Physicochemical Properties Changes of Donuts During Vacuum Frying

Vacuum frying was explored to cook donuts and compared to the conventional atmospheric frying. A temperature of 190°C was used for atmospheric frying. Three vacuum levels (3, 6, and 9 kPa vacuum) with three temperature levels (150, 165, and 180°C) were used for vacuum frying. The effects of initial moisture content (IMC), vacuum level and frying temperature on physicochemical properties, such as moisture loss, oil absorption, and quality were investigated. The properties of fried donuts were significantly affected by IMC. Under vacuum frying, volume and total color changes were affected by frying temperature; and oil uptake was affected by vacuum and frying temperature. Frying temperature and vacuum were not directly related to the final moisture content (MC) of donuts. There was no relationship between MC and fat content of donuts. Donut texture was directly related to the vacuum and frying temperature.     

Viscoelastic Properties of Wiener Sausages During Cooking

Viscoelastic properties of Wieners during cooking were measured by a rheometer using a stress creep procedure (stress of 5 Pas and time of 60 s) for the retardation and the recovery stage. Experiments were performed at 6 temperatures (40–65°C) and 4 times (5–14 minutes). The viscoelastic behavior of Wieners was well described (R² > 0.98) by a Burgers model. Main parameters, the instantaneous compliance J_o; the retardation compliance J₁, the retardation viscosity μ₁ and the Newtonian viscosity μ_o, varied significantly with cooking temperature and time. Four second order regression models were developed for these parameters. Predicted and experimental values were in good agreement (R² > 0.84).     

Effect of acid hydrolysis on rheological and thermal characteristics of lentil starch slurry

A comparative rheological and thermal study was carried out between acid hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed (control) lentil starch dispersions (25-33.3 g starch per 100 g water) as function of temperature. After acid hydrolysis, the peak gelatinization temperature (T_p) shifted to higher temperature than the corresponding starch without hydrolysis whereas the gelatinization enthalpy remained unaffected by hydrolysis. The starch gelatinization kinetics was evaluated by a non-isothermal technique as function of elastic modulus (G′) and G′ vs. time (t) data up to the gelatinization peak value was considered for rate estimation. A 2nd-order reaction kinetics described well the starch gelatinization process and the process activation energy was ranged between 241 and 434 kJ/mol. Acid hydrolysis strongly affected the rheological properties by lowering gel strength compared to unhydrolyzed starch. The creep analysis further revealed that starch gel was significantly affected by hydrolysis and exhibited less resistant to the stress. A 4-parameters Burgers model well-described creep curves and supported oscillatory rheological data.     

Dynamics of Crust Formation and Kinetics of Quality Changes During Frying of Meatballs

Mathematical models describing dynamics of crust formation and kinetics of crust color and firmness changes were developed for the deep-fat frying of beef meatballs. Good agreement (R2 ranged between 0.815 and 0.987) was observed between experimental and predicted data. Crust color lightness, redness, and yellowness decreased exponentially with frying time while total color change increased. All color parameters followed first order reaction kinetics. Meatball firmness was measured by peak force obtained from a puncture test whose kinetics model had a reaction rate constant of 5.39E-3 1/(s.N^n-1) and a reaction order of 0.0013.     

Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Regular- and Reduced-Fat Pasteurized Process Cheese During Heating and Cooling

The rheology of process cheese during heating and cooling was examined by measuring the transient and dynamic linear viscoelastic properties of regular fat, lower moisture and an 80% reduced-fat, higher moisture pasteurized process cheese from 10 to 50°C. The dynamic (stress and frequency sweep) and transient (creep and recovery) rheological properties of the reduced-fat process cheese were found to be higher than that of regular-fat process cheese, indicating that fat content changed rheological properties more than moisture content. The temperature-dependent frequency dispersions of storage and loss moduli (dynamic mechanical spectra) were fitted with a power-law model, and master curves (at a reference temperature of 30°C) and shift factors were obtained by shifting the temperature-dependent frequency dispersion of dynamic mechanical spectra. The relaxation spectra (moduli, viscosities and relaxation times) of both cheeses were obtained from the master curves using the generalized Maxwell model and nonlinear regression. The viscosity distribution of corresponding Maxwell model elements were higher for the reduced-fat cheese by a factor of 1.6–4.7 compared to the regular-fat cheese, indicating that the higher moisture content in the reduced-fat process cheese did not loosen the protein matrix or soften the cheese even though higher moisture is recommended to cheese manufacturers in order to compensate for some textural defects in reduced-fat cheeses.     

Instrumental Textural and Rheological Properties of Raw,Dried, and Cooked Noodles with Transglutaminase

Textural and rheological properties of raw, dried, and cooked noodles with microbial transglutaminase were evaluated by an instrumental texture analyser. Generally, the strength of the noodles significantly increased with microbial transglutaminase concentration from 0 to 1.0%. The cutting force of raw noodle is a good indicator to predict the strength of dried and cooked noodle products. Mechanical stress relaxation data of cooked noodles were fitted well by both Maxwell and Peleg-Normand models. The fitted parameters, λ₁ and k₂, were more sensitive to the changes in viscoelastic properties than k₁ and %SR. Significant correlations were found between textural characteristics and stress relaxation parameters. Results of this study suggest that dried or cooked noodle with good quality can be produced by incubating with 0.5–1.0% microbial transglutaminase for 30 min at 30?°C.     

The kinetics of polyphenol degradation during the drying of Malaysian cocoa beans

The main objective of the study was to determine the kinetics of the polyphenol oxidation reaction in cocoa beans during air drying at various air temperatures and humidities. The temperatures used were between 40 and 60 °C and the relative humidities were between 50 and 80%. The higher the temperature and relative humidity of the drying air, the lower the amount of polyphenol residue in the cocoa beans, because of enzymatic oxidation of polyphenols. At higher drying temperatures, non‐enzymatic oxidation of polyphenols could also occur. Computer simulation results gave rate constants for the polyphenol oxidation reaction (k₁) and the condensation reaction (k₂), at various air conditions, in the range of 0.055–0.200 and 0.136–0.155 h^?1 respectively. The activation energies obtained for the polyphenol oxidation reaction were in the range of 27 800–30 312 J K^?1 mol^?1. The reaction kinetics of the enzymatic browning reaction fitted a pseudo first‐order reaction.     

油脂氢化理论研究进展

本文从下列几个方面阐明油脂氢化理论的研究状况：（１）氢化机理的研究；（２）氢化反应动力学处理；（３）氢化反应活化能的确定；（４）氢化选择性的研究。     

Yield and Textural Properties of Tofu as Affected by the Changes of Phytate Content During Soybean Storage

ABSTRACT: Soybeans stored under 4 conditions were analyzed for the degradation of phytate and its effects on tofu qualities. Phytate in soybeans was hydrolyzed significantly under the adverse conditions for 9 mo, but decreased slightly under 3 mild conditions for 18 mo. Phytate degradation contributed to an increase in titratable acidity. When the phytate contents of soymilk were selectively reduced by 11.3% and 17.5% by phytase, while other components remained unchanged, tofu yield increased significantly but texture became softer. Tofu yield decreased and hardness increased in beans stored in the adverse conditions. Phytate degradation during adverse storage played a minor, indirect role in the deterioration of soybeans for tofu making.     

油炸过程中淡水小龙虾理化性质与品质变化

研究分析油炸工艺（油炸温度（140、160、180、200 ℃）和油炸时间（15、30、45、60 s））对淡水小龙虾（虾壳、虾肉、虾黄）理化性质及品质的影响。测定淡水小龙虾中心温度、油炸损失率、色泽、质构特性、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值以及菌落总数（total plate count,TPC）的变化。结果表明：油炸温度对虾肉中心温度影响不显著,而油炸时间对虾肉中心温度影响显著（P＜0.05）;油炸温度180 ℃、油炸45 s时,虾肉中心温度可达到肌肉熟制标准温度;随着油炸温度升高及油炸时间延长,小龙虾油炸损失率显著上升（P＜0.05）;虾壳、虾肉、虾黄亮度值、红度值均呈上升趋势,而黄度值呈下降趋势;虾肉硬度、回复性、弹性、黏性、咀嚼性均显著增加（P＜0.05）;油炸过程中,虾肉TVB-N含量显著增加（P＜0.05）,但均低于10 mg/100 g,表明虾肉油炸后保持较好的新鲜度;虾肉TBARs值随油炸温度升高、油炸时间延长而增加,其中油炸时间对TBARs值影响较明显;新鲜虾肉初始带菌量非常高,油炸处理后虾肉TPC显著降低（P＜0.05）,油炸时间对虾肉TPC影响不明显。     

油炸过程中淀粉的颗粒形貌、结晶度与热力学特性变化

采用深层油炸模型,利用扫描电镜分析、差示扫描量热分析和x-射线衍射分析等现代仪器分析方法,研究了油炸过程中淀粉的颗粒形貌、结晶结构和热力学性质的变化规律。SEM分析表明,随着油炸温度的增加和时间的延长,淀粉颗粒形态发生了明显变化。在初炸时,淀粉颗粒逐渐膨胀;随着复炸的进行,淀粉颗粒崩解,相互靠近,融合形成大块的团聚体。同时,也导致了淀粉的碘蓝值逐渐减少。DSC测定结果表明,当初炸25 s和50 s时,淀粉分子发生了一定程度的糊化作用;当初炸75 s和100 s时,淀粉完全糊化;当复炸超过20 s时,淀粉在油炸过程中形成了淀粉-脂质复合物。X-射线衍射分析显示,当初炸超过75 s后,淀粉的结晶度均高于初炸25 s淀粉的结晶度;复炸40 s后淀粉的结晶度随油炸时间的延长而降低。     

Texture Changes During the Ripening of Port Salut Argentino Cheese in 2 Sampling Zones

ABSTRACT: Texture changes during ripening of Port Salut Argentino cheese for different sampling zones were studied. Compression relaxation tests were performed and results were analyzed using both Maxwellian and Peleg's models. Elastic equilibrium modulus obtained from the Maxwellian model decreased from 1.22 to 0.11 10⁴Pa during ripening. The constants derived from Peleg's model, k₁ and k₂, diminished with ripening time from 1.18 to 0.71 min and from 1.27 to 1.12, respectively. Asymptotic equilibrium modulus from Peleg's model decreased from 0.95 to 0.07 10⁴Pa during ripening. Rate parameters derived from a 1st order kinetics applied to both equilibrium moduli showed that the decrease was faster in the external zone (0.0846 d⁻¹) than in the central zone (0.0368 d⁻¹). The correlation between equilibrium moduli, salt concentration, moisture content, and maturation indexes was obtained with a determination coefficient of 0.76.     

Kinetics of colour and texture changes in Gulabjamun balls during deep-fat frying

Gulabjamun, a popular Indian milk sweet, is prepared by deep-fat frying of balls of dough made of khoa, wheat flour and baking powder, and subsequent dipping in sugar syrup. Kinetics of colour and texture changes in gulabjamun balls were investigated with regard to frying temperature (120, 130, 140 °C). Crust colour was evaluated in terms of CIELAB parameters L*, a*, b*, and ΔE, and rheological properties in terms of hardness, stiffness and firmness. Frying-induced surface browning was reflected in a decreasing lightness value L* as well as the ratio of yellow hue index b* and red hue index a* and total colour expressed in terms of ΔE, L* following a zero-order change whereas the other parameters, a first-order change. Increase in the texture parameters hardness and firmness followed zero-order reaction kinetics whereas stiffness rise followed a first-order reaction. The temperature dependence of reaction constants could be explained by the Arrhenius equation. Activation energy was also obtained for both the colour and texture changes, which were in the range of 24.5-77.6 kJ/mol. High correlations between colour and texture parameters were observed and it was concluded that L* alone could be used to predict the firmness of deep-fat fried gulabjamun balls.     

糯糙米发芽过程中淀粉理化特性的变化

本论文选取糙糯米为研究对象,分别对其进行不同程度的发芽处理（调控发芽时间）,然后经水磨碱法提取淀粉,探讨不同发芽处理时间对糙糯米淀粉基本理化指标及糊化、流变与质构特性的影响规律。结果表明：发芽处理提高了淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、起糊温度与热糊稳定性,使其凝沉特性及流动性得以改善,但降低了淀粉糊的储能模量、损耗模量、内聚性和胶黏性,且随着发芽时间的延长,趋势更加明显。这些研究结果表明发芽处理可以显著降低糙糯米淀粉糊的黏度、内聚性与咀嚼性,增强其吸水能力及流动能力,改善其凝沉特性,有利于其在食品加工及速冻食品中的应用,呈现出非常好的工业应用前景。     

Color Development in a Model System During Frying: Role of Individual Amino Acids and Sugars

The color of fried potato products is limited by reducing sugars, but can be affected by free amino acids. Filter paper discs saturated with solutions of amino acids in combination with glucose, fructose and sucrose were fried in oil to investigate color formation. Four phases of color development were identified; equilibrium, lag, rapid and slow phase, corresponding to the water content of the system. Lysine, 7-aminobutyric acid and glycine produced most color and glutamic acid least. Fry color of glucose and fructose systems was very similar, but sucrose systems produced less color. Glucose and fructose systems were not affected by pH changes, but there was a slight effect on sucrose systems.     

鲢鱼鱼糜在冻藏过程中理化特性的变化

研究了鲢鱼鱼糜在-10℃与-20℃冻藏过程中盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性及保水性的变化。结果表明,三项指标在冻藏过程中都显著下降,且呈现二段下降规律;三项指标的变化之间呈现一定的相关性;SDS-PAGE电泳显示,鲢鱼鱼糜蛋白在冻藏过程中形成了二硫键。     

Physicochemical,Rheological, and Thermal Properties of Six Types of Honey from Various Floral Origins in Tunisia

The present study was undertaken to determine the physicochemical, rheological, and thermal properties of six types of Tunisian honey samples from various floral origins (eucalyptus, orange, thyme, mint, rosemary, and horehound). All the honey samples exhibited non-Newtonian behavior at a shear rate ranging between 0.01 and 500 s^–1, with the highest levels of viscosity (µ) being observed for thyme, followed by eucalyptus, rosemary, mint, orange, and horehound honeys, respectively. The effect of temperature on the dynamic viscosity of the samples followed an Arrhenius-like pattern, with activation energy values ranging from 21.23 to 34.91 kJ/mol. The results from oscillatory rheology analysis also revealed that the loss modulus predominated over the storage one in the whole frequency range. As determined by differential scanning calorimetry, the glass transition (T_g) and melting temperatures of the Tunisian honey samples varied between –41.55 and –47.06 °C and between 197.9 and 221.1°C depending on their sugar compositions, respectively.