The Changing Face of OR Practice Present Indicators and Possible in the UK: Futures

This paper starts by considering some indicators of how OR in the UK has changed in the short term, over the past five years. During this time, Strathclyde University's postgraduate course in OR has included a brief placement for students half-way through the course, in which they spend time with practising OR groups. Students report back on how the group is organised, who its clients are, what sort of work it is doing, methods in common use, and so on. Data have now been gathered from a wide variety of groups throughout Britain. Having discussed the changes reflected in these 'reports from the front', we go on to consider whether they can be seen as harbingers of longer-term shifts in the nature of OR practice, with particular reference to the possible impacts of new Information Technologies on organisations.     

Past, Present, and Future

Thomas L. Friedman. the World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century. N ew York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, 488 pp.

Nicholas G. Carr. Does IT Matter? Information Technology and the Corrosion of Competitive Advantage. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2004, 193 pp.

John Hagel III and John Seely Brown. the Only Sustainable Edge: Why Business Strategy Depends on Productive Friction and Dynamic Specialization. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2005, 218 pp.

John Markoff. What the Dormouse Said. New York: Viking, 2005, 301 pp.     

Expert Systems: Past, Present, and Future

Expert systems recently have become the object of much attention. Many IS researchers, practitioners, and corporate managers are actively involved in the study and application of these systems. This article places this development in perspective, recognizing that business expert systems have been in existence for more than two decades. It reviews the history of expert systems, discusses their current status, and makes predictions about their future. In addition, the article explores assimilation issues, considers hardware and software, reviews the nature of the applications, and highlights application developers.     

计算实验方法的溯源、现状与展望

随着信息技术的发展, 复杂系统越来越多地呈现出社会、物理、信息相融合的特征. 因为这些系统涉及到了人和社会的因素, 其设计、分析、管理、控制和综合等问题正面临前所未有的挑战. 在这种背景下, 计算实验应运而生, 通过“反事实”的算法化, 为量化分析复杂系统提供了一种数字化和计算化方法. 对于计算实验方法的发展现状与未来挑战进行了全面梳理: 首先介绍了计算实验方法的概念起源与应用特征; 然后详细阐述了计算实验的方法框架与关键步骤; 接着展示了计算实验方法的典型应用, 包括现象解释、趋势预测与策略优化; 最后给出了计算实验方法所面临的一些关键问题与挑战. 旨在梳理出计算实验方法的技术框架, 为其快速发展与跨学科应用提供支撑.     

High-Level Synthesis: Past, Present, and Future

Editor's note:This article presents the history and evolution of HLS from research to industry adoption. The authors offer insights on why earlier attempts to gain industry adoption were not successful, why current HLS tools are finally seeing adoption, and what to expect as HLS evolves toward system-level design.—Andres Takach, Mentor Graphics     

Defining Entrepreneurship: Past,Present and?

A definition of entrepreneurship is proposed as follows: Entrepreneurship is the process of doing something new and something different for the purpose of creating wealth for the individual and adding value to society.     

机器翻译研究现状与展望

本文回顾机器翻译研究的历史,介绍典型的机器翻译方法,包括：基于规划、基于统计以及基于实例的机器翻译方法;针对机器翻译的研究现状,详细介绍和分析了基于混合策略的机器翻译方法,对统计以及机器学习方法在机器翻译中的应用进行了描述;论文还介绍了当前机器翻译评测技术;最后对机器翻译进行总结和展望。     

Enterprise Resource Planning: Past,Present, and Future

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to provide a broad overview of the history and development of ERPs and outline recent developments with the advent of digital innovations like cloud computing. The research approach in this article was to review literature from both academic journals and industry reports. The article found that ERPs have changed dramatically from precursor systems like integrated control (IC) packages and material resource planning (MRP) systems. They continue to change with the advent of cloud computing, as well as digital innovations like artificial intelligence. While several articles have addressed the evolution of ERPs, this article’s unique contribution is that it covers the most recent developments, including discussions on cloud ERPs and postmodern ERPs.     

Autonomy for Mars Rovers: Past, Present, and Future

The vehicles used to explore the Martian surface require a high degree of autonomy to navigate challenging and unknown terrain, investigate targets, and detect scientific events. Increased autonomy will be critical to the success of future missions.     

The System Usability Scale: Past,Present, and Future

The System Usability Scale (SUS) is the most widely used standardized questionnaire for the assessment of perceived usability. This review of the SUS covers its early history from inception in the 1980s through recent research and its future prospects. From relatively inauspicious beginnings, when its originator described it as a “quick and dirty usability scale,” it has proven to be quick but not “dirty.” It is likely that the SUS will continue to be a popular measurement of perceived usability for the foreseeable future. When researchers and practitioners need a measure of perceived usability, they should strongly consider using the SUS.     

Understanding the Design Elements Affecting User Acceptance of Intelligent Agents: Past,Present and Future

Information Systems Frontiers - Intelligent agents (IAs) are permeating both business and society. However, interacting with IAs poses challenges moving beyond technological limitations towards the...     

Advances in Social Media Research: Past,Present and Future

Social media comprises communication websites that facilitate relationship forming between users from diverse backgrounds, resulting in a rich social structure. User generated content encourages inquiry and decision-making. Given the relevance of social media to various stakeholders, it has received significant attention from researchers of various fields, including information systems. There exists no comprehensive review that integrates and synthesises the findings of literature on social media. This study discusses the findings of 132 papers (in selected IS journals) on social media and social networking published between 1997 and 2017. Most papers reviewed here examine the behavioural side of social media, investigate the aspect of reviews and recommendations, and study its integration for organizational purposes. Furthermore, many studies have investigated the viability of online communities/social media as a marketing medium, while others have explored various aspects of social media, including the risks associated with its use, the value that it creates, and the negative stigma attached to it within workplaces. The use of social media for information sharing during critical events as well as for seeking and/or rendering help has also been investigated in prior research. Other contexts include political and public administration, and the comparison between traditional and social media. Overall, our study identifies multiple emergent themes in the existing corpus, thereby furthering our understanding of advances in social media research. The integrated view of the extant literature that our study presents can help avoid duplication by future researchers, whilst offering fruitful lines of enquiry to help shape research for this emerging field.     

Working Sets Past and Present

A program's working set is the collection of segments (or pages) recently referenced. This concept has led to efficient methods for measuring a program's intrinsic memory demand; it has assisted in undetstanding and in modeling program behavior; and it has been used as the basis of optimal multiprogrammed memory management. The total cost of a working set dispatcher is no larger than the total cost of other common dispatchers. This paper outlines the argument why it is unlikely that anyone will find a cheaper nonlookahead memory policy that delivers significantly better performance.     

The Past, Present, and Future for Software Architecture

It's been 10 years since David Garlan and Mary Shaw wrote their seminal book Software Architecture Perspective on an Emerging Discipline, since Maarten Boasson edited a special issue of IEEE Software on software architecture, and since the first International Software Architecture Workshop took place. What has happened over these 10 years? What have we learned? Where do we look for information? What's the community around this discipline? And where are we going from here?This article is part of a focus section on software architecture.     

Past, Present, and Future Trends in Software Patterns

For more than a decade, patterns have influenced how software architects and developers create computing systems. Design-focused patterns provide a vocabulary for expressing architectural visions and clear, concise representative designs and detailed implementations. Presenting software pieces in terms of their constituent patterns also lets developers communicate more effectively, with greater conciseness and less ambiguity. Software patterns influence how developers design and implement computing systems. This paper examine the software patterns' past, present, and future trends, which can help developers improve their projects.     

虚拟专用网VPN的前世今生

随着Internet访问的增加。传统的Internet接入服务已越来越满足不了用户需求。因为传统的Internet只提供浏览、电子邮件等单一服务，没有服务质量保证，没有权限和安全机制，界面复杂不易掌握，VPN的提出就是来解决这些问题。VPN的组网方式为企业提供了一种低成本的网络基础设施，并增加了企业网络功能，扩大了其专用网的范围。VPN技术已经发展了几个阶段。结合相关阶段的技术进行研究，进而展望下一代VPN技术。     

From Backpacks to Smartphones: Past, Present, and Future of Wearable Computers

Do smart phones render wearable computers obsolete? Where does the rise of the smart phone leave wearable computing research? We answer these questions by examining past, present, and future of wearable platform research.