316L不锈钢25～300℃动态拉伸及流变应力计算

通过动态拉伸试验和断口形貌分析,探讨316L不锈钢可膨胀筛管基管在25～300℃的井下温度场范围内的动态应力-应变关系;根据温加工变形理论,分析316L不锈钢可膨胀筛管基管在25～300℃流变应力与塑性应变关系,应用金属的动态回复理论和动态应变时效理论,建立316L不锈钢可膨胀筛管基管在井下温度场及温加工变形条件下的本构方程,通过引入应变速率因子Z,得出316L不锈钢可膨胀筛管基管在温加工阶段的流变本构方程,为可膨胀筛管井下膨胀施工工程提供依据.     

316L不锈钢25～350℃中的拉伸行为及流变应力计算

通过高温试验装置在模拟井下工况温度25～350℃范围内进行了316L不锈钢的拉伸试验。结合拉伸试验数据、拉伸后微观结构以及断口形貌对316L不锈钢的25～350℃范围内的拉伸变形行为进行了探讨。应用温加工变形理论,建立了316L不锈钢在井下温度场环境中的形变本构方程。基于拉伸试验数据,计算了应变速率因子Z,变形激活能Q,建立了316L不锈钢温变形过程的流变应力计算模型,为完井设计中膨胀管膨胀施工提供了参考依据。     

316LN奥氏体不锈钢的高温流变行为与本构模型

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对锻造态316LN不锈钢进行了等温热压缩试验,研究了应变速率为0.001～1 s^-1、变形温度为1223～1523 K、压缩变形量为65%条件下材料的高温流变行为,建立了流变应力本构模型,并将其应用于Deform-3D软件平台,通过导入新材料数据,考虑界面摩擦等尺寸仿真了热模拟试验结果。结果表明:相同应变速率下,随着变形温度升高,316LN奥氏体不锈钢的压缩应力逐渐减小;相同变形温度下,随着应变速率增加,材料的压缩应力逐渐增大;且在真应力-真应变曲线中,随应变量增大,压应力在后期逐渐达到一个稳定值;考虑界面摩擦因数,并利用Arrhenius本构模型进行变形模拟仿真说明了本构方程和仿真模型的有效性和可靠性,可为316LN不锈钢材料的工程应用提供研究基础和理论依据。     

7075铝合金高温流变行为的研究

采用圆柱试样在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上进行高温压缩变形实验，研究了7075铝合金在高温塑性变形过程中流变应力的变化规律。实验在温度为250－500℃、应变速率为0．05－50s^-1的条件下进行。结果表明：应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈影响着合金流变应力的大小，流变应力随变形温度升高而降低，随就变速率提高而增大，可用ZenerHollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述7075铝合金高温压缩变形时的流变应力行为。     

316L奥氏体不锈钢的腐蚀行为

综述了316L奥氏体不锈钢应用过程中的腐蚀行为,包括晶间腐蚀、应力腐蚀开裂、缝隙腐蚀、环烷酸腐蚀、大气腐蚀和海水腐蚀。同时介绍了合金元素Mo、N和Al,以及电解质类型、温度、浓度等因素对其腐蚀行为的影响。最后讨论了应用中存在的问题,并对未来的发展做了一些展望。     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢与316L不锈钢的冷变形行为研究

以一种含氮量达1.0%(质量分数)的高氮奥氏体不锈钢N10和316L不锈制为研究对象,通过在室温下对这两种材料施加不同的压缩变形量,研究了两种材料变形后的显微组织、真应力-真应变曲线和显微硬度.结果表明,两种材料在冷变形量小于20%时,机械孪晶和滑移共同参与变形.随变形量增加至50%,316L的变形方式过渡到以滑移为主,而高氮钢中机械孪晶和滑移仍共同参与变形.高氮奥氏体不锈钢在变形过程中不发生马氏体相变,表明其具有较高的结构稳定性;而316L中有马氏体形成.高氮不锈钢的固溶态强度、硬度和加工硬化系数均显著高于316L,冷变形可大幅提高两种材料的强度.两种材料的显微硬度均与晶粒取向有明显相关性,晶粒取向对显微硬度的影响大于变形不均匀性的影响.对高氮不锈钢表现出的优异性能的机制进行了分析和讨论.     

5083铝合金热压缩变形流变应力行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上,当变形温度为300-500℃、应变速率为0.01-10 s^-1、真应变为0-0.8时,采用圆柱体等温热压缩实验研究5083铝合金变形流变应力行为。通过分析流变应力指数函数中系数A、β与应变的关系,建立Zener-Hollomon参数的指数关系本构方程。运用该本构方程对5083铝合金不同应变速率、变形温度及应变条件下的流变应力进行预测,发现流变应力预测值与温升修正值吻合得相当好。     

基于TLBO算法的316LN不锈钢高温流变应力方程参数反求

应用Gleeble-1500热模拟机,在变形温度900℃¹250℃、应变速率0.005s-11250℃、应变速率0.005s-1⁰.5s-1条件下,通过高温拉伸实验研究316LN不锈钢的流变应力行为,分别采用参数反求法和传统的回归统计法计算流变应力方程参数并进行对比,结果表明,采用教学-学习算法(TLBO)反求流变应力方程参数更准确、高效,可用参数反求法替代传统回归统计法,从而快速获得材料流变应力方程参数。     

316L奥氏体不锈钢高温拉伸时的动态应变时效

在300～700℃,以应变速率为2×10-4 s-1对316L不锈钢进行拉伸试验,探索其中的动态应变时效现象及其规律.结果表明,316L奥氏体不锈钢在动态应变时效温度区间并没有出现屈服应力平台,在450～700℃既有正常的Portevien-Le Chatelier effect (PLC)效应,也有反PLC效应;锯齿形成的有效激活能为254k J/mol;扩散着Cr等置换型溶质原子与运动位错之间的交互作用使材料出现动态应变时效,导致锯齿流动行为.     

高硅铝合金SC100-T6高温流变行为的研究

用Gleeble-1500热模拟机研究了SC100-T6铝合金在高温塑性变形过程中应力的变化规律.实验温度为360～500℃.应变速率为0.006～0.036 s-1.结果表明,应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈地影响着该合金流变应力的大小,流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大;可用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述SC100-T6铝合金高温压缩变形时的流变应力行为.     

Oxidation of injection molding 316L stainless steel at high temperature

AISI 316L stainless steel has been injection molded for the fabrication of small parts of complex geometry. This work consists in pioneer effort to evaluate the high temperature corrosion rate of such material. To that end, corrosion tests have been carried out for 200 h at different temperatures (700°C and 900°C). The nature of the corrosion products was analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and EDS microprobe analysis. The results indicated that porosity not only increased the kinetics of the corrosion process, but also determined the nature of the resulting oxide layer.     

Investigation of corrosion behaviors at different solutions of boronized AISI 316L stainless steel

In this study, corrosion behaviors of boronized and non-boronized AISI 316L stainless steel (AISI 316L SS) were investigated with Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization methods in different solutions (1 mol dm^?3 HCl, 1 mol dm^?3 NaOH and 0.9% NaCl) and in different immersion times. AISI 316L SS were boronized by using pack boronizing method for 2 and 6 hours at 800 and 900°C within commercial Ekabor®-2 powder. Surface morphologies and phase analyses of boride layers on the surface of AISI 316L SS were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. SEM-EDS analyses show that boride layer on AISI 316L SS surface had a flat and smooth morphology. It was detected by XRD analyses that boride layer contained FeB, Fe₂B, CrB, Cr₂B, NiB and Ni₂B phases. Boride layer thickness increases with increased boronizing temperature and time. The corrosion experiments show that boride layer significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the AISI 316L SS in 1 mol dm^?3 HCl solution. While no positive effect of the boride layer was observed in the other solutions the corrosion resistance of the borid layer on AISI 316L SS was increased in all solution with the increase of the waiting periods.     

Corrosion and wear behaviors of boronized AISI 316L stainless steel

In this study, the effects of a boronizing treatment on the corrosion and wear behaviors of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) were examined. The corrosion behavior of the boronized samples was studied via electrochemical methods in a simulation body fluid (SBF) and the wear behavior was examined using the ball-on-disk wear method. It was observed that the boride layer that formed on the AISI 316L surface had a flat and smooth morphology. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction analyses show that the boride layer contained FeB, Fe₂B, CrB, Cr₂B, NiB, and Ni₂B phases. Boride layer thickness increased with an increasing boronizing temperature and time. The boronizing treatment also increased the surface hardness of the AISI 316L. Although there was no positive effect of the coating on the corrosion resistance in the SBF medium. Furthermore, a decrease in the friction coefficient was recorded for the boronized AISI 316L. As the boronizing temperature increased, the wear rate decreased in both dry and wet mediums. As a result, the boronizing treatment contributed positively to the wear resistance by increasing the surface hardness and by decreasing the friction coefficient of the AISI 316L.     

AISI316L不锈钢低温盐浴硬化处理

利用低温520℃盐浴硬化处理技术对AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢进行了表面硬化处理,并对硬化层的组织和性能进行研究.试验结果表明,316L奥氏体不锈钢在520℃下处理3 h,即可获得具有S相结构特征的高耐蚀硬化层;在520℃以上盐浴硬化处理时,硬化层将会有铬的碳化物和氮化物析出,将会降低硬化处理后不锈钢表面的耐蚀性能.     

Evaluation of morphology and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel 316L exposed to high-velocity liquid PbBi at high temperature

In the accelerator driven sub-critical system(ADS) cooled by liquid PbBi alloy,the austenitic stainless steel 316 L is one of the candidates of structural materials.However,the corrosion and wear behavior of 316 L steel in the high-velocity stream of liquid PbBi is the most essential issue,which is urgent to be paid close attention.In order to acquire the morphology and mechanical properties of 316 L steel in the conditions of different relative flowing velocity(RFV),respectively 2.62 m/s,3.69 m/s,4.77 m/s,the experiment was carried out in dynamic liquid PbBi at 550℃,up to about 1 500 h.According to the results,the surface of 316 L has been corroded badly and the elements of Ni,Cr,etc.were found to dissolve a lot.With the increase of the RFV,the feature of 316 L surface changed from the surface with much deeper pits and looser structures to the relative planar one,and the thickness of the outer oxide layer decreased gradually while that of the inner oxide layer diminished a little,and the microhardness of the outermost substrate also declined increasingly,in addition,the domain of the partial substrate with its microhardness being altered deepened further.These experimental data would offer theoretical basis and practical values to study corrosion condition of 316 L steel in liquid PbBi with high-velocity.     

Fatigue behaviour of low temperature carburised AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel

Low temperature carburising (LTC) was applied to AISI316L austenitic stainless steel and its effect on microstructure and fatigue behaviour was investigated. LTC treatment enhances surface hardness and wear resistance of the steel without reducing its corrosion resistance. Surface hardness up to 1150 Vickers was achieved in the carburised layer, thanks to the formation of the so-called “S-phase”, a carbon-supersaturated austenite phase. The XRD evaluation of treated material verified expanded austenite with no evidence of carbide precipitation. Rotating bending fatigue tests showed that the low temperature carburising treatment enhances the fatigue strength of the 316L steel by 40% with respect to the untreated material due to the high residual stresses present in the treated layer. A major temperature increase was found testing the LTC specimens, with a peak value at the end of the test up to 600 °C. By air cooling the LTC specimens during the tests, a further increase of fatigue strength up to 70% was achieved with respect to the untreated material. Fatigue cracks in the surface-treated specimens always nucleated near the boundary between the carburised case and the core.     

316L奥氏体不锈钢低温气体渗碳后的表面特性

提出了一种新型的奥氏体不锈钢低温气体渗碳工艺,采用该工艺对316L奥氏体不锈钢进行不同时间的渗碳处理,并对渗碳后不锈钢的表面特性进行了分析和探讨。结果表明,渗碳后试样表面晶格发生膨胀,形成了15~35 μm的扩张奥氏体层,该层具有高残余压应力、高硬度、高含碳量及良好的韧性,且层中无碳化铬析出,说明该工艺兼顾了奥氏体不锈钢的表面强化与抗腐蚀性能;同时,渗碳时间对表面的强化效果影响显著,表面残余应力、硬度及碳含量等随渗碳时间延长均增加。     

Study of Ce-modified antibacterial 316L stainless steel

316L stainless steel is widely used for fashion jewelry, but it can carry a large number of bacteria and bring the risk of infection since the steel has no antimicrobial performance. In this paper, the effects of Ce on the antibacterial property, corrosion resistance and processability of 316L were studied by microscopic observation, thin- film adhering quantitative bacteriostasis, and electrochemical and mechanical tests. The results show that a trace of Ce can distribute uniformly in the matrix of 316L and slightly improve its corrosion resistance in artificial sweat. With an increase in Ce content, the Ce is prone to form clustering, which degrades the corrosion resistance and the processability. The Ce-containing 316L exhibits Hormesis effect against S. aureus. A small Ce addition stimulates the growth of S. aureus. As the Ce content increases, the modified 316L exhibits an improved antibacterial efficacy. The more Ce is added, the better antibacterial capability is achieved. Overall, if the 316L is modified with Ce alone, it is difficult to obtain the optimal combination of corrosion resistance, antibacterial performance and processability. In spite of that, 0.15 wt.%-0.20 wt.% Ce around is inferred to be the best trade-off.     

Sintering atmosphere and temperature effects on hydroxyapatite coated type 316L stainless steel

Electrophoretically deposited hydroxyapatite (HAP) coatings on type 316L SS was developed at the optimum coating parameters of 60 V and 3 min. Sintering of the coating enhances the metal-ceramic bond strength, but HAP structure is sensitive to temperature as it decomposes to other calcium phosphate phases. Sintering of HAP coatings in air at 900 °C for 1 h indicate the formation of a composite surface containing oxides of the alloy and decomposition products of HAP, mainly tricalcium phosphate. Open circuit potential-time measurements, potentiodynamic cyclic polarisation and electrochemical impedance experiments performed in Ringer’s solution indicate that the corrosion performance of HAP coatings were severely affected by the sintering atmosphere and temperature. Higher capacitance and low polarisation resistance values obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies further indicate that the coatings are more prone to dissolution on comparison with the pristine type 316L SS. The sintering of the coatings in vacuum at 600, 800 and 900 °C for 1 h did not alter the phase purity of the coatings, and shifted the electrochemical parameters towards noble direction. Sintering of the coatings in vacuum lead to the formation of an adherent, stoichiometric HAP coating with enhanced corrosion resistance.