Breast cancer image assessment using an adaptative network-based fuzzy inference system

In Brazil breast cancer is the foremost cause of fatality by cancer for women. Given that the causes are unidentified, it cannot be prevented. Mammography is one of the most reliable exams for breast cancer detection and it is based on image analysis by radiologists. Early detection is the key issue for breast cancer control and computer-aided diagnosis system can help ra diologists in detection and diagnosing breast abnormalities. Hybrid neuro-fuzzy systems are suitable for pattern recognition tasks and therefore useful for medical diagnosis support through pattern identification in mammographic images. This study presents an Adaptative Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) that classifies the mammographic images calcification region of interest as benign or malign and provides an important tool for breast cancer image assessment. The ANFIS model, utilized in the mammogram region of interest’s classification phase, reached a maximum accuracy rate of 99.75%.     

A perceptual similarity method by pairwise comparison in a medical image case

The evolution of image techniques in medicine has improved decision making based on physicians’ experience by means of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). This paper focuses on the development of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) and CAD techniques applied to bronchoscopies and according to different pathologies. A novel pairwise comparison method based on binary logistic regression is developed to determine those images must alike to a new image from incomplete property information, after accounting for the physicians’ appreciation of the image similarity. This method is particularly useful when problems with both a large number of features and few images are involved.     

医学CAD系统中降低假阳性率的解决方案

如何提高乳腺癌计算机辅助诊断系统（CAD）中的灵敏度一直是众多学者研究的热点,特别是针对亚洲女性及年轻妇女的致密组织图像的检测。尽管之前已经提出了针对该类图像的解决方法,实验也表明,该方法可以提高系统的灵敏度（真阳性率TP）,但人们发现随着TP的提高也伴随了假阳性率（FP）的增长。所以,本文的研究目的是在前续研究的基础上,即保证CAD系统的灵敏度的同时尽可能地降低假阳性率。     

Automatic nipple detection in breast thermograms

Breast cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases for women. Detecting breast cancer in its early stage may lead to a reduction in mortality. Although the study of mammographies is the most common method to detect breast cancer, it is outperformed by the analysis of thermographies in dense tissue (breasts of young women). In the last two decades, several computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for the early detection of breast cancer have been proposed. Breast cancer CAD systems consist of many steps, such as segmentation of the region of interest, feature extraction, classification and nipple detection. Indeed, the nipple is an important anatomical landmark in thermograms. The location of the nipple is invaluable in the analysis of medical images because it can be used in several applications, such as image registration and modality fusion. This paper proposes an unsupervised, automatic, accurate, simple and fast method to detect nipples in thermograms. The main stages of the proposed method are: human body segmentation, determination of nipple candidates using adaptive thresholding and detection of the nipples using a novel selection algorithm. Experiments have been carried out on a thermograms dataset to validate the proposed method, achieving accurate nipple detection results in real-time. We also show an application of the proposed method, breast cancer classification in dynamic images, where the new nipple detection technique is used to segment the region of the two breasts from the infrared image. A dataset of dynamic thermograms has been used to validate this application, achieving good results.     

一种基于二维粒子的自动检测乳腺钼靶片上微钙化点簇的方法

乳腺钼靶片上的微钙化点簇是早期乳腺癌的重要信号,目前,无论是采用人工阅片或是计算机辅助诊断系统都很难对微钙化点簇进行可靠的检测.提出了一种基于二维粒子的自动检测乳腺钼靶片上微钙化点簇的方法,以二维粒子为单位进行可疑区域的提取和微钙化点的判别,很好地克服了传统的基于像素级别的检测方法容易受到干扰和基于数学形态学的检测方法很难确定合适结构元素的问题.提出的快速多元分割算法克服了基于经典Fast Marching的多元分割算法在乳腺钼靶片上进行二维粒子分割时运算时间过长的问题,显著提高了二维粒子的分割速度.在DDSM数据库上的实验结果表明,新的检测方法具有比较满意的检测精度和处理速度.     

Automated breast cancer detection and classification using ultrasound images: A survey

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for women all over the world. Since the cause of the disease remains unknown, early detection and diagnosis is the key for breast cancer control, and it can increase the success of treatment, save lives and reduce cost. Ultrasound imaging is one of the most frequently used diagnosis tools to detect and classify abnormalities of the breast. In order to eliminate the operator dependency and improve the diagnostic accuracy, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system is a valuable and beneficial means for breast cancer detection and classification. Generally, a CAD system consists of four stages: preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and selection, and classification. In this paper, the approaches used in these stages are summarized and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The performance evaluation of CAD system is investigated as well.     

Computer-aided diagnosis: the emerging of three CAD systems induced by Japanese health care needs

The aim of this paper is to describe three emerging computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems induced by Japanese health care needs. CAD has been developing fast in the last two decades. The idea of using a computer to help in medical image diagnosis is not new. Some pioneer studies are dated back to the 1960s. In 1998, the first U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved commercial CAD system, a film-digitized mammography system, was launched by R2 Technologies, Inc. The success was quickly repeated by a number of companies. The approval of Medicare CAD reimbursement in the U.S. in 2001 further boosted the industry. Today, CAD has its significance in the economy of the medical industry. FDA approved CAD products in the field of breast imaging (mammography, ultrasonography and breast MRI) and chest imaging (radiography and CT) can be seen. In Japan, as part of the "Knowledge Cluster Initiative" of the government, three computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) projects are hosted at the Gifu University since 2004. These projects are regarding the development of CAD systems for the early detection of (1) cerebrovascular diseases using brain MRI and MRA images by detecting lacunar infarcts, unruptured aneurysms, and arterial occlusions; (2) ocular diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and hypertensive retinopathy using retinal fundus images; and (3) breast cancers using ultrasound 3-D volumetric whole breast data by detecting the breast masses. The projects are entering their final development stage. Preliminary results are presented in this paper. Clinical examinations will be started soon, and commercialized CAD systems for the above subjects will appear by the completion of this project.     

Computer-aided diagnosis: The emerging of three CAD systems induced by Japanese health care needs

The aim of this paper is to describe three emerging computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems induced by Japanese health care needs. CAD has been developing fast in the last two decades. The idea of using a computer to help in medical image diagnosis is not new. Some pioneer studies are dated back to the 1960s. In 1998, the first U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved commercial CAD system, a film-digitized mammography system, was launched by R2 Technologies, Inc. The success was quickly repeated by a number of companies. The approval of Medicare CAD reimbursement in the U.S. in 2001 further boosted the industry. Today, CAD has its significance in the economy of the medical industry. FDA approved CAD products in the field of breast imaging (mammography, ultrasonography and breast MRI) and chest imaging (radiography and CT) can be seen. In Japan, as part of the “Knowledge Cluster Initiative” of the government, three computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) projects are hosted at the Gifu University since 2004. These projects are regarding the development of CAD systems for the early detection of (1) cerebrovascular diseases using brain MRI and MRA images by detecting lacunar infarcts, unruptured aneurysms, and arterial occlusions; (2) ocular diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and hypertensive retinopathy using retinal fundus images; and (3) breast cancers using ultrasound 3-D volumetric whole breast data by detecting the breast masses. The projects are entering their final development stage. Preliminary results are presented in this paper. Clinical examinations will be started soon, and commercialized CAD systems for the above subjects will appear by the completion of this project.     

基于目标检测算法的肺结节辅助诊断系统

据统计,肺癌在全世界范围内是发病率、致死率最高的疾病之一。随着计算机辅助诊断系统（CAD）和卷积神经网络（CNN）的成熟化,医疗领域的诊断治疗也逐渐智能化。本文提出一种基于目标检测算法的肺结节自动检测方法,并提出一套将阈值分割算法和数字形态学处理相结合的肺实质CT影像处理流程。对LUNA16数据集中的1186个肺结节进行训练和学习,观察YOLO V3模型在数据集中的评价结果来验证模型,实验结果准确率达到92.18%,每张图片平均检测时间为0.035 s。与现有的肺结节检测算法SSD、CNN、U-Net等模型进行对比试验,以验证YOLO V3模型的有效性。同时本文基于CAD技术设计肺结节辅助诊断系统,实现人机交互,为医生提供简单明了的辅助诊断工具。     

A systematic survey of deep learning in breast cancer

In recent years, we witnessed a speeding development of deep learning in computer vision fields like categorization, detection, and semantic segmentation. Within several years after the emergence of AlexNet, the performance of deep neural networks has already surpassed human being experts in certain areas and showed great potential in applications such as medical image analysis. The development of automated breast cancer detection systems that integrate deep learning has received wide attention from the community. Breast cancer, a major killer of females that results in millions of deaths, can be controlled even be cured given that it is detected at an early stage with sophisticated systems. In this paper, we reviewed breast cancer diagnosis, detection, and segmentation computer-aided (CAD) systems based on state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural networks. The available data sets also indirectly determine CAD systems' performance, so we introduced and discussed the details of public data sets. The challenges remaining in CAD systems for breast cancer are discussed at the end of this paper. The highlights of this survey mainly come from three following aspects. First, we covered a wide range of the basics of breast cancer from imaging modalities to popular databases in the community; Second, we presented the key elements in deep learning to form the compactness for methods mentioned in reviewed papers; Third and lastly, the summative details in each reviewed paper are provided so that interested readers can have a refined version of these works without referring to original papers. Therefore, this systematic survey suits readers with varied backgrounds and will be beneficial to them.     

基于多特征描述的乳腺癌肿瘤病理自动分级

为了辅助病理医生快速高效诊断乳腺癌并提供乳腺癌预后信息,提出一种计算机辅助乳腺癌肿瘤病理自动分级方法。该方法使用深度卷积神经网络和滑动窗口自动检测病理图像中的细胞;随后综合运用基于稀疏非负矩阵分解的颜色分离、前景标记的分水岭算法以及椭圆拟合得到每个细胞的轮廓。基于检测到的细胞和拟合出的细胞轮廓,提取出肿瘤的组织结构特征和上皮细胞的纹理形状特征等共203维的特征,运用这些特征训练支持向量机分类器(SVM),实现对病理组织图像自动分级。17位患者的49张H&E染色的乳腺癌病理组织图像自动分级的100次十折交叉检验评估结果表明:基于病理图像的细胞形状特征与组织的空间结构特征对病理图像的高、中、低分化等级分类整体准确率为90.20%;同时对高、中、低各分化等级的区分准确率分别为92.87%、82.88%、93.61%。相比使用单一结构特征或者纹理特征的方法,所提方法具有更高的准确率,能准确地对病理组织图像中肿瘤的高级和低级分化程度自动分级,且各分级之间的准确率差异较小。     

A new breast tumor ultrasonography CAD system based on decision tree and BI-RADS features

In this paper, we present a novel computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) system based on the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) terminology scores of screening ultrasonography (US). The decision tree algorithm is adopted to analyze the BI-RADS information to differentiate between the malignant and benign breast tumors. Although many ultrasonography CAD systems have been developed for decades, there are still some problems in clinical practice. Previous CAD systems are opaque for clinicians and cannot process the ultrasound image from different ultrasound machines. This study proposes a novel CAD system utilizing BI-RADS scoring standard and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm to overcome the two problems. The original dataset consists of 1300 ultrasound breast images. Three well-experienced clinicians evaluated all of the images according to the BI-RADS feature scoring standard. Subsequently, each image could be transformed into a 25?×?1 vector. The CART algorithm was finally used to classify these vectors. In the experiments, we used the oversampling method to balance the number of malignant samples and benign samples. The 5-fold cross validation was employed to evaluate the performance of the system. The accuracy reached 94.58%, the specificity was 98.84%, the sensitivity was 90.80%, the positive predictive value (PPV) was 98.91% and the negative predictive value (NVP) was 90.56%. The experiment results show that the proposed system can obtain a sufficient performance in the breast diagnosis and can effectively recognize the benign breast tumors in BI-RADS 3.     

Diagnosis of breast tumors with ultrasonic texture analysis using support vector machines

This study presents a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system with textural features for classifying benign and malignant breast tumors on medical ultrasound systems. A series of pathologically proven breast tumors were evaluated using the support vector machine (SVM) in the differential diagnosis of breast tumors. The proposed CAD system utilized facile textural features, i.e., block difference of inverse probabilities, block variation of local correlation coefficients and auto-covariance matrix, to identify breast tumor. An SVM classifier using the textual features classified the tumor as benign or malignant. The proposed system identifies breast tumors with a comparatively high accuracy. This can help inexperienced physicians avoid misdiagnosis. The main advantage of the proposed system is that the training and diagnosis procedure of SVM are faster and more stable than that of multilayer perception neural networks. With the expansion of the database, new cases can easily be gathered and used as references. This study dramatically reduces the training and diagnosis time. The SVM is a reliable choice for the proposed CAD system because it is fast and excellent in ultrasound image classification.     

An efficient microcalcifications detection based on dual spatial/spectral processing

Microcalcifications are tiny deposits of calcium located in breast tissue. They appeared as very small highlighted regions in comparison with their surrounding tissue. Spatial non linear enhancement can be applied for microcalcification detection. However, efficiency of a such approach depends on breast density: in case of extreme breast density, the contrast between microcalcification’s details and their surrounding tissue is attenuated leading to a limitation of spatially based approaches. In that case, frequency analysis such as wavelet based analysis can be more relevant for dissociating microcalcifications. The main goal of Computer Aided Detection systems (CAD) is to detect breast cancer at an early stage for all breast density classes by using entropies to enhance and then detect microcalcification details. Accordingly, we combine our approach a spatial Automatic Non Linear Stretching (ANLS) and Shannon Entropy based Wavelet Coefficient Thresholding (SE_WCT). Validation of the proposed approach is done on the Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) database. The evaluation of the contrast is based on the Second-Derivative-Like measure of enhancement(SDME). Accordingly, it yields to a mean SDME of 78.8dB on the whole database. The performance metric for evaluating our proposed CAD is the Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC) curve and the free-response ROC (FROC). An area under the ROC curve A _z = 0.92 is obtained as well as 97.14 % of True Positives (TP) with 0,48 False positives per image (FP).     

Model-free visualization of suspicious lesions in breast MRI based on supervised and unsupervised learning

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has become an important tool in breast cancer diagnosis, but evaluation of multitemporal 3D image data holds new challenges for human observers. To aid the image analysis process, we apply supervised and unsupervised pattern recognition techniques for computing enhanced visualizations of suspicious lesions in breast MRI data. These techniques represent an important component of future sophisticated computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems and support the visual exploration of spatial and temporal features of DCE-MRI data stemming from patients with confirmed lesion diagnosis. By taking into account the heterogeneity of cancerous tissue, these techniques reveal signals with malignant, benign and normal kinetics. They also provide a regional subclassification of pathological breast tissue, which is the basis for pseudo-color presentations of the image data. Intelligent medical systems are expected to have substantial implications in healthcare politics by contributing to the diagnosis of indeterminate breast lesions by non-invasive imaging.     

Multiresolution-Based Segmentation of Calcifications for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer

Clusters of microcalcifications in a mammogram may be an early indication of breast cancer. Unfortunately, due to size, shape and limited contrast from surrounding normal tissue, microcalcifications can occasionally be hard to detect in computer-aided detection (CAD) systems. These CAD systems can also be slow compared to a radiologist's performance when reviewing film-screen mammography. The research described here investigates a rapid, multiresolution-based approach combined with wavelet analysis to provide an accurate segmentation of potential calcifications. An initial multiresolution approach to fuzzy c -means (FCM) segmentation is employed to rapidly distinguish medically significant tissues. Tissue areas chosen for high-resolution analysis are broken into multiple windows. Within each window, wavelet analysis is used to generate a contrast image, and a local FCM segmentation generates an estimate of local intensity. A simple two-rule fuzzy system then combines intensity and contrast information to derive fuzzy memberships of pixels in the high-contrast, bright pixel class. A double threshold is finally applied to this fuzzy membership to detect and segment calcifications. This sequence of steps is shown to approach detection rates of conventional classifier designs and may therefore be useful as a pre-processing module for these systems to improve speed. Results are reported for 25 images obtained from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM).     

肺结节DR图像的计算机辅助诊断技术

在胸部DR图像中,肺结节一直是备受关注的焦点,其早期检出及良恶性的鉴别对肺癌的早期诊断和治疗尤为重要。但是由于肺结节形态多变,大小各异以及位置不固定等因素,其检测诊断一直是放射学家的一个难点,随着计算机辅助诊断逐渐成为医学领域的研究热点之一,越来越多的学者致力于开发肺结节的计算机辅助诊断系统,利用计算机辅助诊断系统提高医生在肺结节检测和诊断上的准确率和减少漏诊率。本文介绍了计算机辅助诊断系统的构成,重点讨论了计算机辅助检测和诊断的关键技术,最后采用实验对胸部DR图像进行了肺结节的识别工作。     

基于局部灰度最大和改进Mahalanobis距离分类的肺结节检测算法

CT图像中肺结节检测一直是肺癌CAD系统的关键和难点。提出了一种孤立性肺结节自动检测算法,首先对原始CT图像进行有效、准确的肺实质分割;采用寻找局部灰度最大值方法对ROI进行初始分割;再对分割出的各ROI进行特征提取,利用SVM方法对每个特征进行定量描述,根据SVM单特征分类准确率对Mahalanobis距离进行加权改进,最后采用基于改进的Mahalanobis距离进行肺结节分类。实验结果表明,该算法可以较好地提取出CT图像中的孤立性肺结节,具有较高的灵敏度和较低的漏诊率,可以为医生诊断早期肺癌病灶提供帮助信息。     

面向乳腺超声计算机辅助诊断的两阶段深度迁移学习

目的 为了提升基于单模态B型超声（B超）的乳腺癌计算机辅助诊断（computer-aided diagnosis,CAD）模型性能,提出一种基于两阶段深度迁移学习（two-stage deep transfer learning,TSDTL）的乳腺超声CAD算法,将超声弹性图像中的有效信息迁移至基于B超的乳腺癌CAD模型之中,进一步提升该CAD模型的性能。方法 在第1阶段的深度迁移学习中,提出将双模态超声图像重建任务作为一种自监督学习任务,训练一个关联多模态深度卷积神经网络模型,实现B超图像和超声弹性图像之间的信息交互迁移;在第2阶段的深度迁移学习中,基于隐式的特权信息学习（learning using privilaged information,LUPI）范式,进行基于双模态超声图像的乳腺肿瘤分类任务,通过标签信息引导下的分类进一步加强两个模态之间的特征融合与信息交互;采用单模态B超数据对所对应通道的分类网络进行微调,实现最终的乳腺癌B超图像分类模型。结果 实验在一个乳腺肿瘤双模超声数据集上进行算法性能验证。实验结果表明,通过迁移超声弹性图像的信息,TSDTL在基于B超的乳腺癌诊断任务中取得的平均分类准确率为87.84±2.08%、平均敏感度为88.89±3.70%、平均特异度为86.71±2.21%、平均约登指数为75.60±4.07%,优于直接基于单模态B超训练的分类模型以及多种典型迁移学习算法。结论 提出的TSDTL算法通过两阶段的深度迁移学习,将超声弹性图像的信息有效迁移至基于B超的乳腺癌CAD模型,提升了模型的诊断性能,具备潜在的应用可行性。     

应用于CT图像肺结节检测的深度学习方法综述

肺癌是世界上死亡率最高的癌症，通过胸部CT影像检测肺结节对肺癌早期诊断和治疗意义重大。为了减轻放射科医生的工作量以及同时减少误诊率和漏诊率，研究人员提出了计算机辅助检测（CAD）系统辅助放射科医生检测和诊断肺结节。目前，研究人员正在尝试不同的深度学习技术，以提高计算机辅助诊断系统在基于CT图像的肺癌筛查中的性能。这项工作回顾了作为肺癌检测的CAD系统目前典型的深度学习的算法和框架，主要从数据集介绍、2D深度学习方法、3D深度学习方法、数据不平衡问题的处理、模型训练方法以及模型可解释性这六个方面进行介绍。最后，对各个方法的主要特点和算法性能进行了综合比较分析，并对如何提高结节检测性能进行了展望。