊接条件下管线钢焊接热影响区显微组织的变化,采用焊接热模拟技术、金相分析及透射电镜对比研究了X70管线钢在役焊接热影响区和常规焊接热影响区的金相组织和精细结构.结果表明,在役焊接的快速冷却只对粗晶区的金相组织产生了较大影响,而对过渡区、细晶区和类母材区的金相组织几乎没有影响.金相显微镜下两者粗晶区的组织均为贝氏体铁素体和粒状贝氏体,但各组织的形态和数量不同.在透射电镜下观察,两者粗晶区的精细结构有较大差异,在役焊接粗晶区生成了少量细小的横穿贝氏体铁素体板条的板条马氏体,常规焊接粗晶区生成了少量的块状铁素体组织.     

HAZ microstructure simulation in welding of a ultra fine grain steel

In the present work the evolution of grain structure in the weld HAZ (heat affected zone) under welding thermal cycle was simulated. Especially the grain growth in the HAZ of a SS400 ultra fine grain steel was investigated. An integrated 3-D Monte Carlo (MC) simulation system for grain growth of the weld HAZ was developed based on Microsoft Windows. The results indicate that MC simulation is an effective way to investigate the grain growth in weld HAZ. The method not only simulates the non-isothermal dynamics process of the grain growth in the weld HAZ, but also visualizes the austenite grains realistically. Moreover, the thermal pinning effect can be easily included in the simulation process. The grain sizes of the CGHAZ (coarse grain heat affected zone) obtained from MC simulation are basically in agreement with the experimental measurement of the real welded joints under different heat input. Furthermore, the simulation indicates that the grain growth degree is higher for the SS400 ultra fine grain steel compared to conventional steel. With the increase in the heat input, the grain growth of the CGHAZ rapidly increases. Because the activation energy of the grain growth is lower for the SS400 ultra fine grain steel, austenite grains can grow at a relatively lower temperature, hence the range of the CGHAZ becomes wider.     

An improvement in creep strength of thermo-mechanical treated modified 9Cr-1Mo steel weld joint

Modified 9Cr-1Mo steel weld joints generally experience the type IV premature failure in the intercritical region (ICR) of HAZ under long term creep exposure at high temperature. Possibility of improving the resistance of this joint to type IV cracking through thermo-mechanical treatment (TMT) of the steel has been explored. Weld joints have been fabricated from the TMT and conventional normalized and tempered (NT) steels using electron beam (EB) welding process. Creep tests have been carried out on NT and TMT steels joint at 923 K (650°C) and 110–100 MPa applied stress. Creep rupture life of the TMT weld joint was significantly higher than the NT steel weld joint. Significant variations of microstructural constituents such as M₂₃C₆ precipitate; lath structure and hardness across the joint have been examined in both the joints. The coarser M₂₃C₆ precipitate and lath, and subgrain formation in the ICR resulted in the soft zone formation and was predominant in the ICR of NT steel joint. The enhanced MX precipitation through TMT processing and reduction in coarsening of M₂₃C₆ precipitate under thermal cycle resulted in improved creep rupture strength of TMT steel weld joint.     

Fine structure in the inter-critical heat-affected zone of HQ130 super-high strength steel

The microstructure in the intercritical heat-affected zone (ICHAZ) of HQ130 steel, has been investigated by thermo-simulation test, SEM and TEM. The problem of toughness decrease in the ICHAZ (T _p = 800°C) as well as the effect of M-A constituent and carbide precipitation on brittleness was analysed. The test results indicated that the microstructure in the ICHAZ of HQ130 steel was mostly a mixture of lath martensite (ML) and granular bainite (Bg) with a fine but nonuniform grain structure. The cause of brittleness in the ICHAZ was related to production of the M-A constituent in the local region and carbide precipitation. By controlling the welding heat input carbide precipitation and the formation of the M-A constituent can be avoided or decreased.     

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on electrode life and microstructure for spot welding hot dip galvanized steel

In this article, the deep cryogenic treatment technology is first applied in the treatment of electrodes, for spot welding hot dip galvanized steel plate and electrode, life experiment is carried out. The microstructure and elements distribution of the deep cryogenic treatment electrodes, and non-cryogenic treatment of electrodes for spot welding hot dip galvanized steel is observed by, scanning electrical microscope and X-ray diffraction. The experimental results shows that deep cryogenic treatment makes Cr, Zr, in deep cryogenic treatment of electrodes, emanate disperseadly and makes the grain of deep cryogenic treatment of electrodes, smaller than non-cryogenic treatment ones, so that the electrical conductivity and the thermal conductivity of deep cryogenic treatment electrodes are improved very much, which makes electrode life for spot welding hot dip galvanized steel that improves obviously.     

Friction stir welding of mild steel: tool durability and steel microstructure

Abstract

In previous work, we have established a scheme that exploits a three-dimensional heat and mass flow model to assess tool durability and define the domains of satisfactory tool life in the context of welding difficult aluminium alloys. We now apply this scheme to the friction stir welding of steel and extend the calculations to cover consequences on the microstructure of the steel while optimising tool life. This is the first published model that covers both the processing parameters and the consequences on the physical metallurgy of the steel.     

Effect of laser welding parameters on fusion zone morphological,mechanical and microstructural characteristics of AISI 304 stainless steel

Nowadays, the Nd:YAG laser has been a promising key tool for joining thin components. In this research, mechanical and microstructural properties of laser welded thin austenitic stainless steel sheets were investigated with experimental investigations, as a function of laser welding parameters. Butt welded joints were made using a Nd:YAG laser in the pulsed wave mode. The appropriate laser welding parameters were found in order to obtain quality and strong weld seam. The pulsed laser seam welding process is controlled by a variety of parameters. We focus on the effects of the several processing parameters on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of joint and weld quality. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of these processing parameters on joint strength and microstructure. And also we examined the weldability of stainless steels in butt joint configuration by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam.     

低焊接裂纹敏感性钢回火组织及力学性能研究

为优高强度低焊接裂纹敏感性钢的力学性能,对其热轧态钢板进行了不同温度的回火实验.通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了回火显微组织的演变特征,并结合相应的力学性能检测手段分析了不同回火温度下显微组织与力学性能的关系.结果表明,550℃回火后屈服强度和抗拉强度较热轧态强度分别提高了115和30 MPa,平均冲击功提高了...     

T91钢焊缝及热影响区显微组织图象分析

T91钢具有良好的高温抗氧化性和抗腐蚀性,该钢含8％－9．5％Cr,合金含量复杂,焊接难度大,运用金相显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）分析了不同爆接工艺条件下T91耐热钢焊缝及热影响区或区域显微组织特征,利用XQF－2000型显微图象分析仪对显微组织中各相的相对含量和奥氏体晶粒度进行了测量,分析了焊接线能量对T91钢焊接接头区组织性能的影响,结果表明,采用多道焊焊接工艺,严格控制焊接线能量在16kJ/cm左右,可以防止T91钢焊缝区奥氏体晶粒粗大,避免在热影响区出现声状铁素体组织,从而保证焊接接头区具有良好的组织性能。     

细晶钢焊接热影响区晶粒长大及组织转变

分析了细晶钢的晶粒长大现象及其影响因素，讨论了ＨＡＺ的组织转变及其影响因素，提出了防止上贝氏体Ｂｕ和Ｍ－Ａ组元形成的有效控制措施。     

Effect of interlayer addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of NiTi/stainless steel joint by electron beam welding

NiTi/Stainless Steel(SS) sheets have been welded via a vacuum electron beam welding process, with three methods(offsetting electron beam to SS side without interlayer, adding Ni interlayer and adding Fe Ni interlayer), to promote mechanical properties of the Ni Ti/SS joints. The joints with different interlayers are all fractured in the weld zone near the Ni Ti side, which is attributed to the enrichment of intermetallic compounds including Fe2 Ti and Ni3 Ti. The fracture mechanisms of different joints are strongly dependent on the types of interlayers, and the joints without interlayer, adding Ni interlayer and adding Fe Ni interlayer exhibit cleavage fracture, intergranular fracture and mixed fracture composed of cleavage and tearing ridge, respectively. Compared with the brittle laves phase Fe2 Ti, Ni3 Ti phase can exhibit certain plasticity, block the crack propagation and change the direction of crack propagation. The composite structure of Ni3 Ti and Fe2 Ti will be formed when the Fe Ni alloy is taken as the interlayer, which provides the joint excellent mechanical properties, with rupture strength of 343 MPa.     

Creep-fatigue life evaluation for weldments of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel at boiler temperatures

Creep-fatigue tests were conducted to verify long-term structural integrity for weldments of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel at boiler plants. As a result, it was proved that the weldments were fractured mainly at the HAZ and the fatigue lives were reduced by strain hold. This appeared to be due to acceleration of crack initiation by creep strain concentration and acceleration of crack growth by void generation in the HAZ. A method for predicting the life is proposed based on the fracture mechanism, and its accuracy was confirmed to be within a factor of two.     

焊接工艺参数对Q345钢平板焊接残余应力的影响

为研究焊接工艺参数对Q345钢平板焊接残余应力的影响,对采用药芯焊丝半自动焊接后的8 mm厚平板焊缝结构进行仿真模拟,在经验数值范围内设置不同的焊接工艺参数值,分析平板在横向和厚度方向的焊接残余应力分布情况。研究结果表明:横向的最大焊接残余应力分布在热影响区,且随着焊接速度的增大和焊接层间温度的降低而降低;沿厚度方向的最大焊接残余应力为115.92 MPa,位于平板中间层,随着焊接速度的增大而先减小后增大;平板焊接在横向的残余应力远大于厚度方向的应力。根据焊接残余应力的变化情况,运用二元回归分析法对横向和厚度方向的最大焊接残余应力进行函数拟合与检验,并开展多因素拟合模型的分析,得到焊接速度和焊接层间温度对焊接残余应力的综合影响规律。通过研究残余应力的变化趋势可选定焊接残余应力最小时的工艺参数范围,实现焊接工艺参数优化。     

钛/钢双立式爆炸焊接参数优化

为解决大面积钛/钢爆炸焊接窗口窄,在结合区易出现"过熔"和"射流堆积"等微观缺陷的问题,开展了双立爆炸+轧制综合制造技术,进行了低爆速爆炸焊接用炸药试验优化,发明了一种最低临界爆速爆炸焊接用炸药,设计确定了刚性防护板和柔性防护墙构成的双立综合防护结构及参数,研究了钛/钢爆炸焊接装药厚度窗口.结果表明,双立钛/钢复合板结合界面成波状结合,几乎不存在金属熔化、漩涡等微观缺陷.     

Finite element analysis of residual stress in the welded zone of a high strength steel

The distribution of the residual stress in the weld joint of HQ130 grade high strength steel was investigated by means of finite element method (FEM) using ANSYS software. Welding was carried out using gas shielded arc welding with a heat input of 16 kJ/cm. The FEM analysis on the weld joint reveals that there is a stress gradient around the fusion zone of weld joint. The instantaneous residual stress on the weld surface goes up to 800 ∼ 1000 MPa and it is 500 ∼ 600 MPa, below the weld. The stress gradient near the fusion zone is higher than any other location in the surrounding area. This is attributed as one of the significant reasons for the development of cold cracks at the fusion zone in the high strength steel. In order to avoid such welding cracks, the thermal stress in the weld joint has to be minimized by controlling the weld heat input.     

热输入对E36钢SAW焊缝组织及韧性的影响

为提高建造海洋采油平台的效率、减少生产周期,进而为实际生产提供数据支持,采用3种不同热输入对海洋采油平台用E36钢进行埋弧焊焊接,通过光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)对焊缝微观组织及夹杂物形貌进行了观察,研究了不同热输入对焊缝组织及韧性的影响,并分析了不同热输入对焊缝夹杂物尺寸分布和成分的影响.结果表明:热输入为50 k J/cm时,焊缝金属韧性较好;随着焊接热输入的增加,焊缝的冲击韧性降低,但仍能满足性能指标,焊缝金属中夹杂物成分相差较大,有效夹杂物数量减少,焊缝金属中大角度晶界比例减少;对于E36钢,热输入为160 k J/cm时不仅能使韧性符合要求还能提高生产效率.     

热电耦合对铝/钢连续驱动摩擦焊接头组织的影响机理

采用连续驱动摩擦焊技术焊接纯铝1060/Q235低碳钢异质接头,开展两个周期(30天/60天)热电耦合实验(静载392 N+高温300 ℃+直流60 A),研究热电耦合对铝/钢异质接头焊缝微观组织、力学性能及界面生长的影响。结果表明：原始态接头界面径向金属间化合物(IMCs)层厚度不均匀,中心区域无明显IMCs生成。热电耦合30天后界面中心生成宽度为0.3~0.5 μm且以颗粒状由钢侧向铝侧弥散分布的IMCs层,整体拉伸断裂在铝母材的热力影响区。热电耦合60天后IMCs层与钢侧之间出现腐蚀沟槽,IMCs破碎,钢侧无裂纹产生,铝侧形成大量由IMCs层向铝母材内部扩展的裂纹和孔洞,焊缝及裂纹尖端处成分偏析,整体拉伸断裂在焊缝处。界面腐蚀和失效速率与界面IMCs层的厚度成正比,即v_center＜v_1/2R＜v_2/3R。由于原始态接头界面组织不均匀以及热电耦合实验过程中界面不同位置组织生长速率的差异,使得热电耦合后接头界面2/3R位置出现不同断裂形貌的分界线,2/3R内侧以准解理断裂方式为主,2/3R外侧为韧窝断裂和准解理断裂的综合结果。     

钢的恒温超塑性固相焊接研究

在对结构钢 (40Cr)同材、结构钢 (40Cr)与工具钢 (T1 0A、GCr1 5 )异材实施恒温超塑性固相焊接可行性全面分析的基础上 ,通过对结构钢、工具钢待焊面表层实施高频淬火组织超细化处理 ,在非真空、无保护气氛下 ,系统地探讨了恒温超塑性固相焊接工艺参数对接头质量的影响 .试验结果表明 :只要选择适宜的焊接工艺参数 ,经短时间压接可使接头强度达到或接近 40Cr母材的强度 ,实现钢的同材和异材恒温超塑性固相焊接 .     

ZG 1Mn19Ni3Al 铸焊结构低温性能研究

通过化学成分设计和金相组织设计，开发了一种适用于与１６Ｍｎ钢组成铸焊结构的新铸钢ＺＧ１Ｍｎ１９Ｎｉ３Ａｌ。研究了这两种材料组成的焊板在常温、低温（－１９６℃）下的力学性能和冲击断口形貌。试验结果表明，夹杂物和焊接线能量对其低温冲击韧性有着显著的影响。具有γ＋ε双相组织的ＺＧ１Ｍｎ１９Ｎｉ３Ａｌ钢用于低温（－１９６℃）铸焊结构中时要注意钢水精炼和采用适当的焊接线能量