环境湿度对柴油机NO_x及Soot排放特性的影响

采用发动机台架试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,进行了某重型柴油机在不同进气湿度下的排放特性研究,探索了进气湿度对柴油机燃烧和排放的内在机制,并确定了进气湿度对柴油机排放特性影响的范围.结果表明:进气湿度对燃烧和排放的影响主要体现在进气湿度变化导致缸内环境氧浓度、工质比热容、水煤气反应以及高温离解自由基能力等情况发生变化.进气温度为30,℃时,氮氧化物(NO_x)排放随着进气湿度的增加迅速降低,直至接近0;进气湿度的含湿量达到27.20,g/kg(D30)前,碳烟(soot)排放缓慢增加;当进气湿度超过D30后,soot排放出现一个拐点,随着进气湿度的增加而大幅上升.在饱和湿空气下,当进气温度较低时,进气温度对燃烧的影响比进气湿度明显,进气温度越高,放热率峰值越大,NO_x排放增大,soot排放减小;当进气温度达到15,℃后,进气湿度对燃烧和排放的影响开始显现;随着进气温度的提高,饱和湿空气含湿量迅速增大,当进气温度达到25,℃后,进气湿度对燃烧的影响显著增强,使缸内最高燃烧温度和最高爆压都逐步降低,NO_x排放逐渐减为0,soot排放逐步增大.     

配气正时对中速柴油机NO_x排放影响

本文采用数值仿真软件建立船用8340型中速柴油机燃烧室有限元模型,并对其进行了验证。在该模型基础上,针对进气正时对充量系数、缸内温度、压力及NO_x排放的影响进行计算研究并初步研究米勒循环对NO_x排放影响。结果表明:进气正时提前,缸内充量系数增大,最大爆发压力升高,可提高发动机动力性能,但NO_x排放也会随之增加;米勒循环的使用能有效降低柴油机NO_x排放。     

进气参数对LNG发动机燃烧及排放特性的影响

应用FIRE软件对L23/30A型号的LNG双燃料柴油机缸内燃烧过程进行数值模拟。通过改变进气参数,分析缸内燃烧过程的压力、温度、流场的分布变化对燃烧及排放特性的影响。研究结果表明:进气温度、压力的增大提高了缸内的紊流强度,改善油气混合和燃烧过程;采用较高的进气压力使缸内平均温度下降,平均压力上升,有效降低了NOx排放;对于进气温度,缸内温度和压力的变化与进气压力截然相反,且增加排放量。     

汽油/柴油双燃料发动机的低速高负荷扩展

在一台改造的单缸发动机上开展了进气道喷射汽油、缸内直喷柴油的双燃料燃烧模式的低速高负荷扩展研究.结果表明:汽油/柴油双燃料发动机高负荷工况需配合高比例废气再循环(EGR),当采用原机相同工况的进气压力时,由于进气量不足抑制了高EGR率的应用,导致高NO_x排放.通过提高进气压力,稳定燃烧对应的柴油喷油时刻范围变宽,汽油比例上限提高,降低了燃烧控制的难度.但由于汽油/柴油双燃料发动机的汽油高度预混合特性及直喷柴油引起的局部不均匀性,导致缸内最大压力升高率(MPRR)及碳烟排放偏高,限制了其向更高负荷的扩展.在提高进气压力的同时,通过提高汽油比例及EGR率,实现了在限定条件下向更高负荷的扩展及燃油消耗率的降低.相比于原柴油机,汽油/柴油双燃料发动机高负荷扩展的受限因素由进气增压前的高NO_x排放转变为增压后的高压力升高率.     

过渡闪沸喷雾对缸内直喷汽油机性能影响研究

利用CONVERGE软件仿真分析了缸内直喷汽油机中速大负荷工况下过渡闪沸喷雾对整机性能的影响规律,对比分析了过渡闪沸喷雾状态和冷态喷雾状态下汽油机的缸内混合气形成、燃烧及排放特性。结果表明：随着燃料温度升高,燃油喷雾液滴粒径减小,喷雾破碎和雾化速度加快,当燃料温度达到380 K时,喷雾在速燃期之前索特平均粒径已降低至0 mm附近。过渡闪沸状态下,发动机缸内平均温度、缸压峰值和放热率峰值均高于冷态喷雾状态。燃料温度为380 K时与360 K时缸压峰值相差不大。过渡闪沸状态下发动机的soot排放低于冷态喷雾,且NO_x排放较高,燃料温度为380 K时相对于360 K时soot排放下降了80%以上,而NO_x排放仅上升8%。在低温冷态喷雾下,燃料温度的提高对发动机缸内混合气形成、缸内燃烧状态以及soot排放生成均有显著影响。过渡闪沸喷雾状态下,缸内气流运动对于缸内混合气形成的影响效果相比于喷雾破碎程度的影响效果更为显著。过渡闪沸喷雾状态下继续提高燃料温度对于发动机混合气形成、燃烧状态和发动机排放改善效果逐渐减弱。     

柴油机瞬变过程烟度排放的劣变分析

在一台增压中冷高压共轨柴油机上进行了恒转速增转矩典型瞬变工况下烟度劣变的成因分析,并确定了适用于瞬变工况劣变性能分析的评价参数.研究结果表明:瞬变过程烟度峰值较稳态工况恶化了17.5倍,供油量、转矩和进气量的滞后程度依次增大,而减小发动机加载率、增大加载起始点负荷或减小恒定转速均有助于改善发动机瞬变性能劣化程度;表观上供油和供气速率不匹配、低燃烧速率和燃烧相位滞后造成的燃烧劣变在缸内物理场中可以归因于缸内油气混合气驱动能量的不足;与稳态工况相比,瞬态工况的燃烧反应基团在φ-T图碳烟(soot)生成岛中更大的体积比例和更长的停留时间导致缸内局部浓混合气比例增大;缸内油气混合状态与soot生成量呈现出显著的相关性,是造成soot排放恶化的主要原因.     

进气加湿对船用柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

运用CFD数值模拟软件AVL Fire建立了船用柴油机燃烧过程模型,研究不同相对湿度的进气成分对船用柴油机燃烧和排放特性的影响,并着重研究对NO_x和碳烟排放的影响规律和作用机理.结果表明:随着进气加湿率的增加,缸内压力和燃烧温度均有降低;当加湿率达到100%,时,峰值压力相比进气为干空气时下降0.67,MPa,最高燃烧温度下降220,K;滞燃期和燃烧持续期延长,预混燃烧比例增多;燃烧重心CA50向后偏移,燃烧定容度和热效率下降.NO_x排放不断减少,燃烧火焰温度的降低和水蒸气对富氧区的稀释是NO_x排放下降的主要原因;碳烟排放随着加湿率的增加不断恶化,进气加湿虽然可以促进油气混合、抑制碳烟生成,OH基团加速碳烟前驱物的氧化,但加湿后氧气质量分数的减少和燃烧温度的降低导致碳烟后期氧化能力严重减弱.     

进气初始条件对柴油机低温燃烧及PAHs排放特性的影响

应用三维CFD模型耦合化学动力学模型的方法,研究了进气初始条件对柴油机低温燃烧及多环芳香烃(PAHs)排放特性的影响规律。结果表明:进气温度降低,滞燃期延长,同时由于进气密度增大,使柴油机的循环进气量增多,空燃比升高,燃油在缸内燃烧更充分,在较低的进气温度工况时缸内生成PAHs各组分相对较低;进气压力升高,PAHs各组分的生成时刻提前,并且PAHs各组分的含量依次减少。燃烧起始阶段,苯(C6H6)主要分布在燃烧室凹坑附近。在燃烧中期与后期,其主要分布在凹坑壁面附近。     

双燃料直喷发动机喷孔几何位置对燃烧排放的影响

基于柴油引燃天然气缸内直喷发动机,采用AVL-Fire软件研究了天然气和柴油喷孔相对交角、相对距离和相对夹角这3个重要几何参数对燃烧排放的影响.结果表明:两喷孔相对交角影响NOx和碳烟(soot)排放,NO最小生成量比最大生成量少36%,,通过改变相对交角可以同时降低NO和soot排放,但对缸内平均压力的影响较小;两喷孔相对距离会影响污染物生成,并且相对距离越小,温度场分布越均匀,发动机缸内平均压力越高;两喷孔相对夹角减小时,发动机缸内平均压力升高,NO_x排放增加.研究结果对双燃料直喷发动机的两喷孔相对位置的优化有一定的指导作用.     

入口压力对某环形燃烧室内燃烧及NO_x生成的影响

通过数值模拟方法研究了燃烧室入口压力P对某环形燃烧室内的燃烧及热力型NO_x生成特性的影响。分析表明:增大入口压力P使得流体密度ρ增大,流速U减小;回流区范围减小,火焰温度T有所降低,高温区范围缩小;主燃级O原子摩尔浓度升高,热力型NO_x生成速率增大。热力型NO_x生成速率最大的区域位于凸台后回流区附近,火焰温度T的降低在一定程度上抑制了该区域热力型NO_x生成速率的增长。不同入口压力P条件下,外壳侧NO_x生成速率均高于轮毂侧。     

Experimental study of various effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emissions of an automotive direct injection diesel engine

Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a common way to control in-cylinder NO_x production and is used on most modern high-speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel engines. However EGR has different effects on combustion and emissions production that are difficult to distinguish (increase of intake temperature, delay of rate of heat release (ROHR), decrease of peak heat release, decrease in O₂ concentration (and thus of global air/fuel ratio (AFR)) and flame temperature, increase of lift-off length, etc.), and thus the influence of EGR on NO_x and particulate matter (PM) emissions is not perfectly understood, especially under high EGR rates. An experimental study has been conducted on a 2.0 l HSDI automotive diesel engine under low-load and part load conditions in order to distinguish and quantify some effects of EGR on combustion and NO_x/PM emissions. The increase of inlet temperature with EGR has contrary effects on combustion and emissions, thus sometimes giving opposite tendencies as traditionally observed, as, for example, the reduction of NO_x emissions with increased inlet temperature. For a purely diffusion combustion the ROHR is unchanged when the AFR is maintained when changing in-cylinder ambient gas properties (temperature or EGR rate). At low-load conditions, use of high EGR rates at constant boost pressure is a way to drastically reduce NO_x and PM emissions but with an increase of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and other emissions (CO and hydrocarbon), whereas EGR at constant AFR may drastically reduce NO_x emissions without important penalty on BSFC and soot emissions but is limited by the turbocharging system.     

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) temperature for various EGR rates on heavy duty DI diesel engine performance and emissions

DI diesel engines are well established today as the main powertrain solution for trucks and other relevant heavy duty vehicles. At the same time emission legislation (mainly for NO_x and particulate matter) becomes stricter, reducing their limit to extremely low values. One efficient method to control NO_x in order to achieve future emissions limits is the use of rather high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates accompanied by increased boost pressure to avoid the negative impact on soot emissions. The method is based on the reduction of gas temperature level and O₂ availability inside the combustion chamber, but unfortunately it has usually an adverse effect on soot emissions and brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc). The use of high EGR rates creates the need for EGR gas cooling in order to minimize its negative impact on soot emissions especially at high engine load were the EGR flow rate and exhaust temperature are high. For this reason in the present paper it is examined, using a multi-zone combustion model, the effect of cooled EGR gas temperature level for various EGR percentages on performance and emissions of a turbocharged DI heavy duty diesel engine operating at full load. Results reveal that the decrease of EGR gas temperature has a positive effect on bsfc, soot (lower values) while it has only a small positive effect on NO. As revealed, the effect of low EGR temperature is stronger at high EGR rates.     

Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on performance,emissions, deposits and durability of a constant speed compression ignition engine

To meet stringent vehicular exhaust emission norms worldwide, several exhaust pre-treatment and post-treatment techniques have been employed in modern engines. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is a pre-treatment technique, which is being used widely to reduce and control the oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emission from diesel engines. EGR controls the NO_x because it lowers oxygen concentration and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. However, the use of EGR leads to a trade-off in terms of soot emissions. Higher soot generated by EGR leads to long-term usage problems inside the engines such as higher carbon deposits, lubricating oil degradation and enhanced engine wear. Present experimental study has been carried out to investigate the effect of EGR on soot deposits, and wear of vital engine parts, especially piston rings, apart from performance and emissions in a two cylinder, air cooled, constant speed direct injection diesel engine, which is typically used in agricultural farm machinery and decentralized captive power generation. Such engines are normally not operated with EGR. The experiments were carried out to experimentally evaluate the performance and emissions for different EGR rates of the engine. Emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), NO_x, carbon monoxide (CO), exhaust gas temperature, and smoke opacity of the exhaust gas etc. were measured. Performance parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were calculated. Reduction in NO_x and exhaust gas temperature were observed but emissions of particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR. The engine was operated for 96 h in normal running conditions and the deposits on vital engine parts were assessed. The engine was again operated for 96 h with EGR and similar observations were recorded. Higher carbon deposits were observed on the engine parts operating with EGR. Higher wear of piston rings was also observed for engine operated with EGR.     

The role of in-cylinder gas density and oxygen concentration on late spray mixing and soot oxidation processes

An analysis of in-cylinder gas density and oxygen mass concentration (YO₂) impact on the mixing and oxidation processes and the final soot emissions in conventional high temperature diffusive Diesel combustion conditions is presented in this paper.Parametrical tests were performed on a single cylinder heavy duty research engine. The density was modified adjusting the boost pressure following two approaches, maintaining the YO₂ either before or after the combustion process. The YO₂ was modified by diluting fresh air with exhaust gas maintaining a constant density. The possibility of controlling the soot emissions combining both parameters (YO₂ and density) is evaluated and, in a final part, the NO_X emission results are also addressed.Results show that YO₂ has a strong effect on both mixing and oxidation processes while density affects principally the mixing process. Both parameters affect the final soot emissions. The density modification through adjustment of boost pressure modifies the trapped mass and has a strong impact on the evolution of YO₂ (thus on the evolution of the mixing process) during combustion. If the density is increased maintaining constant the YO₂ at the beginning of the combustion, the NO_X-Soot trade-off is enhanced.     

Reduction of the NOx emission of a closed combustion chamber by changing to air flows with swirl

From a study of NO_x production in flames it follows that NO_x emission differs for various combustion chambers. In addition to increasing the combustion chamber temperature or the volume flow into the combustion chamber, it is essential to find another way of reducing the production of NO_x in the combustion process. In this paper the effect of swirl on NO_x production is considered using a combustion chamber having air entry first without and then with swirl. Graphs show the influence of swirl on NO_x reduction.     

Experimental study of the performances of a modified diesel engine operating in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode versus the original diesel combustion mode

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode provides very low NO_x and soot emissions; however, it has some challenges associated with hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, fuel consumption, difficult control of start of ignition and bad behaviour to high loads. Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a common way to control in-cylinder NO_x production in diesel and HCCI combustion mode. However EGR has different effects on combustion and emissions, which are difficult to distinguish. This work is intended to characterize an engine that has been modified from the base diesel engine (FL1 906 DEUTZ-DITER) to work in HCCI combustion mode. It shows the experimental results for the modified diesel engine in HCCI combustion mode fueled with commercial diesel fuel compared to the diesel engine mode. An experimental installation, in conjunction with systematic tests to determine the optimum crank angle of fuel injection, has been used to measure the evolution of the cylinder pressure and to get an estimate of the heat release rate from a single-zone numerical model. From these the angle of start of combustion has been obtained. The performances and emissions of HC, CO and the huge reduction of NO_x and smoke emissions of the engine are presented. These results have allowed a deeper analysis of the effects of external EGR on the HCCI operation mode, on some engine design parameters and also on NO_x emission reduction.     

Influence of high rates of supplemental cooled EGR on NOx and PM emissions of an automotive HSDI diesel engine using an LP EGR loop

Previous experimental studies on diesel engine have demonstrated the potential of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) as an in‐cylinder NO_x control method. Although an increase in EGR at constant boost pressure (substitution EGR) is accompanied with an increase in particulate matter (PM) emissions in the conventional diesel high‐temperature combustion (HTC), the recirculation of exhaust gases supplementary to air inlet gas (supplemental EGR) by increasing the boost pressure has been suggested as a way to reduce NO_x emissions while limiting the negative impact of EGR on PM emissions. In the present work, a low‐pressure (LP) EGR loop is implemented on a standard 2.0 l automotive high‐speed direct injection (HSDI) turbocharged diesel engine to study the influence of high rates of supplemental cooled EGR on NO_x and PM emissions. Contrary to initial high‐pressure (HP) EGR loop, the gas flow through the turbine is unchanged while varying the EGR rate. Thus, by closing the variable geometry turbine (VGT) vanes, higher boost pressure can be reached, allowing the use of high rates of supplemental EGR. Furthermore, recirculated exhaust gases are cooled under 50°C and water vapour is condensed and taken off from the recirculated gases. An increase in the boost pressure at a given inlet temperature and dilution ratio (DR) results in most cases an increase in NO_x emissions and a decrease in PM emissions. The result of NO_x–PM trade‐off, while varying the EGR rate at fixed inlet temperature and boost pressure depends on the operating point: it deteriorates at low load conditions, but improves at higher loads. Further improvement can be obtained by increasing the injection pressure. A decrease by approximately 50% of NO_x emissions while maintaining PM emission level, and brake specific fuel consumption can be obtained with supplemental cooled EGR owing to an LP EGR loop, compared with the initial engine configuration (HP moderately cooled EGR). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion: Implementation and effects on pollutants in direct injection diesel engines

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is a combustion concept which offers simultaneous reductions in both NO_x and soot emissions from internal combustion engines. In light of increasingly stringent diesel emissions limits, research efforts have been invested into HCCI combustion as an alternative to conventional diesel combustion. This paper reviews the implementation of HCCI combustion in direct injection diesel engines using early, multiple and late injection strategies. Governing factors in HCCI operations such as injector characteristics, injection pressure, piston bowl geometry, compression ratio, intake charge temperature, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and supercharging or turbocharging are discussed in this review. The effects of design and operating parameters on HCCI diesel emissions, particularly NO_x and soot, are also investigated. For each of these parameters, the theories are discussed in conjunction with comparative evaluation of studies reported in the specialised literature.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with Diesel Premixed Compression Ignition and exhaust gas recirculation

In the present work, diesel was used as a premixed fuel along with the conventional injection of diesel with a premixed ratio of 0.25. The premixed charge was burned in the cylinder along with the fuel directly injected into the cylinder by a conventional injection system. To control nitrogen oxide(s) (NO_x) emissions, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) was adopted and the exhaust gas was varied from 10% to 30% in steps of 10%. The performance and emission characteristics were compared with conventional 100% diesel injection in the main chamber. Based on the experiments conducted on a Compression Ignition Direct Injection (CIDI) engine, it was found that unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and soot emissions increase. Soot emission decreases with up to 20% EGR and increases when EGR was increased beyond 20%. Hence 20% EGR was found to be the optimum use for DPMCI mode with a premixed ratio of 0.25. Due to the lean operation, significant reduction in NO_x was achieved with the DPMCI combustion mode. Brake thermal efficiency was marginally decreased compared to CIDI mode.     

A new heat release rate (HRR) law for homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines are drawing attracting attention as the next-generation’s internal combustion engine, mainly because of its very low NO_x and soot emissions and also for improvement in engine efficiency. Much research has been carried out in order to go deeper in this combustion process using multizone models or CFD codes. These simulation tools, although they can give a detailed view of the combustion process, are very time consuming and the results depend a lot on the initial conditions. A previous step to be considered in the simulation of the HCCI process is a heat release law evaluated from results of the experiment and a zero-dimensional model. This paper focuses on the development of a new heat release rate (HRR) law that models the HCCI process when the combustion chamber is considered as a homogeneous volume. The parameters of this law have been adjusted through an optimization process that has allowed to fit the combustion chamber pressure. All the engine operative conditions from low to full load have been successfully simulated with this HRR law, with the maximum error in the estimation of combustion chamber pressure less than 2%.