Comparison of trace elements in milk of four species.

The objective of this study was to compare trace elements in milks of four species. Milk samples of 4 ml or more were obtained from guinea pigs, dairy cattle, horses, and humans. The milks were analyzed for the trace elements Al, B, Ba, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Si, Sr, Ti, and Zn by inductively coupled argon plasma spectroscopy. Zinc ranged from more than 4 ppm in guinea pig milk to less than 2 ppm in mare milk. Strontium was over 1 ppm in the milk of guinea pigs and less than .1 ppm for the human. Iron ranged from over .7 ppm for the guinea pig to less than .2 ppm for the cow. Copper was over .5 ppm in guinea pig milk and only .05 ppm for cow milk. Boron ranged from .59 to .10 ppm, Si from .58 to .16 ppm, Al from .45 to .10 ppm; and Ba from .22 to .08 ppm in milks of the four species studied. Titanium ranged from a trace to .11 ppm. Lithium, Mn, and Mo all were less than .04 ppm. Milk Mn was surprisingly low relative to bodily needs.     

新疆岩蜥和塔里木岩蜥全体、肌肉与皮肤中18种元素分析比较

采用原子吸收分光光度计测定了新疆岩蜥(Laudakia stoliczkana Blanford)和塔里木岩蜥(Laudakia tarimensis Zugmayer)全体、肌肉与皮肤中的K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Sr、Cu、Mo、Cr、Ba、Co、V、Pb、Cd、Ni及Be18种元素的含量。结果表明,这两种岩蜥的常量元素和微量元素含量都比较丰富,其中K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Zn、Sr、Mn、Cr、Br、Cu、Co、Mo含量比较高,而有毒元素Al、Pb、Ni和Cd的含量甚低。在这两种岩蜥全体、肌肉与皮肤三种样品中全体样品元素含量最高,但各元素含量的差异不明显。对两种岩蜥体内人体必需而具有抗癌作用的Fe、Zn、Sr、Mn等微量元素含量进行比较发现,新疆岩蜥分别为168.36、94.14、78.12、44.28μg/g,塔里木岩蜥分别为338.22、183.16、88.44、32.46μg/g。塔里木岩蜥中的Fe、Zn、Sr含量高于新疆岩蜥,而新疆岩蜥的Mn含量高于塔里木岩蜥。新疆岩蜥和塔里木岩蜥作为中药及维吾尔医药具有较高的药用价值及应用前景,并讨论了这些元素与其药用机理的关系,为这两种药用岩蜥的进一步研究及其开发利用提供科学依据。     

Major and trace elements in organically or conventionally produced milk

A total of 480 samples of milk from 10 organically and 10 conventionally producing dairy farms in Denmark and covering 8 sampling periods over 1 year (triplicate samplings) were analysed for 45 trace elements and 6 major elements by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Sampling, sample preparation, and analysis of the samples were performed under carefully controlled contamination-free conditions. The dairy cattle breeds were Danish-Holstein or Jersey. Sources of variance were quantified, and differences between production systems and breeds were tested. The major source of variation for most elements was week of sampling. Concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, Mo, Rb, Se, and Zn were within published ranges. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb were lower, and concentrations of Co and Sr were higher than published ranges. Compared with Holsteins, Jerseys produced milk with higher concentrations of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, Rh, and Zn and with a lower concentration of Bi. The organically produced milk, compared with conventionally produced milk, contained a significantly higher concentration of Mo (48 v. 37 ng/g) and a lower concentration of Ba (43 v. 62 ng/g), Eu (4 v. 7 ng/g), Mn (16 v. 20 ng/g) and Zn (4400 v. 5150 ng/g respectively). The investigation yielded typical concentrations for the following trace elements in milk, for which no or very few data are available: Ba, Bi, Ce, Cs, Eu, Ga, Gd, In, La, Nb, Nd, Pd, Pr, Rh, Sb, Sm, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, Y, and Zr.     

我国山东、辽宁两省黄海胆生殖腺中微量元素分布特征

目的研究我国山东省和辽宁省黄海胆生殖腺中营养元素的分布特征。方法本研究选取了辽宁和山东2个省仹的6个地区(45仹样品),依据GB 5009.268-2016采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(inductively coupledplasmaoptical emissionspectrometry, ICP-OES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)对黄海胆生殖腺中微量元素的含量迚行测定,幵研究其分布特征。结果 6个地区的黄海胆中10种微量元素分布各不相同,海阳总量含量最高,为1.57×103 mg/kg;是含量最低的小平岛的1.8倍。SPSS软件分析黄海胆中微量元素含量地区间的差异性,发现Zn、Ni、Se、Fe、V、Mn、Co和Cr的P值小于0.05,具有一定的统计学意义。单元素含量占前3位的元素依次是Zn、Ni和Sr。微量元素中Zn的含量最高,范围为278～865 mg/kg,含量最高地区是最低地区的3.1倍,地区差异较大。海胆中Sr的含量较高,范围为119～184 mg/kg,但是地区性差异较小。结论黄海胆含有丰富的微量元素,除Fe外,其他元素大都超过海参中的元素含量,是很好的微量元素补充膳食食品。地区差异性有统计学意义的微量元素(P0.05)可以考虑作为海胆产地识别的指纹元素迚一步研究。     

内蒙古放牧和舍饲牛肉矿物质指纹特征

为系统评价不同饲养方式牛肉的矿物质特征,从内蒙古自东向西8个旗县采集放牧和舍饲牛股二头肌和背最长肌样品共80份,测定其中27种样品矿物质元素含量,并进行主成分分析.结果表明:各旗县牛肉按照放牧和舍饲2种饲养方式或地区聚类,饲养方式聚类较地区聚类更明显;地区聚类与饲养方式聚类趋势一致,放牧旗县与舍饲旗县分别聚类;进一步分...     

大连湾牡蛎中微量元素的分析

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)对牡蛎及其内脏中钠、铜、锌、铁、铅、锶、锰、钙8种微量元素的含量进行连续测定,并时其测定结果作对比分析.同时考察不同消解方法对分析结果的影响,并用加标回收法对比检验方法的可靠性.结果表明:微渡消解法效果较好,相对标准偏差在3.04%以下,回收率为96.89%～104.33%之间.牡蛎中含有丰富的微量元素Na、Cu、Zn、Fe、Sr、Mn、Ca,特别是Cu、Zn含量较高.牡蛎内脏中Na、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量高于完整牡蛎中含量,Sr、Ca含量低于完整牡蛎中含量.牡蛎及其内脏中均未检出Pb.     

Quantification of trace elements in raw cow’s milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

The levels of trace elements are an important component of safety and quality of milk. While certain elements such as chromium are essential at low levels, an excess can result in deleterious effects on human health. International quality control standards for milk are published by the Codex Alimentarious Commission and levels of heavy metals in milk intended for human consumption are routinely monitored. This paper describes a new method for demonstrating the levels of V, Cr, Mn, Sr, Cd and Pb in raw cow’s milk, using an ICP-MS. Samples (n = 24) of raw cow’s milk were collected from dairy farms close to mines in Gauteng and North West Provinces of South Africa. In order to destroy organic matrix, each freeze dried milk sample was mineralised by using a microwave assisted digestion procedure. Concentrations of trace elements in digested milk samples were measured by ICP-MS. A whole milk powder reference material (NIST SRM 8435) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method. It was found that the levels of V, Cr, Mn, Sr, Cd and Pb obtained using the new method showed concordance with certified values.     

X-ray Fluorescence Determination of Element Contents in Milk and Dairy Products

The concentrations of minerals (Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca) and trace elements (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, and Br) in different types of milk, dairy products, and infant formulas have been determined using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (WDXRF). Freeze-dried samples pressed as tablets of 4 g have been analyzed. Calibrations have been established using both plant and milk standard reference materials. The matrix correction method based on the power function of Compton scattered intensity was applied. The paper provides calibration data, detection limits for each element, and testing the accuracy of the proposed technique. The elemental compositions of the samples obtained by WDXRF were compared with the previously reported data from different countries.     

Multi-element screening in milk and feed by SF-ICP-MS

In this study, an analytical procedure for multi-element screening of 40 elements in milk and feed samples was developed. Three different digestion and two different calibration methods were tested for the best suitability. The analytical procedure for the quantification of minor and trace elements is based on sector field ICP-MS (SF-ICP-MS). The method validation revealed good agreement between the determined elemental mass fractions and the certified values of two milk and three feed reference materials. Milk samples of dairy cows at different feeding regimes were collected from two different farms. The results of our study showed significant differences of nine elemental mass fractions (Li, P, Mn, Co, Cu, Rb, Sr, Br, I) between milk from the two locations. Further, a correlation between the elemental mass fractions of milk and the ingested feed and water was observed.     

Dietary factors affecting trace element bioavailability from human milk, cow's milk and infant formulas

Bioavailability of trace elements is affected by the type of diet in which they are presented. In general, absorption of the elements iron, zinc, copper, manganese and selenium appears to be higher from human milk than from cow's milk or cow's milk formula while absorption from soy formula appears to be lower than from milk-based products. The effects of individual components such as protein source, carbohydrate, phytate, organic acids and other cations on absorption need to be assessed and the integrated effects of individual dietary components need to be assessed in the intact diet. While ideally absorptive studies should be performed in human infants, there is a need for developing useful and valid models for assessing trace element bioavailability. Increased knowledge about trace element absorption from different infant diets and the factors involved will lead to a better understanding of trace element requirements of infants. This will help in the suggestion of ways to improve means of supplementation.     

东北菱中氨基酸和无机元素含量分析

目的：为评价东北菱的品质并更好地开发利用东北菱这种野生资源提供科学数据。方法：采用原子吸收光谱仪、氨基酸分析仪等分析手段。结果：测定了东北菱中蛋白质、氨基酸及七种微量元素含量。结论：结果表明,东北菱中含有8种人体必需氨基酸,蛋白质在果实和果肉中含量分别为11.90%、18.92%,人体必需微量元素Fe、Zn、Mn、Ca和P含量较高。     

Occurrence of major and trace elements in powdered milk from Argentina

The concentrations of major and trace elements in Argentinean commercial powdered milk samples were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Also the daily intake (DI) was calculated for adults and infants. The concentrations of B, Mg, Na, K and Ca were significantly higher in skimmed milk. Cu, Mo, Fe, Mn and Zn were significantly higher in infant formula. All the DIs were below the tolerable upper intake levels. The mean As concentration (26.0 ± 8.6 ng/g) in the powdered skimmed milk samples was slightly higher than in the others. Mean Pb concentrations ranged from 4.1 ± 2.1 to 13.5 ± 8.2 ng/g. The highest mean U concentration was 7.8 ± 2.6 ng/g for whole milk. This study contributes to the knowledge of major and trace elements in powdered milk and its contribution to the diet in Argentina.     

Chemometric differentiation of raw and commercial milk by trace elements using principal component analysis.

Nine trace elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, and Pb) were determined in the dissolved ash of 36 samples of raw milk. The distribution of the concentration of each element was first investigated by means of a test of normality. The matrix of the correlation between the concentrations of the elements was then used as a starting matrix for principal component analysis. Nine variables were reduced to four principal components, accounting for 75% of the total variance. The biophilic elements Mn-Fe and Cu-Mo were positively associated with the first two principal components, while Cr was correlated to the third and Ni and Cd with the fourth principal component. Pb and Zn are both negatively correlated to the first principal component. Comparison with 42 samples of a commercial milk, by using a two-dimensional plot of the principal component scores, rendered possible the differentiation between raw and commercial milk.     

Trace elements in faba bean (Vicia fabaL) plant and soil as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and ion selective electrode

Trace (Ag, Au, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn) and macro (Ca, K, Mg and Na) element concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and chloride by an ion selective electrode, in different parts of the faba bean (Vicia faba L) plant. Leaf, stem, pod, pericarp, cotyledon, testa and seeds were all analysed as were soil samples taken from the immediate vicinity of the plant roots at depths of 10, 30 and 60 cm before and after planting the bean plant. The experiment was situated on the shores of the High Dam Lake in Aswan (Egypt). The bean leaves showed the highest concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Sr, Mn, Ni, Co, Pb and Cr while the seeds showed the highest concentrations of Zn and Cu. The highest levels of trace elements in the soil were found at 60 cm depth after planting which suggests the uptake of most trace elements by the plant is from the 10–30 cm depth zone. Statistically there were significant correlations between trace element concentrations in the bean and soil samples. The levels of trace elements in the bean under study were not considered to be toxic for man or animal uses. © 1998 SCI.     

Immune responses in lactating Holstein cows supplemented with Cu, Mn, and Zn as sulfates or methionine hydroxy analogue chelates

The aim of this study was to compare effects of inorganic sulfate versus chelated forms of supplemental Cu, Mn, and Zn on milk production, plasma and milk mineral concentrations, neutrophil activity, and antibody titer response to a model vaccination. Holstein cows (n=25) were assigned in 2 cohorts based on calving date to a 12-wk randomized complete block design study. The first cohort consisted of 17 cows that had greater days in milk (DIM; mean of 77 DIM at the start of the trial) than the second cohort of 8 cows (32 DIM at the start of the trial). Diets were formulated to supplement 100% of National Research Council requirements of Cu, Mn, and Zn by either inorganic trace minerals (ITM) in sulfate forms or chelated trace minerals (CTM) supplied as metal methionine hydroxy analog chelates, without accounting for trace mineral contribution from other dietary ingredients. Intake and milk production were recorded daily. Milk composition was measured weekly, and milk Cu, Mn, and Zn were determined at wk 0 and 8. Plasma Cu and Zn concentrations and neutrophil activity were measured at wk 0, 4, 8, and 12. Neutrophil activity was measured by in vitro assays of chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species production. A rabies vaccination was administered at wk 8, and vaccine titer response at wk 12 was measured by both rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test and ELISA. Analyzed dietary Cu was 21 and 23mg/kg, Mn was 42 and 46mg/kg, and Zn was 73 and 94mg/kg for the ITM and CTM diets, respectively. No effect of treatment was observed on milk production, milk composition, or plasma minerals. Dry matter intake was reduced for CTM compared with ITM cows, but this was largely explained by differences in body weight between treatments. Milk Cu concentration was greater for CTM than ITM cows, but this effect was limited to the earlier DIM cohort of cows and was most pronounced for multiparous compared with primiparous cows. Measures of neutrophil function were unaffected by treatment except for an enhancement in neutrophil phagocytosis with the CTM treatment found for the later DIM cohort of cows only. Rabies antibody titer in CTM cows was 2.8 fold that of ITM cows as measured by ELISA, with a trend for the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Supplementation of Cu, Mn, and Zn as chelated sources may enhance immune response of early lactation dairy cows compared with cows supplemented with inorganic sources.     

Minor and trace element content of two typical Italian sheep dairy products

The concentration ranges in milk and cheese of a number of metallic elements relevant to the health of the consumer are dependent upon animal species, feeding, time of year, environmental conditions and manufacturing processes. We have measured the concentrations of selected trace elements--Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sr and Zn--in raw ewes' milk and typical ewes' milk cheeses. Samples of milk, curd, whey, cheese after moulding, cheese after salting, commercial cheese (Pecorino), Ricotta, scotta and brine were analyzed for seven complete cycles of cheese production. Samples of curd, whey, brine and waste product (i.e. scotta) were collected and analysed in addition to the cheese and milk to assess the distribution of each element in the main product, by-products and waste products during cheesemaking. Quantitative determinations were performed mainly by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. There were considerable differences among the trace element contents of raw ewes' milk and related products, indicating that manufacturing processes play a key role in the distribution of minor and trace elements. Two different approaches were used to assess the dietary intake of these elements associated with the consumption of Pecorino and Ricotta, and whether this had any nutritional or toxicological implications. The results indicated no toxicological risk and showed that, on the contrary, Pecorino may be a good source of several essential elements.     

Chemometric studies of some trace elements in cows' milk

The matrix of the correlation between the concentrations of 11 trace elements determined in 45 samples of cows' milk was used as a starting matrix for principal component analysis. The space dimension was reduced from 11 variables to 5 principal components, accounting for about 80% of the total variance. After an orthogonal rotation, the first factor (F1) was found to be positively correlated with Cr, Mn, and Fe, F2 positively correlated with Ni and negatively with Cu, F3 positively with Cd and Pb, F4 positively with Zn, Sr, and Mo and F5 positively correlated with A1 and Sr. Element clusters appear to be determined by their origin. Some clusters are confirmed by principal factor analysis. A plot of the principal component scores was also applied to the differentiation of Italian Milk from different geographical origins.     

Mineral and trace element concentrations of dairy products from goats’ milk produced in Tenerife (Canary Islands)

The concentrations of the minerals, Na, K, Ca and Mg, and the trace elements, Fe, Cu, Zn and Se, were determined in 400 samples of goats’ dairy products (100 raw milk, 100 whey, 100 fresh and 100 semi-hard cheeses) produced in the island of Tenerife. All the minerals and trace elements analysed presented significant differences in the concentration between the dairy products analysed. The season of production had a greater influence on the mineral and trace element concentration than the region of production and the amount of fibre in the goats’ diet. An almost complete differentiation of the samples according to the type of dairy product was observed applying a stepwise discriminant analysis.     

不同产地牛奶中若干金属元素质量浓度的分布比较

考察了用微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法(MPT-AES)测定牛奶中Zn,Fe,Mg,Cu,Ca 5种有益微量元素质量浓度的方法。测得各元素的方法检出限均小于14.1μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于6.46%,加标回收率为97.8%～101.4%。结果表明,该方法准确可考。在此基础上,测定了不同产地间牛奶中上述各元素的质量浓度,经过统计学对比发现,不同地区的牛奶中各元素质量浓度均存在显著差异。     

The composition of Indian foods—mineral composition and intakes of Indian vegetarian populations

The trace element (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) and Ca and P contents of cereals, legume grains, vegetables, milk products and oilseeds commonly consumed by Indian vegetarians were determined. Green leafy vegetables contained the highest amounts of Fe, Mn and Cu (15–171, 90–133 and 4–21 mg kg^?1, respectively); buffalo milk, buttermilk and curd contained most zinc (53–63 mg kg^?J). Legumes contained the highest levels of P, whilst buffalo milk and curd, and leafy vegetables possessed most Ca. The levels of these elements in prepared foods and diets were entirely consistent with the above findings. In general, the mineral intakes of the populations of children (4–9 years), adolescents (10–19), adults (20–45) and older adults (45–60) examined in this study were lower for Zn and Ca, similar for Fe and Ca, and higher for Mn and P than the recently prescribed Indian Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). It is likely that other constituents of cereals and pulses, such as fibre and phytate, will greatly reduce the bioavailability of trace minerals and Ca in Indian vegetarian diets. In contrast to earlier studies, no significant overall differences were observed between populations from farming and non-farming backgrounds.