高庙子膨润土膨胀力时效性试验研究

针对高庙子膨润土在不同含水率和不同干密度条件下膨胀力时效性进行了试验研究。首先采用静力压实法将3种不同含水率的高庙子膨润土粉末压实为两种不同密实状态的试样,随后在保持压实试样的体积和含水率不变的条件下,分别静置0,1,7,15,30和90 d,最后采用膨胀仪对完成静置试样的膨胀力进行量测;同时结合静置过程,完成了部分试样的扫描电镜（SEM）试验。试验结果表明：高庙子膨润土的膨胀力随静置时间的增长不断减小,且前期减小明显,后期逐渐趋于稳定;膨胀力的时效性与试样初始条件有关,试样含水率和干密度越大,膨胀力随静置时间的衰减越明显,即时效性越强。SEM试验结果表明,静置90 d后,高庙子膨润土内的蒙脱石发生了水化,集合体分解,颗粒相互黏结,微观孔隙结构趋于均质化,呈现点阵式的絮状结构;试样静置过程中不同微观结构层次之间的水分重分布导致的蒙脱石水化是高庙子膨润土静置过程中膨胀力降低的主要内在原因。     

压实膨润土膨胀应变时效性试验及模型研究

本文对高庙子膨润土试样竖向膨胀应变时效性进行了试验和理论研究。首先,3种不同含水率的高庙子膨润土粉末被压实到2种不同干密度,然后保持试样含水率不变分别静置0、1、7、15、30和90天,最后利用膨胀变形仪对静置完成后的试样的水化膨胀变形进行了测量,试验结果表明:试样的水化膨胀曲线呈双曲线型,水化初期膨胀明显,之后逐渐稳定;竖向膨胀应变随初始干密度的增加而增大,与初始含水率关系不明显;最大竖向膨胀应变随静置时间的增长不断衰减,且静置前期衰减明显,后期趋于稳定;基于试验成果,通过类比,建立了压实膨润土的膨胀应变时效性经验模型,拟合结果表明该模型能够较好地反映静置时间对高庙子膨润土膨胀应变的影响。     

干湿循环条件下高压实膨润土的微观结构特征

采用温度、吸力控制方法,试验研究了在不同温度、不同侧限约束条件下的高压实高庙子膨润土微观结构在干湿循环作用下的变化规律。结果表明,特定温度下、高吸力（＞ 5 MPa ）范围内,干湿循环路径对无侧限、高压实膨润土集合体内孔隙与集合间孔隙的影响存在明显差异。吸湿过程中,试样内部不同孔径的孔隙均发生了不同程度的膨胀;脱湿过程中,孔隙出现分化,部分较大孔径（＞ 3000 nm ）的孔隙收缩,而集合体内孔隙基本不受吸力增加的影响。相同侧限条件下,温度对干湿循环路径对高压实膨润土微结构的影响效果具有明显的放大作用,即温度越高、干湿循环路径对高压实膨润土微结构的影响作用越明显。     

高压实膨润土孔隙结构特征研究进展

在详细阐述高压实膨润土孔隙结构组成及其界限孔径确定方法的基础上,全面总结了处置库近场条件下孔隙结构演化规律及其对水力特性影响的研究成果.结果表明:高压实膨润土具有由晶层间孔隙、层叠体间孔隙、集合体间孔隙组成的三孔结构,而描述本构关系时通常简化为由宏观孔隙和微观孔隙构成的双孔结构.双孔结构中宏、微观孔隙界限孔径的确定方法...     

蒙脱石含量对压实膨润土孔隙结构的影响

粘土的微观结构对其的渗透性以及阻滞核素迁移的能力有重要的影响,为了探讨蒙脱石含量对高压实成型膨润土孔隙结构的影响,通过添加不同量石英砂改变蒙脱石含量,并使用压汞法对高压实成型膨润土的孔隙分布特征、孔隙大小和孔隙体积进行了研究,结果表明:(1)成型样品的孔隙比与蒙脱石含量间成线性关系;(2)样品的孔径分布由低蒙脱石含量下的"双峰"分布过渡为高蒙脱石含量下的"单峰"分布;(3)集合体间孔隙大小的峰值随着蒙脱石含量的增加而减小;(4)集合体间孔隙体积随着蒙脱石含量的增加而减小,集合体内的孔隙体积和极小孔隙体积随着蒙脱石含量的增加而增加。     

接缝对高压实膨润土工程屏障自封闭性能的影响

 以高庙子膨润土为研究对象,采用自主研制的多功能膨胀–渗透仪,对不同初始干密度的试样进行不同接缝宽度条件下的膨胀力和渗透试验,并对水化后的膨润土进行水银孔隙率定试验,从微观结构层面分析接缝对膨润土渗透性的影响机制。结果表明：接缝的存在将导致膨润土的膨胀力减小、渗透性增大,从而降低膨润土在处置库中的自封闭性能;在水化过程中,接缝的存在会引起膨润土内部孔隙大小和数量的变化,宏观表现为膨润土渗透性增大。     

高吸力下高庙子钙基膨润土的土水-力学特性

高庙子钙基膨润土具有明显的湿胀干缩特性,吸力变化会引起持水状态和孔隙比的变化。用蒸汽平衡法测得高吸力段（3～287 MPa）高庙子钙基膨润土的土水特性和变形特性。分析比较了吸力路径、试样初始孔隙比、应力加载历史以及土体结构对土水特性、变形及吸力应力的影响。研究表明,脱湿和吸湿过程中孔隙比的差异会引起体积含水率和饱和度的滞回。饱和度与吸力间关系受试样初始孔隙比和孔隙结构影响较大,与应力加载历史无直接关系。由吸力引起的吸力应力随吸力的增大而非线性增大,并在较高吸力时趋向于一定值。吸力应力受吸力路径、初始孔隙比以及孔隙结构的影响。     

非饱和重塑弱膨胀土孔隙结构与土–水特征曲线试验研究

为研究压实程度对非饱和重塑弱膨胀土孔隙结构的影响,探讨膨胀土孔隙结构改变对土–水特征曲线的影响。以新疆哈密地区重塑膨胀土为研究对象,采用压汞试验测定压实程度对土样的微观孔隙结构影响,并利用热力学关系模型对膨胀土分形维数进行研究;采用滤纸法试验测量不同初始干密度下重塑土样的土–水特征曲线,提出可考虑压实作用影响的膨胀土土–水特征曲线双参数拟合模型,最后,基于土体孔隙特征,借助毛细管原理计算并结合滤纸法试验数据修正其土–水特征曲线。研究结果表明：随压实程度的增加,新疆哈密地区非饱和弱膨胀土孔隙呈初始三峰状并逐渐趋于双峰状分布,其在微观上表现为大孔隙的压缩引起的大孔隙向小孔隙的转化,孔隙内壁的粗糙程度及孔隙结构的复杂程度提高;土体基质吸力随含水率的增加而降低,相同体积含水率下,土体初始干密度越大,基质吸力越大,双参数模型可较好反映土体初始干密度对膨胀土土–水特征曲线发展规律的影响;基于毛细管原理的土–水特征曲线计算值同滤纸法实测曲线有相同函数模型发展规律,且随试样初始干密度的增加两者呈逐渐“远离”趋势发展;土–水特征曲线修正模型可统一描述非饱和弱膨胀土基质吸力随孔隙结构、含水率及密度状态的发...     

高压实高庙子膨润土的热传导性能

采用基于热探针法的热传导仪,研究了作为我国高放废物深地质处置首选缓冲/回填材料的内蒙古高庙子钠基膨润土和膨润土–石英砂混合材料的热传导特性,探讨了含砂量、干密度和含水率等因素影响,并运用多种热传导模型进行了预测对比分析。结果表明:高压实高庙子膨润土及膨润土–混合物的热传导系数均随干密度和含水率的增大而增大;在不同的干密度条件下,混合物的热传导系数均随含砂量的增加而增大,且干密度越大,热传导系数随含砂量的增加越明显;含水率不为零时,膨润土–砂混合物的热传导系数随含砂量的增加而增大;烘干试样(含水率为零)在石英含砂量为0～30%的范围内,混合物中石英砂的比例越大,热传导系数越高,石英砂比例为50%时,热传导系数有所下降。Kahr方程能较好地预测高庙子膨润土的热传导系数;Fricke方程预测的高庙子膨润土–砂混合物热传导系数与实测值拟合较好,可用于高庙子膨润土–砂混合物热传导系数的预测。     

高庙子膨润土的土水特征曲线

近年来，用于高放废物深地质处置工程屏障的高压密膨润土越来越受到关注。经过全国范围内的比较和筛选，内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土矿床被确定为我国高放废物处置库缓冲材料的首选矿床。采用渗析法和水汽平衡法来控制吸力技术，通过上水特征曲线测定试验、环境扫描电镜和乐汞试验，研究高庙子高压密膨润土在不同吸力下的持水特性及其微观结构特征。利用压汞试验结果推算膨润土在恒体积条件下的土水特征曲线，并与实测数据进行比较。研究结果表明：在不同吸力作用下，膨润土的持水特性与其微观结构之间有着密切关系。     

Effect of synthetic Beishan site water and cement solutions on the mineralogy and microstructure of compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite

The mineral alteration and microstructure evolution of compacted GMZ bentonite was investigated during the long-term in the Beishan area, a candidate for a high-level radioactive waste repository in China. The compacted GMZ bentonite samples at initial dry densities of 1.5 and 1.7 Mg/m³ were infiltrated by synthetic Beishan Site Water (BSW) and two synthetic cement solutions (Young Cement Water -YCW and Evolved Cement Water - ECW) under constant volume conditions for about 2 months in this study. X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) tests were carried out to observe the mineralogy and microstructure of the specimens after experiencing the three types of pore solutions.There is evidence of cation exchange reactions, some zeolites and C-S-H in the GMZ bentonite after the infiltration of alkaline solutions. The hydration of alkaline solutions and mineralogy alteration result in changes to the microstructure of compacted GMZ bentonite. The generated secondary mineral on the surface of montmorillonite leads to the clogging of inter-aggregate pores. In the case of high dry density, this resulted in pore occlusion.     

高放废物处置库缓冲材料导热性能研究

 缓冲材料是高放废物深地质处置库中的重要工程屏障,其导热性能参数是高放废物处置系统设计的关键参数之一。利用ISOMET导热仪,研究内蒙古高庙子天然钠基膨润土GMZ01与石英砂和石墨混合材料GMZM不同压实密度和不同含水量样品的导热性能。结果表明,GMZM的导热系数、热容量和热扩散系数随压实密度的增大而显著增大,随着含水量的增大而增大;与GMZ01的导热性能相比,随着压实密度的增大,石英砂和石墨作为添加剂可以明显提高缓冲材料的导热性能和热扩散性能,但对比热没有显著影响。压实干密度大于1.8 g/cm3后,GMZM的导热系数和热扩散系数比GMZ01的导热系数和热扩散系数均提高20%以上。缓冲材料的导热性能与其含水量、干密度、矿物组成和微结构等有关,导热系数随着含水量和干密度的增大而增大,但是导热系数与含水量和压实干密度不具有一致的线性关系。当GMZ01的饱和度大于20%时,不同压实干密度样品的导热系数、比热、热容量、热扩散系数均与饱和度具有线性关系。     

自由膨胀条件下高压密膨胀粘土微观结构随吸力变化特征

核废料处置问题是世界各国安全利用核能所关心的重大问题。作为用于封堵通往地下处置库的通道,以隔断处置库内核废料与外界环境联系的首选隔绝用材料——膨胀性粘土的特性正越来越受到岩土工程界的关注。利用压汞测试法和电镜扫描法方法,对吸力控制条件下高压密蒙脱石充分自由水化后微结构变化特征展开平行对比试验,以研究高压密蒙脱石在不同吸力条件下的体积变化特征。吸力的控制采用了渗析(液相)法。试验对不同密实度的压密膨胀土随吸力变化特征的进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)压实膨胀土水化过程中的膨胀势与初始压实密度有关,初始压实密度越大,膨胀势越大;(2)体积膨胀量与水化过程的控制吸力之间存在近似的半对数衰减关系,且随着控制吸力的增大,衰减速率减弱;(3)体积的膨胀主要来源于膨胀土集合体结构中集合体之间的大孔的扩张。     

Time- and density-dependent microstructure features of compacted bentonite

Pre-compacted bentonite bricks are often considered as sealing/backfill elements in deep geological repositories for high level radioactive waste. A good understanding of their microstructure changes upon hydration is essential as the microstructure changes are directly related to the macroscopic hydro-mechanical behaviour. In this study, the microstructure features of the compacted MX80 bentonite used as a sealing material in a field experiment were characterized by means of both mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Emphasis was put on the effects of final dry density (density after swelling) and hydration time. The results obtained show that the changes in soil porosity upon swelling are mainly due to the increase in large-pores of about 50 µm diameter and medium-pores of 1 µm diameter. In addition, the microstructure changed over time due to the water re-distribution that occurred among each level of pores: the volume of both the large-pores and small-pores decreased along as the volume of the medium-pores increased. A uniform microstructure can be then expected in the long term. Furthermore, it was observed that the higher the final dry density, the slower the microstructure changes.     

Swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01

Gaomiaozi bentonite (GMZ01) has been decided upon as the first option for use as buffer/backfill materials in the deep disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China. The basic functions of the materials used in the waste repositories request among others a sufficient swelling pressure and low hydraulic conductivity in order to provide long-term stability to the barrier system under environmental pressure and behavior of the waste loads. As such, it is necessary to investigate the influence of initial dry density on the swelling properties of Gaomiaozi bentonite (GMZ01) in order to achieve better design of buffer/backfill materials. In this study the swelling pressure of GMZ01 has been studied and analyzed by multi and one-step wetting constant volume tests with five different dry densities (1.15, 1.35, 1.50, 1.60 and 1.75 mg/m³). Results show that swelling pressure changes with time nonlinearly, while there is a linear relationship between time/swelling pressure and time. Curves of swelling pressure and the amount of absorbed water varying with time can be classified into typical phases. For the GMZ01 tested here, the initial dry density is an important factor influencing the swelling pressure. The results show that there is an exponential relationship between swelling pressure and dry density. Moreover, comparison was done between the experimental swelling pressure results of used GMZ bentonite in this study and other bentonites cited in literature: (i) other GMZ׳s and (ii) different types of bentonites proposed as buffer/backfill materials (i.e., MX80, Kunigel, Montigel, and Calcigel). The effect on the microstructure of the density and the wetting under the constant volume condition (after the swelling pressure test) has been investigated by studying the results of pore size distribution for GMZ01 by using the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test and the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) photos. Finally, two different theoretical concepts were used to estimate the swelling pressure (the modified DDL and thermodynamics approaches). The results of the two methods show that the swelling pressure results compare relatively well with the experimental data for the GMZ bentonite.     

Swelling characteristics of Gaomiaozi bentonite and its prediction

Gaomiaozi （GMZ） bentonite has been chosen as a possible matrix material of buffers/backfills in the deep geological disposal to isolate the high-level radioactive waste （HLRW） in China. In the Gaomiaozi deposit area, calcium bentonite in the near surface zone and sodium bentonite in the deeper zone are observed. The swelling characteristics of GMZ sodium and calcium bentonites and their mixtures with sand wetted with distilled water were studied in the present work. The test results show that the relationship be- tween the void ratio and swelling pressure of compacted GMZ bentonite-sand mixtures at full saturation is independent of the initial conditions such as the initial dry density and water content, hut dependent on the ratio of bentonite to sand. An empirical method was accordingly proposed allowing the prediction of the swelling deformation and swelling pressure with different initial densities and bentonite-sand ratios when in saturated conditions. Finally, the swelling capacities of GMZ Na- and Ca-bentonites and Kunigel Na-bentonite are compared.