加压煮制对干面条煮制品质的影响

加压煮制能够改善干面条煮制品质,但其作用机理还不清楚。研究以小麦和燕麦干面条为实验材料,探究不同的煮制压力对其品质的影响机制。随着煮制压力的增加（常压+0 kPa-常压+60 kPa）,小麦干面条的吸水率增加了55.71%,吸收的水分均以自由水（T23）为主。加压煮制通过快速吸水改善了小麦干面条的感官与质构特性,煮后面条蛋白网络连接点密度降低、蛋白平均长度降低,末端点率、孔隙度和内部糊化程度增加。随着燕麦粉添加量（0%-40%）的增加,燕麦干面条适口性变差;燕麦添加量相同时,加压煮制（常压+60 kPa）比常压煮制T23含量提高了11%;蛋白网络连接点密度增加、孔隙度减小,感官和质构特性得到改善;加压煮制燕麦添加量为30%时干面条品质与常压下燕麦添加量为10%干面条相当。综上,加压煮制可以改善小麦和燕麦干面条的吸水率,提高了煮面效率,改善了干面条煮制品质。     

Cooking quality and sensorial properties of noodle supplemented with oat flour

Effects of oat flour addition (10, 20, 30, and 40%) on the quality characteristics of noodle were investigated. Noodles were evaluated in terms of cooking quality, color, chemical, and sensory properties. As oat flour level increased, protein, crude fat, ash, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Mg contents of noodles increased. Oat flour caused increases in cooking loss of noodles. Sensory and cooking characteristics of noodles were negatively effected when oat flour level was increased compared with the control. Noodle with 10% oat flour received the highest sensory scores in all noodle samples containing oat flour. Overall acceptability scores of control and in only the noodle with 10% oat flour were found statistically (p<0.05) similar. Especially, the usage of 10% oat flour in noodle formulation gave satisfactory results in terms of acceptability.     

Development of gluten-free fresh egg pasta based on oat and teff flour

Due to increased awareness of consumers about the relationship between food and health as well as the requirements of people following a gluten-free diet, the production of cereal products from raw materials other than wheat is of interest. However, the elimination of the visco-elastic gluten protein represents a technological challenge. During this study, response surface methodology was applied to determine optimal formulations for the production of egg pasta from oat and teff flour. Wheat flour was used as a control. The resulting products were characterised regarding firmness and elasticity, stickiness and cooking loss. The results showed that the mechanical texture of oat and teff pasta was comparable to wheat pasta, however, elasticity was significantly reduced. Compositional analysis was carried out on flour raw materials as well as on the final pasta products, showing that regarding fibre and mineral content, oat and teff samples are nutritionally superior to wheat. In addition, the microstructure was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, allowing also the observation of structural changes occurring during cooking. Upon cooking, a distinct outer layer can be observed, resulting from protein denaturation and starch gelatinisation. This structural feature is clearly visible for cooked wheat pasta and but is less apparent for teff and oat pasta.     

Amaranth flour,cassava starch and cassava bagasse in the production of gluten‐free pasta: technological and sensory aspects

The objective of the present research was to analyse the combined effect of pregelatinised cassava starch and bagasse (70:30) flour, cassava starch and amaranth flour on the cooking properties of pasta, verify the acceptance and buying intention of the product with the best technological characteristics, and finally compare them with commercial products made with regular and whole wheat flour. The vermicelli‐type pasta obtained in this study in the proportion of 10:60:30 (pre‐gelatinised flour:cassava starch:amaranth flour) showed the best results in the quality tests, with a cooking time of 3 min, mass increase of 101.5% and 0.6% solids loss to the cooking water, superior to the commercial pasta. Acceptance testing showed that this was a very good pasta (score of 7.2 on a 9‐point scale) and obtained 42% buying intention amongst the consumers. The elaboration of pasta containing pregelatinised cassava starch and bagasse (70:30) flour, cassava starch and amaranth flour was shown to be a feasible alternative with respect to the technological and sensory aspects, and could be consumed by those suffering from gluten intolerance.     

预糊化处理对高含量燕麦挂面品质的影响

为研究燕麦预糊化处理对高含量燕麦挂面品质的影响,本文采用蒸制、挤压膨化和滚筒干燥对燕麦进行预糊化处理,分析不同类型与添加量的预糊化燕麦粉对混合粉(燕麦粉总量为70%)糊化特性及挂面力学特性、蒸煮品质和煮后面条质构特性的影响。结果表明,随着预糊化粉添加量升高,混合粉的室温粘度增大;混合粉的热粘度与蒸制燕麦粉(SOF)添加量成正相关,与挤压预糊化粉(EOF)和滚筒预糊化粉(DOF)添加量成负相关。SOF添加量为70%时,燕麦挂面品质最好;而EOF和DOF添加量为8.75%时,挂面品质最好。相比之下,前者的弹性模量、断裂应力、断裂位移、咀嚼性更大,黏附性、蒸煮损失率更小。综上,添加预糊化粉可以改善挂面品质,采用SOF制备的燕麦挂面品质最佳。     

Effects of protein–lipid and starch–lipid complexes on textural characteristics of extrudates based on wheat flour with the addition of oleic acid

The knowledge of biopolymer changes by extrusion is very important for a wide range of industrial applications that spreads from extruded food to biodegradable packaging. In this article, the formation of starch–lipid and lipid–protein complexes that occurred during the extrusion cooking of wheat flour with the addition of fatty acids was studied. Results showed that the highest barrel temperature (128.3 °C) promoted the formation of starch–lipid complexes in samples made up of wheat starch and wheat flour with the addition of fatty acids. The maximum formation of protein–lipid complexes (68% fatty acid bound to protein) was observed at the highest barrel temperature and water feed content (<22%). This study is a prerequisite for the optimisation of production of expanded extrudates made up of wheat flour and fatty ingredients and for the study of a biodegradable packaging based on by‐product of milling wheat (and fat).     

小麦粉中蛋白质和淀粉含量对面条品质的影响

对小麦粉中的蛋白质和淀粉组分进行了分离,将淀粉含量不同的混合粉制作成面条,分析其质构特性和食用品质。将面条煮制后,对熟面条进行了质构分析,测定了熟面条的硬拉伸性能、剪切性能和蒸煮损失,并进行了感官品质评价。研究结果表明:随着小麦粉中的淀粉含量的增加(蛋白质含量的降低),面条的质构特性、拉伸性能、剪切性能都呈现显著下降的变化趋势(P<0.05),而面条的蒸煮损失显著增加(P<0.05)。此外,面条的感官评价与质构分析的结果相一致。     

糯小麦粉对速冻水饺品质的影响

糯小麦粉中支链淀粉含量很高,糊化特性和冻融稳定性好,在食品加工中应用比较广泛。本试验将糯小麦粉以0%、10%、20%和30%的比例添加到小麦粉中,研究了配粉对速冻水饺蒸煮特性、质构、冻裂率和感官特性的影响。结果表明:2种小麦粉混配后降低了饺皮的蒸煮时间和蒸煮损失率。随着糯小麦粉添加量的增加,速冻水饺冻裂率显著降低。糯小麦粉的添加使得生饺皮的强韧性增加,一定比例的添加有利于饺皮煮后TPA特性的改善。在速冻水饺的感官上,糯小麦粉的添加使得水饺在口感上有所提高,但在外观上得分较对照组低。随着冻融循环次数的增加,添加了糯小麦粉的速冻水饺品质比较稳定,能够较好地保持产品食用价值。最适添加量为20%。     

Effect of Pleurotus eryngii Mushroom β‐Glucan on Quality Characteristics of Common Wheat Pasta

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of β‐glucan‐rich fractions (BGRFs) from Pleurotus eryngii mushroom powder on the quality, textural properties, and sensory evaluation of common wheat pasta. Pasta was prepared from semolina flour and common wheat flour by replacing common wheat flour at 2%, 4%, and 6% with BGRFs. Semolina flour showed significantly higher viscosities than common wheat flour samples. However, all viscosities, except the breakdown viscosity, were reduced with increasing percentages of BGRFs. Replacement of the common wheat flour with BGRFs resulted in a reddish brown colored pasta with a lower L* value and a higher a* value. The common wheat pastas containing up to 4% BGRFs were not significantly different from semolina pasta with regard to cooking loss. Addition of up to 2% BGRFs had no significant impact on swelling index and water absorption. The addition of BGRFs in common wheat flour had a positive effect on the quality of common wheat pasta and resulted in hardness values similar to those of semolina pasta. In a sensory evaluation, cooked pasta with 2% BGRFs had the highest overall acceptability score. In summary, the results showed that common wheat flour containing 4% BGRFs could be used to produce pasta with an improved quality and texture properties similar to semolina pasta.     

Effects of high temperature,high humidity,and cold storage on structure and qualities of whole oat flour noodles during processing

Gelation and structure of oat starch significantly affect qualities of whole oat flour noodles. During extrusion, the structure of noodles is loose, resulting in high cooking loss and poor texture. Therefore, oat noodles were treated with high temperature, high humidity (HTH), and cold storage (CS), and their structure and qualities were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CS, HTH could reduce the cooking loss of noodles from 10.12% to 6.13%, increase the hardness (65.59 g) and chewiness (20.67) of noodles, and effectively improve the sensory quality of noodles. The change in texture and sensory of noodles was due to HTH by accelerating the retrogradation of starch in noodles, promoting the cross-linking of starch molecules to form an ordered structure, causing an increase in the ordered degree and crystallinity of starch and making the structure of noodles denser. It made the mobility of water in the noodles decrease, and more tightly bound water was transformed into weakly bound water and free water. HTH can be applied to industrial production of whole oat flour noodles. This study could effectively guide the production of high-quality whole oat flour noodles without any food additives.     

小米粉含量对小米小麦混合粉及其挂面品质特性的影响研究

将小米粉按照10%~80%的比例添加到小麦粉中,对小米小麦混合粉的粉质特性和糊化特性进行了分析,同时对由混合粉制作成的挂面的品质特性进行了分析研究。结果表明:1)随着小米粉添加量的增加,小米小麦混合粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、回生值、衰减值和峰值时间都在降低,形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数都是先降低再升高。2)挂面蒸煮损失率不断升高,干物质吸水率不断下降。小米添加量≤30%时,挂面品质比较好,添加量≤60%时,品质尚可,添加量60%时,挂面品质下降比较大。3)小米粉的添加量、小米小麦混合粉的RVA特性、粉质特性与混合粉挂面的蒸煮品质特性有非常高的相关性。     

Effect of durum flour enrichment with chickpea flour on the characteristics of dough and lasagne

The ability of chickpea flour to enrich pasta products (e.g. lasagne) was studied. In addition, the influence of protein and other components upon the rheological properties of the dough and the cooking quality of the wheat–chickpea blends was determined. Supplementing lasagne with 5–20% w/w chickpea flour improves the physical characteristics of dough, which achieves optimum strength and extensible properties thus allowing the lasagne to maintain a firm and elastic form. Organoleptic properties (colour, flavour and overall acceptability) improved with a low proportion of chickpea flour, especially for 5% w/w substitution. For supplementation ≥ 30%, while the content of the total protein increased along with the level of fortification, lasagne processing, handling and cooking characteristics deteriorated proportionally. This could be attributed primarily to the gluten fraction, which decreases upon being diluted by the added chickpea protein. The rheological properties of high supplemented dough products (30–50% w/w) have low extensograph values and the lasagne obtained has a brown colour and a soft mushy taste that is unacceptable to consumers. So, durum wheat flour can carry 5–10% (w/w) of chickpea flour and still meet the specification of pasta products in terms of firmness, cooking quality and sensory evaluation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of defatted almond flour on cooking,chemical and sensorial properties of gluten‐free fresh pasta

The aim of this work was to analyse the influence of defatted almond flour on soya bean‐based gluten‐free pasta. Optimal cooking time of pasta varied between 2.0 and 3.5 min, while cooking loss ranged 6.1% and 19.7%. The total protein content of samples varied from 30.4% to 41.0% (dry basis, db) in cooked pasta. The total phenols content of cooked samples varied between 1.66 and 2.99 mg ellagic acid equivalent/g, while the antioxidant activity (DPPH?) ranged between 19.1% and 41.9%. The sensory test showed no significant differences between the formulated pasta samples among brightness (3.20–3.27), surface appearance (1.14–1.20), hardness (2.14–2.36) and elasticity (1.56–1.71). Pasta developed is an innovative product that improves nutritional and functional properties of gluten‐free pasta compared to gluten‐free and traditional wheat flour pasta available on market.     

Effect of extraction rate of wheat flour on the quality of vermicelli

In order to develop newer varieties of vermicelli with improved nutritional quality, studies were carried out on the quality of vermicelli as influenced by different extraction rate of wheat flour, from 66% to 100%. Chemical and rheological studies carried out showed considerable variation among the flours. With increase in extraction rate, the water absorption of the vermicelli dough increased from 35% to 42.5%. There was no significant difference in the colour of vermicelli when extraction rate was increased from 66% to 80%. However, a further increase made the vermicelli more brownish. The cooking quality of vermicelli made from different extraction rate flour of wheat showed reductions in cooked weight from 420% to 315%, and increase in solid loss during cooking from 8% to 10.5%, with increase in extraction rate. The solid loss during cooking was reduced by the addition of 0.25% glycerol mono-stearate and 0.25% of sodium stearoyl lactylate, whereas the water uptake increased. Addition of 2% gluten strengthened the strands and reduced surface stickiness. The results show the possibility of making vermicelli from either 100% extraction rate flour or whole-wheat flour, which could be a product of better nutritional value.     

木薯全粉面条配方的优化

以华南9号木薯全粉替代小麦面粉为原料,辅以谷朊粉、黄原胶、乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯等改良剂制备木薯全粉面条,通过单因素和正交实验优化木薯全粉面条配方,考察指标包括感官评价、断条率及蒸煮损失率。确定木薯全粉面条的最佳配方为:谷朊粉用量6%(g/100 g木薯全粉),黄原胶用量1.5%,乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯用量9%,食盐用量1%,热水(95±2) ℃用量为56%(g/100 g总原料粉)。用最佳配方制作面条,氢氰酸未检出,食用安全;熟断条率为0%,蒸煮损失率为7.8%,均符合挂面行业标准(LS/T 3212-2014)指标要求,表明使用木薯全粉制作面条技术是可行的。     

苦荞超微粉对苦荞小麦混合粉及其挂面品质的影响

将普通苦荞粉,苦荞超微粉A和B按照5%~30%的比例添加到小麦粉中,对苦荞小麦混合粉的面团粉质特性及其挂面的感官品质、蒸煮品质及质构特性进行了研究,结果表明:与普通粉相比,添加苦荞超微粉的混合粉面团的吸水率增加,面团形成时间和稳定时间缩短,弱化度值升高,粉质指数降低;添加苦荞超微粉提高了挂面的感官品质;添加量在15%以下时,添加苦荞普通粉制作的面条煮熟增重率较高,添加量在15%~30%时,添加苦荞超微粉A制作的面条煮熟增重率较高,而添加量在5%~30%时,添加苦荞超微粉A制作的面条煮熟的干物质损失率最低;苦荞粉超微处理增加了苦荞挂面的坚实度和剪切功,面条咀嚼性和韧性增强。小麦粉中添加20%苦荞超微粉A时制作的挂面韧性,口感良好。     

添加发芽小麦对小麦粉及制品品质影响

在小麦中添加不同比例的发芽小麦,研究对小麦、小麦粉品质特性及食用品质的影响。选择发芽小麦按照不同比例(1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%)与正常小麦进行混合,研究发芽小麦不同添加比例对小麦及小麦粉品质特性产生的影响,并对不同添加比例发芽小麦粉制作的馒头和面条食用品质进行评价。结果表明:随着发芽小麦比例含量的增加,混合小麦及小麦粉品质特性指标中除降落数值逐渐减少,其他特性指标与正常小麦相比较无明显变化。对馒头和面条进行蒸煮实验评价,可以看出当发芽小麦含量不超过15%时,对其食用品质无明显影响,但当发芽小麦含量超过20%时,馒头出现粘牙,当发芽小麦含量超过15%时,面条韧性下降,食用品质受到影响,评分值均在80分以下。     

Towards the development of peanut–wheat flour composite dough: Influence of reduced‐fat peanut flour on bread quality

The effect of partial substitution of wheat flour with reduced‐fat peanut flour at different levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) on physical parameters, proximate composition, sensory profile, and shelf stability of bread were investigated. Loaf volume, specific volume, and crumb density were significantly (p ≤ .05) reduced with increasing level of substitution with the peanut flour. Peanut flour had significant (p ≤ .05) improvement on the protein content and reduction in carbohydrate content of loaves. Consumers preferred the taste aroma and color of the peanut–wheat flour composite loaves at ≥20% peanut flour inclusion. Freshly baked composite peanut–wheat bread loaves with 10% level of peanut substitution had higher overall acceptability than 100% wheat flour formulation but less microbial stability during storage. Reduced fat‐peanut has potential application for improving the nutritional quality and shelf stability of wheat flour bread.

Practical applications

The demand for convenient alternative to conventional foods is on the increase with the dynamics of the world's social values, lifestyles, and demographic trends. Having peanut incorporated into dough (as one food system) will offer convenience to consumer and therefore add value to bread variety on market shelves. Assessing the influence of the peanut flour on bread quality provides first‐hand information that can facilitate optimization of the baking process toward commercial production of peanut–wheat flour bread.     

Inhibition of Fusarium graminearum growth in flour gel cultures by hexane-soluble compounds from oat (Avena sativa L.) flour

Fusarium head blight, incited by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, primarily affects wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgarum), while oat (Avena sativa) appears to be more resistant. Although this has generally been attributed to the open panicle of oats, we hypothesized that a chemical component of oats might contribute to this resistance. To test this hypothesis, we created culture media made of wheat, barley, and oat flour gels (6 g of flour in 20 ml of water, gelled by autoclaving) and inoculated these with plugs of F. graminearum from actively growing cultures. Fusarium growth was measured from the diameter of the fungal plaque. Plaque diameter was significantly smaller on oat flour cultures than on wheat or barley cultures after 40 to 80 h of growth. Ergosterol concentration was also significantly lower in oat cultures than in wheat cultures after growth. A hexane extract from oats added to wheat flour also inhibited Fusarium growth, and Fusarium grew better on hexane-defatted oat flour. The growth of Fusarium on oat flour was significantly and negatively affected by the oil concentration in the oat, in a linear relationship. A hexane-soluble chemical in oat flour appears to inhibit Fusarium growth and might contribute to oat's resistance to Fusarium head blight. Oxygenated fatty acids, including hydroxy, dihydroxy, and epoxy fatty acids, were identified in the hexane extracts and are likely candidates for causing the inhibition.     

Effects of hydrocolloids on chemical properties and cooking quality of gluten‐free spaghetti

The effects of different hydrocolloids on chemical composition and cooking quality of spaghetti based on maize and oat flours were investigated. Rheological and texture properties of the gluten‐free dough were also assessed. Amount of 2% of gellan gum, carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, agar, egg protein powder, tapioca starch, guar seed flour and chitosan were separately added to the formulation. The samples enriched with hydrocolloids generally showed a different rheological behaviour compared with the control samples. As regards chemical composition, spaghetti with chitosan showed a value of insoluble dietary fibres (8.0%) higher than the control ones (3.9%). Moreover, results highlighted that most hydrocolloids improved cooking quality and texture properties of spaghetti (adhesiveness, cooking loss, hardness), thus supporting their application in gluten‐free pasta.