The Changing Face of OR Practice Present Indicators and Possible in the UK: Futures

This paper starts by considering some indicators of how OR in the UK has changed in the short term, over the past five years. During this time, Strathclyde University's postgraduate course in OR has included a brief placement for students half-way through the course, in which they spend time with practising OR groups. Students report back on how the group is organised, who its clients are, what sort of work it is doing, methods in common use, and so on. Data have now been gathered from a wide variety of groups throughout Britain. Having discussed the changes reflected in these 'reports from the front', we go on to consider whether they can be seen as harbingers of longer-term shifts in the nature of OR practice, with particular reference to the possible impacts of new Information Technologies on organisations.     

Expert Systems: Past, Present, and Future

Expert systems recently have become the object of much attention. Many IS researchers, practitioners, and corporate managers are actively involved in the study and application of these systems. This article places this development in perspective, recognizing that business expert systems have been in existence for more than two decades. It reviews the history of expert systems, discusses their current status, and makes predictions about their future. In addition, the article explores assimilation issues, considers hardware and software, reviews the nature of the applications, and highlights application developers.     

High-Level Synthesis: Past, Present, and Future

Editor's note:This article presents the history and evolution of HLS from research to industry adoption. The authors offer insights on why earlier attempts to gain industry adoption were not successful, why current HLS tools are finally seeing adoption, and what to expect as HLS evolves toward system-level design.—Andres Takach, Mentor Graphics     

Defining Entrepreneurship: Past,Present and?

A definition of entrepreneurship is proposed as follows: Entrepreneurship is the process of doing something new and something different for the purpose of creating wealth for the individual and adding value to society.     

Autonomy for Mars Rovers: Past, Present, and Future

The vehicles used to explore the Martian surface require a high degree of autonomy to navigate challenging and unknown terrain, investigate targets, and detect scientific events. Increased autonomy will be critical to the success of future missions.     

Understanding the Design Elements Affecting User Acceptance of Intelligent Agents: Past,Present and Future

Information Systems Frontiers - Intelligent agents (IAs) are permeating both business and society. However, interacting with IAs poses challenges moving beyond technological limitations towards the...     

Advances in Social Media Research: Past,Present and Future

Social media comprises communication websites that facilitate relationship forming between users from diverse backgrounds, resulting in a rich social structure. User generated content encourages inquiry and decision-making. Given the relevance of social media to various stakeholders, it has received significant attention from researchers of various fields, including information systems. There exists no comprehensive review that integrates and synthesises the findings of literature on social media. This study discusses the findings of 132 papers (in selected IS journals) on social media and social networking published between 1997 and 2017. Most papers reviewed here examine the behavioural side of social media, investigate the aspect of reviews and recommendations, and study its integration for organizational purposes. Furthermore, many studies have investigated the viability of online communities/social media as a marketing medium, while others have explored various aspects of social media, including the risks associated with its use, the value that it creates, and the negative stigma attached to it within workplaces. The use of social media for information sharing during critical events as well as for seeking and/or rendering help has also been investigated in prior research. Other contexts include political and public administration, and the comparison between traditional and social media. Overall, our study identifies multiple emergent themes in the existing corpus, thereby furthering our understanding of advances in social media research. The integrated view of the extant literature that our study presents can help avoid duplication by future researchers, whilst offering fruitful lines of enquiry to help shape research for this emerging field.     

虚拟专用网VPN的前世今生

随着Internet访问的增加。传统的Internet接入服务已越来越满足不了用户需求。因为传统的Internet只提供浏览、电子邮件等单一服务，没有服务质量保证，没有权限和安全机制，界面复杂不易掌握，VPN的提出就是来解决这些问题。VPN的组网方式为企业提供了一种低成本的网络基础设施，并增加了企业网络功能，扩大了其专用网的范围。VPN技术已经发展了几个阶段。结合相关阶段的技术进行研究，进而展望下一代VPN技术。     

Past, Present, and Future Trends in Software Patterns

For more than a decade, patterns have influenced how software architects and developers create computing systems. Design-focused patterns provide a vocabulary for expressing architectural visions and clear, concise representative designs and detailed implementations. Presenting software pieces in terms of their constituent patterns also lets developers communicate more effectively, with greater conciseness and less ambiguity. Software patterns influence how developers design and implement computing systems. This paper examine the software patterns' past, present, and future trends, which can help developers improve their projects.     

The Past, Present, and Future for Software Architecture

It's been 10 years since David Garlan and Mary Shaw wrote their seminal book Software Architecture Perspective on an Emerging Discipline, since Maarten Boasson edited a special issue of IEEE Software on software architecture, and since the first International Software Architecture Workshop took place. What has happened over these 10 years? What have we learned? Where do we look for information? What's the community around this discipline? And where are we going from here?This article is part of a focus section on software architecture.     

Working Sets Past and Present

A program's working set is the collection of segments (or pages) recently referenced. This concept has led to efficient methods for measuring a program's intrinsic memory demand; it has assisted in undetstanding and in modeling program behavior; and it has been used as the basis of optimal multiprogrammed memory management. The total cost of a working set dispatcher is no larger than the total cost of other common dispatchers. This paper outlines the argument why it is unlikely that anyone will find a cheaper nonlookahead memory policy that delivers significantly better performance.     

From Backpacks to Smartphones: Past, Present, and Future of Wearable Computers

Do smart phones render wearable computers obsolete? Where does the rise of the smart phone leave wearable computing research? We answer these questions by examining past, present, and future of wearable platform research.     

．NET垃圾收集器的过去现在和未来(下)

上期我们已经讨论了.NET垃圾收集器的部分知识,在这里我们将继续与Patrick Dussud一起继续穿梭在.NET垃圾收集器的过去、现在和未来中。     

Foundations of Dynamic Traffic Assignment: The Past,the Present and the Future

Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) has evolved substantially since the pioneering work of Merchant and Nemhauser. Numerous formulations and solutions approaches have been introduced ranging from mathematical programming, to variational inequality, optimal control, and simulation-based. The aim of this special issue is to document the main existing DTA approaches for future reference. This opening paper will summarize the current understanding of DTA, review the existing literature, make the connection to the approaches presented in this special issue, and attempt to hypothesize about the future.     

Software for Hybrid Computation—Past,Present,and Future

To understand and appreciate the various software requirements for a hybrid computer system one must first understand the environment in which the system is used. It may perhaps also be useful to trace the evolution of the analog computer to the hybrid computer–specifically as hardware developments directed software developments.     

Design Automation: Lessons of the Past, Challenges for the Future

Design automation, born to manage the complexity of a dozen or so electronic elements, now handles hundreds of thousands with ease. But its greatest challenges lie ahead.     

实验教学的现状与思考

实验教学的总体性问题是硬实力和软实力问题。基于这两个问题,简单地分析实验教学的现状、存在问题,和结合自己的一些思考,并提出一些肤浅的建议。