多功能空调热水器最佳制冷剂充注量的实验与分析

本文提出了一种新型双节流储液器,该装置可以自动调节系统的制冷剂循环量,使得多功能空调热水器能够在多种模式下稳定运行。依据于COP最大的原则,通过实验确定了多功能空调热水器在夏天单独制冷和制冷兼制热水两种模式下制冷剂的最佳充注量,实验结果表明本装置在室外环境温度为32±1℃时,夏季单独制冷、制冷兼制热水两种模式下的最佳充注量分别为6.5 kg、7.5 kg,相应的最大COP分别为3.80、5.88。当制冷剂充注量发生变化时,通过调节系统的节流阀,能够使系统的COP接近于制冷剂最佳充注量所能达到的效果。另外,考察了最佳充注量下节流阀开度对COP、过冷度及过热度的影响,当制冷剂充注量相同,制冷兼制热水模式的COP和制冷量与单独制冷模式的相比,前者更大些。实验结果显示了双节流储液器对制冷剂循环量具有调节作用,达到了节能的效果。     

制冷剂充注量对冷藏车用制冷机组性能的影响

为了研究制冷剂充注量对冷藏车用制冷机组性能的影响,在数值模拟得到的制冷剂标准充注量的基础上,试验研究制冷剂充注量对压缩机吸/排气压力、吸/排气温度、蒸发器出口过热度、冷凝器出口过冷度及制冷能力的影响。研究表明,数值模拟方法得到的制冷剂标准充注量适用于实际制冷机组。     

家用空调系统制冷剂充注量的研究

对1台制冷量为2.5kW的家用空调器进行研究,建立该空调器稳态分布参数仿真模型。研究系统中各部件的制冷剂分布情况：冷凝器中制冷剂分布最多,随着充注量的增大,冷凝器中制冷剂量增大,份额由38.6%变化到62.1%,而其他部件中制冷剂量基本保持不变。从各部件充注量变化的角度分析充注量与系统其他参数之间的关系：当充注量增加时,系统冷凝温度、冷凝压力、排气温度、过冷度增加,蒸发压力略有下降,质量流量减小,COP值先增后减。重点研究充注量、COP和过冷度3者的平衡关系。     

基于实车台架的车用空调系统制冷剂充注量试验研究

提出在实车台架上确定车用空调系统的制冷剂充注量试验方法,并以某车型的R134a车用空调系统为例,测试其冷凝器过冷度、蒸发器过热度、压缩机吸气压力以及排气压力,得到R134a充注量合适范围为475~550 g,最终确定为520 g±20 g。该试验方法为当前车用空调系统制冷剂充注量的确定提供参考,从而有效缩短产品开发周期和试验成本。     

空调性能最佳状态点的匹配研究

为了匹配空调性能的最佳状态点,本文选用1台制冷量为5.15 kW的空调机组,实验研究了空调系统的充注量、过冷度和蒸发器出口过热度对系统制冷量及能效的影响,并提出了SH-Q、SC-EER、SC-Q、SH-EER理论匹配曲线,通过曲线匹配出空调系统的最佳状态点。实现最佳状态点匹配的途径可分为两部分：1）首次充注制冷剂充注量,根据匹配曲线找到系统最适宜的蒸发过热度和冷凝过冷度;2）根据蒸发过热度及冷凝过冷度,调整充注量和节流强度,匹配出空调系统制冷能效的最佳状态点。实验研究了蒸发过热度为0~18 ℃、过冷度为0~9 ℃时空调性能的变化规律,根据匹配曲线得到系统匹配的最佳状态点,即最适宜的过热度、过冷度分别为1.3 ℃、6 ℃,对应的制冷能效为2.94,与实验区间最小值2.64相比增加了11.4%。     

充注量对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

本文通过实验比较了热泵热水器在不同制冷剂充注量下的制热性能和电子膨胀阀的调节特性,定量研究了电子膨胀阀调节方式对制热性能的影响。结果表明:阀开度16%和定过热度10℃工况下的最佳充注量均为1.1 kg,相应的最佳整体制热性能COP_a分别为3.05和3.68;过大的充注量降低了制热性能和电子膨胀阀的调节范围;与阀开度调节相比,过热度调节可避免吸气带液的发生;在最佳充注量下,对比阀开度和过热度两种电子膨胀阀调节方式得出,后者制热性能更优。     

制冷剂充注量对新型换热器汽车空调的影响

为了减少R134a的直接排放,各厂商积极采用新型高效换热器来减少汽车空调系统的充注量.在焓差试验台研究传统汽车空调和采用微通道蒸发器和过冷式冷凝器的汽车空调系统的充注量情况,结果表明新型换热器能够显著降低系统的制冷剂充注量,并且在最佳充注量下,蒸发器能够保证一定的过热度,冷凝器出口有足够的过冷度,使系统运行性能最优.采用新型换热器系统的制冷量提高了18％左右,COP提升了约5％,最佳充注量反而比传统系统小100g,.     

带废热回收的家用热泵热水装置实验研究

为回收家庭洗浴废水中的废热,提高能源利用率,本文设计了一种带废热回收的热泵热水装置,并通过搭建实验台研究了该装置制取热水的循环性能。在进水温度为16℃,出水温度为36～46℃时进行实验测试,研究制热量、制热COP、压缩机功率、出水量等参数随出水温度和制冷剂充注量的变化规律。实验结果表明:适当提高制冷剂充注量有利于制热量、制热COP的稳定,在最小的制冷剂充注量为1.4 kg时,获得最大制热量为7.9 k W,制热COP为7.7;在出水温度为36～46℃,随出水温度的升高,压缩机功率增大,出水体积流量下降。该装置能够有效回收废水中的热量,制热量稳定在约7.5 k W,制热COP大于6.0。     

基于R600/R290混合制冷剂的立式冷冻箱的降温能力试验研究

为优化以混合制冷剂为工质的立式冷冻箱制冷系统降温能力,对使用R600/R290混合制冷剂的立式冷冻箱在32℃环境温度下进行降温能力试验,研究混合制冷剂充注量、制冷剂各组分配比、毛细管流量及风机转速对其性能的影响.结果 表明:混合制冷剂充注量过大会削弱制冷系统降温能力,并使压缩机功率增加;增大毛细管流量、风机转速及混合制...     

应用模糊评价方法确定一拖多空调器制冷剂充注量

本文用模糊综合评价方法,优选出一拖多空调器的最佳制冷剂充注量方案,并在该最佳制冷剂充注方案下计算一拖多空调器的制冷剂充注量,然后通过实验证明充注量的合理性.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...