垃圾填埋场边坡上土工膜的受力分析

在垃圾填埋场中,土工膜可以隔离垃圾体与周围环境,避免地下水受到污染。在土工膜上填埋垃圾和土层,沿其长度方向将有剪应力作用,使得土工膜发生变形,内部产生拉力,为保证土工膜的安全使用,需要对土工膜的拉力进行分析。将土工膜与黏土界面的剪应力–位移关系曲线分为弹性、软化和残余强度3阶段,采用三阶段弹塑性模型来描述土工膜与黏土界面的剪切变形特性,推导出了界面处于弹性、软化和残余强度3阶段时土工膜位移–拉力的微分控制方程,由于3个阶段分界点的位置是未知的,利用迭代法求解土工膜的拉力,分析了填埋高度和坡度的变化对土工膜拉力的影响。     

圆形构筑物周边土工膜沉降时的褶皱产生机理及分析模型

基于传统薄膜理论建立了下卧土体沉降作用下圆形构筑物周边土工膜受力变形的分析模型,发现在下卧土体沉降作用下圆形构筑物周边土工膜中将产生褶皱,并揭示了其产生机理。进一步通过引入"可变泊松比"概念并基于褶皱薄膜理论建立了褶皱区与张拉区土工膜受力变形的分析模型,分析了下卧土体沉降大小、上覆土压力、土工膜界面强度、圆形构筑物半径及土工膜抗拉刚度对土工膜褶皱程度与受力变形大小的影响。结果表明下卧土体沉降越大、圆形构筑物半径越小,则褶皱程度及土工膜最大应变越大。最后提出了工程上控制土工膜褶皱和最大应变与张力的几点工程措施。     

土工膜/土工织物界面大型斜坡模型试验研究

复合衬垫系统广泛应用于垃圾卫生填埋场,是防止渗沥液污染物渗漏扩散的重要屏障。在垃圾重力及沉降作用下易造成斜坡上复合衬垫系统拉伸破坏或沿其界面产生滑移而失稳。目前,由于缺乏对复合衬垫系统内部剪力传递机理的认识,仍难完全解决以上两大岩土工程问题。因此,设计并采用复合衬垫系统大型斜坡模型试验装置开展了其内部剪力传递机理的研究。该装置通过砂袋加载模拟填埋过程,采用手拉葫芦为核心的滑移控制系统再现了土工膜/土工织物界面的渐进累积破坏过程。试验结果表明：当外部剪力小于峰值强度时,界面不会进入残余状态,上覆的土工合成材料锚固端的拉力也非常小;但当外部剪力超过界面峰值强度时,界面就会逐渐进入残余状态,并最终达到残余强度。同时,薄弱界面上覆的土工合成材料锚固端的拉力也显著增加,严重时甚至被完全拉断。     

垃圾填埋场防渗衬垫特性的离心模型试验与数值分析研究

垃圾填埋场中垃圾体和防渗土工膜的受力变形特性是普遍关心的问题,在现场试验尚无法获得满意的监测结果时,利用离心模型试验和有限元数值分析进行探讨性研究也是可以尝试的途径。通过离心模型试验研究和有限元计算,模拟了垃圾填埋场中填埋垃圾大变形条件下土工防渗膜的变形性状,在模型比率80的条件下,可以找到相应的模型材料来模拟实际工程中的土工膜;选用的防渗膜模拟材料和木屑土能较好地模拟垃圾填埋场中材料;邓肯-张模型和Goodman接触面模型能模拟垃圾土和土工膜以及界面的工作状态;土工膜中最大拉应力靠近坡肩,可达到极限抗拉强度的1/1.5倍;考虑到HDPE膜的抗拉安全,最大设计坡长应加以控制。     

基础局部沉降下土工格栅加筋衬垫系统变形特性的试验研究

基础局部沉降会引起垃圾填埋场衬垫系统中的土工膜产生较大的拉应变,有可能导致衬垫系统性能下降,因此正确评价衬垫系统的应变就显得非常重要。通过模拟试验,采用应变片和位移计对基础发生局部沉降后土工格栅加筋衬垫系统的变形进行试验研究。试验结果表明:环境温度对衬垫系统的变形影响较大;相同组成材料下土工格栅和土工膜叠放在一起比其他方案更能降低土工膜的应变;衬垫系统刚度对沉陷范围影响不大,但对最大应变值影响较大。所得结果对垃圾填埋场衬垫系统的设计具有一定的指导意义。     

复杂荷载作用下填埋场HDPE土工膜受拉计算

采用FLAC程序对典型荷载作用下城市垃圾填埋场HDPE土工膜的受力状况进行了计算分析。3种荷载条件包括:36 m高垃圾堆体自重荷载(分层填埋);下卧软弱黏土层不均匀沉降引起的荷载;地震引起的动力荷载。计算结果显示:①土工膜内的拉应力随着垃圾土分层填埋、基础不均匀沉降、地震荷载的作用而积累;②基础不均匀沉陷是影响衬垫层土工膜局部拉应力的主要因素;③中等强度水平的地震动输入(例如,峰值加速度为0.25g)可使覆盖层土工膜端部锚固位置拉应力超过极限拉应力。     

堆载作用下单桩承载力特性研究

采用ABAQUS有限元软件二维平面应变单元有限元法对单桩受桩周土体固结而产生的负摩阻力进行分析,讨论土体固结、桩土摩擦系数以及持力层弹性模量对桩的负摩阻力影响。分析表明,桩身所受的摩擦力,随着桩周土体的固结沉降而逐渐增大,负摩擦范围随之增大,中性点下降;桩土间摩擦系数越大,桩身所受的负摩擦力越大;此外,当持力层土体模量增加时,中性点上升,桩身下拉力增加。     

垃圾填埋场基础局部沉降对衬垫系统变形影响的试验研究

基础局部沉降会引起衬垫系统中的土工膜和无纺布产生较大的拉应变,有可能导致衬垫系统受拉破坏或性能下降。通过模拟试验,采用应变片、土压力盒和位移计,对基础发生局部沉降后土工膜和无纺布组成的衬垫系统的变形进行了研究。试验结果表明:基础发生局部沉降后,沉陷区中心处应变最大,从中心点往两侧应变逐步减小;沉陷区上覆荷载发生了变化;衬垫系统的刚度对变形影响较大。最后,对试验结果进行了讨论,得到了一些有益的结果,基础局部沉降发生后衬垫系统各点应变不同,沉陷区外衬垫系统发生了滑移以及沉陷区内上覆荷载发生了重分布。     

垃圾填埋场沿底部衬垫双层界面失稳破坏分析

垃圾填埋场底部衬垫系统中黏土-土工膜(GM)界面和土工织物(GT)-土工膜界面的剪切强度较低,极易沿界面发生失稳破坏。提出三阶段界面本构模型描述界面的软化特性,采用有限差分程序建立计算模型,研究了垃圾体弹性模量、密度、高度和背坡坡度变化对界面剪应力和剪切位移的影响。分析结果表明:随着垃圾体弹性模量的增加,基地处界面剪切位移和剪应力均逐渐增大,而背坡处界面剪切位移和剪应力逐渐减小;随着垃圾体密度和填埋高度的增加,界面剪应力和剪切位移均逐渐增大,而背坡坡度对界面剪切位移影响较大;通过GT/GM界面和GM/地基土界面剪应力和剪切位移的对比分析可知,界面失稳破坏往往发生在抗剪强度较小的界面。     

不同压力下垃圾降解压缩试验研究

利用课题组设计研制的垃圾降解压缩试验仪,将新鲜垃圾试样在100,200,400 kPa三个竖向压力作用下分别进行室内降解压缩试验。试验模拟了不同降解条件下填埋场垃圾的沉降过程,对比研究了压力对垃圾土长期沉降的影响。试验结果表明,当垃圾处于适宜的降解环境时,垃圾中有机物的生物降解导致沉降速率逐渐增大,产生比较显著的降解沉降。试样所受的压力越大,产生的主压缩应变越大,后期的降解沉降和蠕变沉降越小。随着时间的增加,压力对总沉降的影响相对减小。压缩参数与垃圾的降解状态有关,应变与时间对数曲线中在压缩前期和后期近似呈线性关系,压缩前期修正次压缩指数较小,后期垃圾加速降解时修正次压缩指数较大。     

Magnitude and significance of tensile strains in geomembrane landfill liners

The implications of the tensile stress/strain developed in high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes (GMB) is explored in the context of a reduction in stress crack resistance due to ageing in contact with leachate in a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. The experimental evidence of GMB cracking and ultimately failure when subject to excessive tensile strains is discussed to highlight the need to limit the maximum tensile strain sustained by an HDPE GMB to an acceptable level if good long-term performance is to be ensured. The effect of both local GMB indentations induced by gravel in an overlying drainage layer or an underlying clay liner on tensile strain is reviewed. In addition, the tensile strains caused by down-drag in the GMB on side slopes with settlement of the waste is examined. The key research related to tensile strains developed in GMBs from these sources is reviewed and new data presented. It is shown that an appropriate protection layer over the GMB can limit local GMB tensile strains to less than 3% and that the selection of a suitable slope inclination and stiffness of a geotextile reinforcement layer can limit the GMB strains due to down-drag to less than 2% and geotextile strains to less than 4% after long-term waste settlement.     

Numerical study of strain development in high-density polyethylene geomembrane liner system in landfills using a new constitutive model for municipal solid waste

Tensile strain development in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane (GMB) liner systems in landfills was numerically investigated. A new constitutive model for municipal solid waste (MSW) that incorporates both mechanical creep and biodegradation was employed in the analyses. The MSW constitutive model is a Cam-Clay type of plasticity model and was implemented in the finite difference computer program FLAC?. The influence of the friction angle of the liner system interfaces, the biodegradation of MSW, and the MSW filling rate on tensile strains were investigated. Several design alternatives to reduce the maximum tensile strain under both short- and long-term waste settlement were evaluated. Results of the analyses indicate that landfill geometry, interface friction angles, and short- and long-term waste settlement are key factors in the development of tensile strains. The results show that long-term waste settlement can induce additional tensile strains after waste placement is complete. Using a HDPE GMB with a friction angle on its upper interface that is lower than the friction angle on the underlying interface, increasing the number of benches, and reducing the slope inclination are shown to mitigate the maximum tensile strain caused by waste placement and waste settlement.     

城市固体废弃物的复合指数应力–应变模型及其应用

在大三轴固结排水剪试验研究的基础上,提出了城市固体废弃物(MSW)的复合指数应力–应变模型。该模型参数少且有明确的物理意义,既可反映MSW在小应变情况下的非线性变形特性,也可反映其在大应变情况下的明显应变硬化特性。采用有限差分程序FLAC内置的Fish语言将复合指数应力–应变模型耦合入FLAC程序,并通过三轴压缩试验数值模拟得到了验证。最后利用该模型分析了某填埋场在竖向扩建堆体荷载作用下的应力压缩沉降、侧向变形以及新老填埋场交界面处中间衬垫系统的应变。结果表明:复合指数模型的计算结果总体上位于莫尔–库仑模型和邓肯–张模型之间;中间衬垫系统的拉伸应变可能导致压实黏土层发生破坏。     

Development of geomembrane strains in waste containment facility liners with waste settlement

The development of tensile strains in geomembrane liners due to loading and waste settlement in waste containment facilities is examined using a numerical model. Two different constitutive models are used to simulate the waste: (a) a modified Cam-Clay model and (b) a Mohr-Coulomb model. The numerical analyses indicate the role of the slope inclination on the maximum geomembrane liner strains for both short-term loading (immediately post closure) and long-term waste settlement. A geosynthetic reinforcement layer over the geomembrane liner is shown to reduce the maximum geomembrane liner strains, but the strain level of the geosynthetic reinforcement itself may become an engineering concern on steeper slopes (i.e., greater than 3H:1V) for cases and conditions examined in this paper. The paper considers some factors (e.g., slope inclination, use of a high stiffness geosynthetic over the geomembrane liner) and notes others (e.g., the designer selection of interface characteristics below and above the geomembrane, use of a slip layer above the geomembrane) that warrant consideration and further investigation to ensure good long-term performance of geomembrane liners in waste containment facilities.     

垃圾填埋场沉降变形条件下气-水-固耦合动力学模型研究

基于多孔介质流气–水–固耦合和微生物降解理论,建立描述这一复杂动力学行为的二维气–水–固耦合数学模型,并给出耦合模型的数值格式。通过数值仿真实现垃圾填埋体的变形沉降及气体产生和迁移演化过程的可视化,得到气体压力及产气量随填埋年份的变化规律。数值计算结果表明:填埋体内总应力及孔隙度的改变与垃圾降解变化规律一致;抽气过程使场内气体压力得到释放;由于沉降作用填埋场内水相饱和度有增大的趋势,其中底部变化较顶部明显;此外,气井产量的变化与气体迁移单相模型的计算结果基本吻合,验证耦合模型的可靠性,其研究成果为垃圾填埋场沉降控制与气体资源化利用提供技术支持和理论依据。     

Addressing the special concerns of landfill closures: VLDPE and textured geomembranes

Landfill closures often require a somewhat different set of properties for synthetic liners than do landfill bottom liner installations. In particular, cap design usually presents the geotechnical engineer with greater concerns regarding long-term slope stability and accommodation of differential settlement. Friction between synthetic liners and materials contacting those liners, multiaxial elongation, and flexibility increase in importance. Since leachate does not contact the liners, chemical resistance becomes less important. Resistance to the components of landfill gas is, in most cases, all that is necessary.

As a result, synthetic liners with a textured surface to improve friction angles, and very low density polyethylene (VLDPE) geomembranes are becoming very attractive to geotechnical engineers. They provide considerable improvement in those areas which are important for cap installation. These materials, however, behave differently in standard index and performance testing of geomembranes, when compared with traditional polyethylene liners. These behaviors and differences are important for geotechnical engineers to understand. They are discussed in this paper.     

Centrifuge modeling of geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes

Geosynthetics are widely used to reinforce slopes due to their successful performance and economical efficiency. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted in order to investigate the behavior of the geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes and to compare their behavior to unreinforced slopes. The displacement history of the slopes was measured using an image analysis system. The failure process of an unreinforced slope can be categorized into three stages: (1) uniform deformation stage; (2) strain localization stage; and (3) post-failure stage. The geotextile has a significant effect on the deformation of the slope and increases the stability level while affecting the failure modes. On a reinforced slope, two surfaces can result from the distribution of the displacement difference between the unreinforced and the corresponding reinforced slopes; thus, the slope can be categorized into three zones. The front zone is characterized as a restricted region that is subjected to a backward tension via the geotextile while the middle zone is mainly subjected to a forward tension (like a support body). The back zone is unaffected by the geotextile. The reinforcement can take effect when its length is longer than the effective reinforcement length. The effective reinforcement length usually increases with increasing elevation and is significantly affected by the inclination of the slope.     

软土地区城市固体垃圾填埋场设计实例分析

基于软土地区某垃圾填埋场的设计，提出在软土地区设计垃圾填埋场所必须考虑的问题，并指出在软土地区，由土工膜的变形要求控制的地基不均匀沉降和消除由于软弱地基的存在而引起的边坡失稳的可能性成为垃圾填埋场设计的重要原则。