柠条燃烧特性及燃烧动力学研究

应用热分析仪对柠条生物质燃料的燃烧过程进行分析,研究颗粒度、升温速率和风量对燃烧特性与动力学参数的影响。结果表明:(1)颗粒度为0.16 mm试样在升温速率为20 K/min,风量为40 mL/min的工况下,着火温度为221.1℃,最大燃烧速率温度为336.2℃,燃尽温度为559.4℃,最大燃烧速率0.6 mg/min,平均燃烧速率为0.129mg/min,相对于10 K/min和30 K/min升温速率,20 K/min工况下的燃料动力学参数最优,活化能为39.094 kJ/mol,频率因子为2.175×10~7L/min;(2)升温速率的增大会使平均燃烧速率和燃烧特性指数增大,着火温度降低;风量对燃烧速率无影响,但较大风量不利于挥发分析出和燃烧稳定性;颗粒度对挥发分析出有显著影响,颗粒度较大时需较高升温速率和风量才可充分燃烧,而颗粒度较小时即使风量较小也能充分燃烧。     

城市生活垃圾燃烧特性的实验研究

分析研究生活垃圾的燃烧特性,通过实验分析垃圾的燃烧热值、着火温度、燃尽温度、失重速率等燃烧特性参数,并计算各种生活垃圾活化能。     

几种生物质的TG-DTG分析及其燃烧动力学特性研究

采用热重分析技术对木屑、麦秆、玉米秆和玉米芯4种生物质的燃烧特性进行了研究,考察了其着火、燃尽特性和综合燃烧特性,研究了升温速率对生物质燃烧特性的影响,同时在热天平上对其进行了动力学试验研究.研究表明:生物质燃烧过程大致可以分为3个阶段,即水分析出阶段、挥发分析出燃烧阶段、固定碳燃烧与燃尽阶段:生物质具有着火温度低、燃尽温度低、燃尽率高等优点;随着升温速率的提高,着火温度、各试样挥发分最大释放速率、燃尽温度均呈升高趋势,燃烧特性随升温速率的提高而变好.采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对生物质燃烧动力学参数的研究表明,生物质具有较低的活化能,有利于点燃.     

不同升温速率脱脂餐厨垃圾燃烧特性及动力学研究

利用热重分析法和Coats-Redfern积分法,对不同升温速率下脱脂餐厨垃圾的燃烧特性进行研究,得出各试样的着火温度、燃尽温度及综合燃烧特性指数,并通过燃烧动力学分析得到各试样的活化能。实验结果表明,燃烧温度从室温升至1000℃时,脱脂餐厨垃圾燃烧过程可分为3个失重阶段:水分析出阶段、挥发分析出及燃烧阶段和固定碳燃烧阶段;升温速率对脱脂餐厨垃圾最大失重率以及燃烧特性指数等燃烧特性参数都有显著影响。根据Coats-Redfern积分法计算结果,脱脂餐厨垃圾在空气氛围下的燃烧反应不能单纯用一级反应来描述,低温和高温阶段的活化能分别为63.4~77.83 kJ/mol和78.63~94.58 kJ/mol。     

陕西主要动力煤种燃烧特性的热天平研究

为了研究分析陕西主要煤种的燃烧特性,采用德国NETZSCH STA-409PC型热重分析仪分析了样品质量、升温速率、粒径对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。实验结果表明,随着粒径的减小,神木烟煤的燃烧性能先增强后变弱,粒径75～90μm左右燃烧特性最好。升温速率、样品质量对煤粉的燃烧特性也有影响。随着升温速率的提高,煤粉的着火温度升高,最大失重速率增大,最大失重速率对应的温度升高;随着质量的增加,煤粉的着火温度略有降低,燃尽温度却逐渐增大,最大失重速率明显增大,放热效应的最大温度点逐渐增大,并且煤粉挥发分燃烧低温放热与固定碳燃烧高温放热有一定的分期。     

U-GAS气化炉高碳飞灰燃烧特性

采用热天平研究了U-GAS气化炉高碳飞灰燃烧特性,考察了灰分以及不同升温速率对飞灰燃烧特性的影响,探讨了飞灰造粒后应用于流化床锅炉燃烧的可行性.结果表明:与入炉煤粉相比,飞灰着火温度高、燃尽时间长、反应性较差;飞灰中灰分对飞灰燃烧性能和反应性能产生不利影响;随着升温速率增大,飞灰着火温度及燃尽温度升高,燃尽时间缩短,反应性增强;造粒后飞灰颗粒着火温度、燃尽温度均与煤粉接近,且它们的燃烧温度区域基本重合,颗粒可用于流化床锅炉燃烧.     

石灰立窑代焦型煤燃烧特性的实验研究

在SDTQ600差热-热重联用仪上对石灰立窑代焦型煤试样进行了热重分析,研究了不同升温速率对其燃烧特性的影响,并以5℃/min的升温速率将型煤、焦炭和无烟煤块煤试样进行对比。利用马弗炉研究了单颗粒代焦型煤的燃烧速率。结果表明,代焦型煤的燃烧过程经历了干燥预热、挥发份析出、碳粒燃烧和残碳燃尽4个阶段;随着升温速率的增加,代焦型煤燃烧各阶段的反应时间缩短,反应速率加快;当升温速率由5℃/min提高至10和15℃/min时,代焦型煤的着火时间由28.12min下降至14.01和10.13min,其燃尽时间也由36.82min下降至27.59和22.47min。通过对比,型煤在着火、稳燃性能及综合燃烧特性方面最好,而燃尽性能居中;代焦型煤、焦炭与无烟煤块煤3种试样的综合燃烧指数分别为53.25×10-9、30.14×10-9和11.53×10-9。燃烧温度对型煤燃烧速率影响较小,而型煤尺寸对后期燃烧速率影响较明显,减小型煤尺寸可增大燃烧速率;相同条件下,代焦型煤的燃烧速率低于焦炭而高于无烟煤块煤。实验结果可为石灰立窑型煤代焦提供指导。     

厨余垃圾及其水热炭燃烧特性与动力学研究

采用热重分析法研究厨余垃圾及其水热炭的燃烧特性与反应动力学。对比分析厨余垃圾及其水热炭在3种不同升温速率(10、20、40℃/min)下的燃烧特性,分别采用KAS(Kissiger-Akahira-Sunose)法和FWO(Flynn-Wall-Ozawa)法计算燃烧过程中反应动力学参数。结果表明:20℃/min升温速率下,厨余垃圾与水热炭呈现不同的燃烧特性,厨余垃圾微分热重(DTG)曲线呈明显的双峰结构,而随着炭化温度的升高,水热炭DTG曲线第1个峰逐渐变缓,最后消失。随着升温速率的增大,各样品DTG曲线整体向高温侧偏移,着火温度和燃尽温度升高,燃烧特性指数增大。KAS法和FWO法求得的各样品燃烧活化能均具有相似变化趋势,因挥发分含量减少及固定碳含量增加,厨余水热炭热值增大,燃烧过程中平均活化能高于厨余垃圾。     

油页岩干馏残渣与玉米秸秆混烧特性

利用热重分析仪对汪清油页岩干馏残渣、玉米秸秆及二者不同比例的混合物进行了不同升温速率下的燃烧特性实验,得到了燃烧特性曲线并求解了燃烧特性参数.研究结果表明,玉米秸秆的燃烧特性明显优于油页岩干馏残渣,油页岩干馏残渣中掺入玉米秸秆后,着火温度、燃尽温度提前,综合燃烧特性得到改善;混合物的综合燃烧特性指数随升温速率的升高而增...     

煤燃烧特征温度与变质程度的关系

通过热重燃烧实验和煤岩镜质体反射率实验,研究了煤燃烧着火温度、峰值温度和燃尽温度与反映煤变质程度的干燥无灰基挥发分质量分数w(Vdaf)和碳质量分数w(Cdaf)的关系,探讨了燃烧速率峰的相对位置与变质程度的关系.结果表明:在程序升温条件下,煤着火温度随变质程度的加深呈现逐渐升高的趋势,而峰值温度、燃尽温度与着火温度均呈现较好的线性关系,相关系数R2分别为0.961 4和0.956 6;煤燃烧速率峰的相对位置较好地反映了变质程度的高低,变质程度高的煤,其燃烧失重曲线和燃烧速率峰相对位置均处于高温段,变质程度低的煤,其燃烧失重曲线和燃烧速率峰相对位置均位于低温段.     

甲烷火焰中氢气对着火与燃尽的影响

利用化学反应动力学机理研究了甲烷－空气预混火焰添加H2的着火和燃尽特性。通过分析计算,讨论了氢气对甲烷燃烧过程及着火温度、燃烧速率、燃尽时间的影响。结果表明,甲烷火焰中少量氢气的存在不仅可以降低甲烷的着火温度,而且可以显著增大燃烧速率,缩短燃尽时间,这些结果与已有的实验结果吻合。     

某秸秆电站燃料的燃烧特性实验研究

用热重分析法对华北地区某秸秆电站2种主要燃料(小麦、玉米)的燃烧过程及其动力学规律的进行了实验研究。并分析了生物质直燃锅炉积灰结渣严重的原因。实验中以20℃/min的升温速率分别对小麦和玉米秸杆进行了空气气氛下的燃烧实验,得到了反映2种生物质秸秆燃烧过程的燃烧特征参数。结果表明,2种秸秆在不同的燃烧区间的燃烧动力学参数有较大差别。     

Kinetic and experimental characterizations of biomass pyrolysis in granulated blast furnace slag

With the objective of abating the energy crisis and greenhouse gas emissions, biomass pyrolysis to recover waste heat from granulated blast furnace (BF) slag was investigated via thermogravimetric and continuous fixed-bed experiments. The results showed that the mass conversion of biomass pyrolysis increased with the increasing heating rate. At the same time, a higher gas yield and lower heating value (LHV) and concentrations of H₂ and CO were obtained with the increasing temperature. Granulated BF slag can promote the pyrolysis and reforming of biomass tar, increasing the gas yield and LHV and H₂ concentration. Thus, granulated BF slag not only provided heat for the pyrolysis reaction but also promoted the pyrolysis and reforming of biomass tar, which might block and corrode pipes in practical production. The shrinking core model (R2) selected using a two-step calculation method interpreted the biomass pyrolysis in granulated BF slag. The reaction activation energy ranged from 60.743 kJ/mol to 65.963 kJ/mol as the heating rate decreased from 40 K/min to 10 K/min.     

神华煤液化残渣的热解特性

在TGA/SDTA851热重分析仪上,以N_2为载气,在气体流速为20 mL/min,升温速率分别为20℃/min、40℃/min、60℃/min和80℃/min,终温1100℃的条件下,进行了煤液化残渣的热解特性研究实验,得到了不同升温速率下神华煤液化残渣热解的TG和DTG曲线,表明神华煤液化残渣的热解是分两步进行的．在低温段主要是神华煤液化残渣中挥发性的气体溢出引起热解失重,在低温度段180～450℃,挥发分迅速释放；高温段则主要是一些高分子有机质的热解过程．此外,研究了粒径对热解特性的影响．研究发现,随着粒径的增加,残渣的最大挥发分释放速率逐渐减小,而最大挥发分释放速率对应的温度逐渐增加．利用Freeman-Carroll法得到煤液化残渣的动力学参数,为煤液化残渣的有效和经济利用提供理论依据．     

Ni-YSZ cermets for solid oxide fuel cell anodes via two-step firing

The electrochemical performance and dimensional stability of Ni-YSZ cermets, conventionally used as solid oxide fuel cell anodes, depend strongly on their microstructure and therefore fabrication conditions. This work was focused on the assessment of a less common two-step firing procedure for fabrication of Ni-YSZ cermets with comparatively low nickel fraction of 30 vol.%. The impact of different firing parameters including peak temperature (1623–1723 K), heating/cooling rate (4–10 K/min), and isothermal treatment temperature (1473–1573 K) and time (2–8 h), on the porosity and electrical conductivity of cermets was assessed employing Taguchi experimental planning. The applied procedure yielded Ni-YSZ composites with porosity 26–35% and electrical conductivity ranging from 170 to 420 S/cm at 873–1173 K in 10%H₂–N₂ atmosphere. Microstructural studies indicated that the conductivity is determined mainly by Ni particle size distribution. Analysis of results suggests that, for the studied range of sintering parameters, a higher peak temperature and ramp rate are favorable for the improvement of conductivity, whereas isothermal dwell temperature and time have a rather minor effect on the conductivity level.     

Rice straw as a bio-oil source via pyrolysis and steam pyrolysis

The pyrolysis of rice straw was studied to estimate the effect of pyrolysis conditions on product yields and bio-oil composition when the heating rate was 5 K/min. Pyrolysis temperature, particle size, sweeping gas flow rate and steam velocity were the experimental parameters. Among the four pyrolysis temperatures; namely, 673, 773, 823 and 973 K; 823 K gave the highest bio-oil yield of 27.26%. Six different particle sizes were examined and sample having a particle size of 0.425<D_p<0.85 mm had a bio-oil yield of 27.77%. Nitrogen was used as the sweeping gas with the flow rates of either 50, 100, 200 and 400 ml/min and the highest bio-oil yield was obtained when flow rate was 200 ml/min. The bio-oil yield reached a maximum value of 35.86% with the steam velocity of 2.7 cm/s. Liquid products obtained from pyrolysis, inert atmosphere pyrolysis and steam pyrolysis were then fractionated into aspalthanes and maltanes. The aliphatic subfraction obtained by column chromatography was then analysed by GC/MS. For further structural analysis, the pyrolysis oils were conducted with ¹H-NMR, oils and aliphatic subfractions with FT-IR. The chemical characterisation has shown that the oil obtained from rice straw may be potentially valuable as fuel and chemicals feedstocks.     

Kinetic modeling and optimization of biomass pyrolysis for bio-oil production

Thermo-kinetic models for biomass pyrolysis were simulated under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions to predict the optimum parameters for bio-oil production. A comparative study for wood, sewage sludge, and newspaper print pyrolysis was conducted. The models were numerically solved by using the fourth order Runge–Kutta method in Matlab-7. It was also observed that newspaper print acquired least pyrolysis time to attain optimum bio-oil yield followed by wood and sewage sludge under the identical conditions of temperature and heating rate. Thus, at 10 K/min, the optimum pyrolysis time was 21.0, 23.8, and 42.6 min for newspaper print, wood, and sewage sludge, respectively, whereas the maximum bio-oil yield predicted was 68, 52, and 36%, respectively.     

Producing Bio-oil from Olive Cake by Fast Pyrolysis

Abstract

This article reports on physico-chemical properties of olive cakes to evaluate them as a raw material in energy production through thermo-chemical pyrolysis conversion process. The present study focuses on the actions related to the possibilities to utilize in particularly olive cake as an agricultural residue. Olive cake is a very promising material for the production of bio-oil. Liquid, solid, and gaseous products were obtained from olive cake by pyrolysis. If the purpose were to maximize the yield of liquid products resulting from biomass pyrolysis, a low temperature, high heating rate, and short gas residence time process would be required. Flash pyrolysis gives high oil yields. The heating was carried out from 298 K to 1,050 K in the absence of oxygen. The yields of liquid products were obtained from the olive cake by pyrolysis for the runs of different heating rates: 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s. The highest bio-oil yields from the olive cakes were 31.0% at 700 K, 36.0% at 700 K, and 41.0% at 700 K obtained from 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s heating rate runs, respectively. The highest bio-oil yields olive stone shells were 27.0% at 700 K, 31.0% at 700 K, and 34.5% at 750 K obtained from 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s heating rate runs, respectively.     

松木颗粒热解与高温蒸汽气化半焦产率及形貌特征分析

以成型松木颗粒为原料,进行低温热解,研究了热解温度和升温速率对生成的松木半焦产率及官能团的影响。以试验得到的松木半焦进行蒸汽气化试验,对比分析了温度对半焦重整气化形貌特征、比表面积和平均孔径的影响。研究表明：随着热解温度升高,松木半焦脂肪族结构峰消失转化为烃等小分子物质及气化气,进而降低半焦产率。升温速率升高,半焦产率呈先下降后升高的趋势,在800℃升温速率为30K/min时半焦产率最低。不同温度热解和蒸汽气化对比试验表明,温度相对较低时（500℃）热解和蒸汽气化半焦孔隙结构相近,随着温度的升高,蒸汽气化半焦结构发生明显变化,900°C时出现了更小的孔道结构且比表面积增加明显。蒸汽引入使松木半焦和水蒸气发生热解反应的同时发生了脱氢反应,气化半焦形貌出现熔融和烧结现象。     

Transient behaviour of a small methanol reformer for fuel cell during hydrogen production after cold start

The cold start transient characteristics of a small methanol reformer for a fuel cell were investigated. The main parameters studied were the oxygen to methanol mol ratio (O/C), fuel supply rate, heating power and heating temperature. The composition of the gas produced by the reformer was analysed. The main aim of this paper was to determine a favorable combination of the parameters for obtaining rapid hydrogen production during the transient behaviour of the reformer.A small methanol reformer with fuel, air and water injectors, heaters and a catalyst was constructed. Vaporised methanol was injected into the reformer, which then flowed into the catalyst. For the purpose of enhancing the response of the cold start transient reaction, eight glow plugs were mounted at the inlet of the catalyst to control the flow temperature together with the adjustment of the oxygen to methanol mol ratio.The best response from cold start was obtained with 960 W heating power, 80 °C heating temperature, 14 mL/min methanol and 70 L/min air supply rates among the experimented parameters. Under this operation setting, hydrogen was produced after 220 s from cold start with the production rate stabilising after 4–5 min and eventually reaching the highest concentration at 350 °C. Generally, hydrogen commenced production at a catalyst outlet temperature of 100 °C and stabilised at 350 °C.