2009年宜昌市社区卫生服务中心传染病疫情报告

传染病疫情的报告是传染病防治工作的前提和基础,疫情信息的不准确和渠道的不通畅直接影响着对传染病疫情的处理和控制.为了掌握宜昌市社区卫生服务中心传染病漏报、迟报和一致性、完成性较低的原因,进一步提高传染病报告质量.按照<全国传染病网络直报质量督导检查方案>,于2009年11～12月对全市2/3以上的社区卫生服务中心组织开展了传染病疫情报告工作检查,现将调查结果报道如下.     

Reporting sex differences.

Comments on an article by M. D. McHugh et al (see record 1987-00069-001) advocating rules to limit the reporting of sex differences in psychological research. The present author takes issue with the views expressed and concludes that the complete and precise reporting of all sex comparisons should foster accurate scientific understanding of the importance—or unimportance—of sex and gender. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reporting guidelines: another perspective

The following data are required when reporting results of a procedure for occlusive disease of the lower limb: (1) PREOPERATIVE PATIENT ASSESSMENT: This should include age, sex, diabetes, smoking habit, whether the ischemic symptoms are at rest or after exercise, and the resting ankle or toe pressure. (2) INTENTION TO TREAT: This should be stated as a percentage of the number of procedures that actually were properly performed against the number of procedures scheduled. Only those procedures that were performed should be subsequently analyzed. (3) ACUTE RESULTS: This is assessed by an imaging technique, such as angiography or duplex ultrasound, and defined in terms of patency and degree of maximal stenosis in the area treated and 5 cm on either side. Change in symptoms, complications, and ankle pressures should be reported but are not criteria for procedural success or failure. The assessment should be done from 10 to 30 days following the procedure. (4) LONG-TERM RESULTS: As assessed by appropriate imaging techniques, outcome should be reported in terms of primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency. The degree of maximal stenosis in the treated segments and 5 cm on either side should be stated. The surveillance intervals would depend on the answers being sought in the follow-up period, but the minimum would be an annual review. Three-year results are required to give an adequate assessment of the durability of a procedure. (5) REPORTING: Life-table analysis should be used to present the data on patencies and the degree of stenosis.     

Reporting Bayesian analyses of clinical trials

Many clinicians wrongly interpret p-values as probabilities that treatment has an adverse effect and confidence intervals as probability intervals. Such inferences can be validly drawn from Bayesian analyses of trial results. These analyses use the data to update the prior (or pre-trial) beliefs to give posterior (or post-trial) beliefs about the magnitude of a treatment effect. However, for these methods to gain acceptance in the medical literature, understanding between statisticians and clinicians of the issues involved in choosing appropriate prior distributions for trial reporting needs to be reached. I focus on two types of prior that deserve consideration. The first is the non-informative prior giving standardized likelihood distributions as post-trial probability distributions. Their use is unlikely to be controversial among statisticians whilst being intuitively appealing to clinicians. The second type of prior has a spike of probability mass at the point of no treatment effect. Varying the magnitude of the spike illustrates the sensitivity of the conclusions drawn to the degree of prior scepticism in a treatment effect. With both, graphical displays provide clinical readers with the opportunity to explore the results more fully. An example of how a clinical trial might be reported in the medical literature using these methods is given.     

Uncovering the Problem-Solving Process: Cued Retrospective Reporting Versus Concurrent and Retrospective Reporting.

This study investigated the amounts of problem-solving process information ("action," "why," "how," and "metacognitive") elicited by means of concurrent, retrospective, and cued retrospective reporting. In a within-participants design, 26 participants completed electrical circuit troubleshooting tasks under different reporting conditions. The method of cued retrospective reporting used the original computer-based task and a superimposed record of the participant's eye fixations and mouse-keyboard operations as a cue for retrospection. Cued retrospective reporting (with the exception of why information) and concurrent reporting (with the exception of metacognitive information) resulted in a higher number of codes on the different types of information than did retrospective reporting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Generate-Select-Check Based Daily Reporting System

The daily report in construction projects is an important document managed on a daily basis for collection of as-built information regarding project progress, however, its processing is time consuming, based on manual inputting, and this makes it difficult to manage tasks at the construction operation level. For more efficient daily reporting and construction operation control, this research proposes a generate-select-check based daily reporting process, where (1) tasks are generated at the microlevel through an interactive mode with the user; (2) tasks to be performed are selected on the corresponding date; and (3) they are checked using a mobile device. To develop the process, an information framework and an information system were built with a focus on high-rise apartment housing projects. The research results were verified and validated through a pilot test at a high-rise apartment building construction project.     

Characterisation of anisakid nematodes with zoonotic potential by nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences

Larvae of three species of anisakid nematode from fish, Anisakis simplex, Hysterothylacium aduncum and Contracaecum osculatum, were characterised genetically using a molecular approach. The nuclear ribosomal DNA region spanning the first internal transcribed spacer, the 5.8S gene and the second internal transcribed spacer was amplified and sequenced. The lengths of the first and second internal transcribed spacer sequences of the three species ranged from 392 to 449 bp and 262 to 347 bp, respectively, whereas the 5.8S sequence was 157 bp. For the three species, the G+C contents for the three regions of ribosomal DNA ranged from 42.4 to 52.2%. While no intraspecific variation was detected in the second internal transcribed spacer or 5.8S sequence of any species examined, one polymorphic nucleotide position was detected in the first internal transcribed spacer sequence for A. simplex and H. aduncum. The extent of sequence differences in the first (approximately 34-45%) and second (approximately 50-53%) internal transcribed spacers among the species was greater than in the 5.8S gene (approximately 3-5%). Based on the sequence differences, PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-strand conformation polymorphism methods were established for the unequivocal delineation of the three species. These methods should provide valuable tools for studying the life-cycle, transmission pattern(s) and population structure of each of the three anisakid nematodes examined herein, and for the diagnosis of anisakiasis in humans and animals.     

Reporting of industrial accidents in The Netherlands

Using an acetylcholine receptor-specific T-cell clone (TCC) from a myasthenia gravis patient, we have compared the induction of unresponsiveness by three agents: an anti-V beta monoclonal antibody (mAb), complexes of MHC class II with specific peptide (DR4:peptide) and free peptide. Pretreatment with each agent without antigen-presenting cells specifically rendered the TCC unresponsive to a subsequent optimal stimulus. A substantial proportion of the DR4:peptide pretreated cells underwent apoptosis and the remainder were profoundly unresponsive. Apoptosis was less prominent after pretreatment with free peptide and was not significant with anti-V beta mab; with both, the unresponsiveness was transient in the survivors. These diverse effects of engaging the T-cell receptor in the absence of costimulation suggest that these agents act via different mechanisms, and give insights to the potential for specific immunotherapy.     

Delay Reporting Within Cost Accounting System

There is an imbalance in the visibility of costs of delays in the daily construction site work routine and the costs of overhead expenditures which to a large extent determine the magnitude of these delays. This imbalance frequently means that overhead expenditures are carefully scrutinized while delay costs may be totally ignored. The resulting suboptimization may not result in the lowest total project cost. A procedure is proposed to address this problem. The procedure works within existing cost accounting systems and is a modification of existing foreman-delay survey methods.     

Reporting employment test scores to supervisors.

A simplified percentile profile chart, designed for presenting test results to supervisors, is described and illustrated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Genetic analysis of Giardia from hoofed farm animals reveals artiodactyl-specific and potentially zoonotic genotypes

The purpose of this study was to characterize the selenium requirement for the normal differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In primary mixed glial cultures prepared from newborn rat brains, the overall growth of cultures, as seen from the total RNA yield, was not significantly affected by selenium. However, 30 nM selenium was required for the normal upregulation the proteolipid protein, basic protein, and myelin-associated glycoprotein gene expression assessed by Northern blot analysis. Selenium deprivation during initial, rapid phase of the gene upregulation irreversibly suppressed the genes, indicating the existence of a critical period in oligodendrocyte differentiation. In purified oligodendrocyte cultures prepared by mechanical dislodging of progenitor (O-2A) cells from mixed glial cultures, total cell number and total RNA yield were virtually unaffected by selenium deprivation; however, the developmental upregulation of the myelin genes was profoundly attenuated. Immunocytochemical analysis confirmed the suppressive effect of selenium deficiency on the differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells, as seen from a significant decrease in the population of GalC+ and O4+ cells. Because the number of GC+ cells was more reduced than the number of O4+ cells, the results indicate that selenium deficiency may specifically inhibit the progression from immature to mature oligodendrocytes.     

Reporting discrimination in public and private contexts.

The authors tested the hypothesis that members of stigmatized groups would be unwilling to report that negative events that occur to them are the result of discrimination when they are in the presence of members of a nonstigmatized group. Supporting this hypothesis, women and African Americans were more likely to report that a failing grade assigned by a man or a European American was caused by discrimination, rather than by their own lack of ability, when they made the judgment privately and in the presence of a fellow stigmatized group member. However, they were more likely to indicate that the cause of the failure was lack of ability, rather than discrimination, when they expected to make these judgments aloud in the presence of a nonstigmatized group member. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reporting maternal behavior during diarrhea in Bedouin children

Diarrhea is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. The Bedouin population of southern Israel is in transition from a nomadic to a settled life-style. We examined maternal knowledge and reported behavior when their children had diarrhea. Mothers defined diarrhea as the passing of 4-5 stools per day. The most frequent signs of the illness were an increased number of watery stools with changes in either color or form. The most frequent symptom that prompted mothers to seek medical aid was blood in the stool. All mothers reported increasing fluid intake in their children during diarrhea, and most reported giving herbal tea. About half of the women avoided milk products and used special foods for the treatment of diarrhea. A quarter of the women reported stopping or decreasing the frequency of breast feeding during diarrhea. Reported cessation of breast feeding during diarrhea was associated with changing to special foods, and failure to note the onset of diarrhea or to recognize signs of dehydration. The withdrawal of breast feeding during episodes of illness and diarrhea is related to lack of knowledge regarding diarrhea. These data indicate that even in this population, with free access to preventive and curative medical care, there should be greater efforts to educate mothers to detect diarrheal disease and to maintain breast feeding during the diarrhea.     

OPC技术在选矿数据报表中的应用

阐述了在组态软件RS View SE的环境下,通过OPC协议和ODBC协议将采集到的实时数据存入SQL Server中,并利用VB语言开发出选矿数据报表系统,实现了数据采集、过程数据分析和数据报表查询。