利用废弃碳资源生产鼠李糖脂的研究进展

鼠李糖脂是微生物合成的一类糖脂类生物表面活性剂，具有优异的表面活性、理化性质和广阔的应用前景。铜绿假单胞菌是鼠李糖脂生产的主要发酵菌株，能够以多种水溶性碳源或疏水性碳源为底物发酵生产鼠李糖脂。当前，废弃碳资源导致的浪费和污染问题日益严峻，基于鼠李糖脂的特性与生产菌株的底物偏好性，以废弃碳资源为原料生产鼠李糖脂具有很大的发展潜力。本文分别介绍以废油脂(含油废水、食品加工废油和餐厨废油)、含糖废弃物(含糖的食品加工副产物、含糖果蔬废弃物和木质纤维)和废塑料等高聚废弃物为原料合成鼠李糖脂的研究进展，重点总结了不同底物和生产菌株对鼠李糖脂生产的影响。通过分析废弃碳资源当前利用现状，发现繁多的种类、较低的分类程度和难降解的组分是限制以废弃碳资源作为底物生产鼠李糖脂进一步发展的主要因素，并提出以废弃碳资源生产鼠李糖脂的未来发展方向。     

微生物合成鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂的研究进展

微生物合成的鼠李糖脂是一类重要的生物表面活性剂,具有易被生物降解、表面活性良好等优点,应用前景广阔。目前用于发酵合成鼠李糖脂的菌株主要为假单胞菌属。综述了产鼠李糖脂菌株的发现与筛选、鼠李糖脂的生物合成途径与代谢调控关系、鼠李糖脂发酵过程的优化与控制、高产鼠李糖脂工程菌株的构建等方面的研究进展,并对其研究趋势进行了展望。     

电渗析对飞机除冰废水脱盐性能的研究

通过电渗析对飞机除冰废水的脱盐性能进行了初步研究,采用电导率来表征废水的脱盐率,并考察了其影响因素。结果表明,电渗析对废水的脱盐率不低于90%,乙二醇收率约为99%。操作电压对脱盐时间影响明显,适宜电压为12~14 V,废水中的乙二醇浓度越高,废水的脱盐时间越长,而脱盐时间越长,脱盐过程中乙二醇的损失越大。     

鼠李糖脂促进含油餐饮废水的生物降解

研究生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂发酵液在含废油餐饮废水的好氧处理过程中的降解性能.结果表明,作为一种高效、绿色环保的生物表面活性剂,鼠李糖脂发酵液能非常迅速地促进废水中餐饮废油的生物降解.在采用活性污泥法处理实际废水的曝气池中的试验进一步表明,对油脂的生物降解能力而言,添加鼠李糖脂发酵液比未添加的处理效果要显著得多;同时,温度和糖脂发酵液的添加量对降解能力有较明显的影响.在27℃和糖脂加量为1倍CMC的最优条件下,废水中废油24 h的生物降解率高达89%.     

电渗析-活性污泥法组合工艺处理高盐废水

采用电渗析-活性污泥法组合工艺对高盐废水进行处理。利用电渗析装置及含盐量较低的汲取液,将高盐废水中的盐分脱除,脱盐后的废水采用活性污泥法生化处理。经过5次更换汲取液,160 min电渗析处理后,废水中的盐由22 000 mg/L降至1 630 mg/L,除碳酸氢根离子脱除率接近70%外,废水中其他离子的脱除率均达到90%以上;脱盐过程中废水中的有机物含量基本不发生变化。脱盐后的废水利用活性污泥法处理,反应24 h内,COD去除率维持在85%左右。     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂发酵条件的优化及绿色提取新工艺研究

通过正交实验对铜绿假单胞杆菌产鼠李糖脂（RL）的发酵条件进行了优化,并采用预处理酸沉淀冷冻干燥法新工艺提取RL。在最优发酵条件下RL的产量可达56 g/L以上。提取后的RL由二鼠李糖脂和单鼠李糖脂两种同系物组成,可将去离子水的表面张力降至29.01 mN/m。该RL提取工艺是一项绿色工艺。     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂研究概况

从化学结构、理化性质、生产方法、提取和纯化、主要应用、研究现状等方面综述了鼠李糖脂的研究,指出了鼠李糖脂未来的研究重点,一是通过诱变和基因工程,筛选出产量更高、遗传性更稳定的高产菌株;二是优化发酵工艺,开发出适合规模化生产的发酵工艺;三是拓宽廉价原材料的范围,进一步降低鼠李糖脂的生产成本;四是对鼠李糖脂的结构、理化性质及其构效关系进行更深入的研究,为鼠李糖脂的开发应用创造更广阔的前景。     

焦化生化出水电渗析脱盐研究

采用电渗析技术对焦化生化出水如曝气生物滤池出水及反渗透浓水进行脱盐,考察不同废水中的离子迁移、废水脱盐及离子交换膜污染情况。结果表明:2种焦化废水采用电渗析处理具有较好的脱盐效果,其中不同离子的迁移脱除与其浓度、离子半径等密切相关。膜电阻测试表明,不同焦化废水电渗析体系中不同离子交换膜的污染存在差别。扫描电镜和红外分析表明,曝气生物滤池出水主要由有机物造成阴离子交换膜污染,而反渗透浓水主要在电渗析浓室侧的膜表面形成颗粒状的无机污染,且阳膜浓室侧比阴膜浓室侧更显著。     

炼化废水电渗析脱盐系统预处理工艺研究

电渗析脱盐技术作为污水深度处理回用的方法之一,其预处理工艺的合理设计决定了电渗析器的稳定运行周期。针对炼化废水水质复杂多变的情况,开展了电渗析装置预处理工艺的研究。通过20 t/h的现场连续试验,考察了电渗析装置预处理系统的运行情况,对其抗冲击性能进行验证,为电渗析脱盐技术深度处理炼化废水的工程化应用推广提供支撑。     

电镀废水零排放工程实例

根据电镀废水水质的特点,对含氰废水、含油废水、含铬废水、含镍废水和含铜废水进行分类前处理后,与混排废水混合进行混凝沉降?MBR(膜生物反应器)法预处理,采用超滤和反渗透装置对废水作进一步处理实现回用,反渗透浓水则采用电渗析?MVR(机械式蒸汽再压缩)工艺实现脱盐后再次进入反渗透装置处理回用。工程实践表明,该系统的出水不仅满足《电镀污染排放标准》(GB 21900-2008)的“表3”要求,且能够作为生产用水回用至电镀生产线。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.