基于风洞实验的风力机叶片气动负载计算方法

提出一种基于风洞实验的风力机叶片气动负载计算方法。理论分析Beddoes-Leishman空间状态模型的非定常气动力特性,结合风洞实验数据和Beddoes-Leishman模型开发动态气动负载的数值计算程序。利用开发程序,分别详细计算DU97W300-10翼型在不同攻角区间,即线性区、失速区和全区的非定常气动系数,分析每个区间内附着流和分离流对翼型动态气动特性的影响。结果表明,在所有攻角区域的气动参数计算结果均能很好地与理论分析结果达成一致,翼型风洞实验可有效保证特定翼型动态气动负载计算的准确性。     

动态尾流模型在水平轴风力机气动性能计算中的应用

根据势流理论导出风力机动态入流对速度诱导因子及推力系数的影响,建立了动态尾流气动模型.改进了风力机动态过程分析中传统的准稳态平衡尾流近似模型,从而较真实地反映尾流动态滞后和动态诱导速度场,更适用于风力机动态气动分析.应用该动态气动模型开发了风力机动态气动性能计算程序,对一台1.3MW失速调节型风力机进行了气动性能计算.通过比较动态尾流模型和平衡尾流模型处理阶跃风和阵风等动态过程的计算结果,分析了动态气动模型及其数值方法的正确性和实用意义.     

立轴风力机叶片动态失速特性与气动性能分析

结合立轴风力机运行时叶片的非定常气动特性,对B-V、B-L和ONERA动态失速模型进行适当简化和修正,结合实验数据对比分析俯仰运动时动态失速对翼型气动特性的影响。在双盘多流管气动分析方法的基础上,结合修正的动态失速模型,对Sandia 17m风力机进行气动性能计算,比较不同模型对叶片非定常气动特性的评价结果,与实测气动载荷和功率对比表明,B-L模型整体上对立轴风力机气动性能预测较好。     

基于涡尾迹方法的风力机非定常气动特性计算

给出了一种水平轴风力机三维非定常气动特性计算方法.风力机的绕流用预定涡尾迹模型确定,并引入涡核模型和考虑粘性引起的耗散效应对模型进行修正,解决了涡尾迹方法在大叶尖速比时普遍存在的计算发散问题.通过对Leishman-Beddoes动态失速模型中动态失速判据和模拟的修正,更准确计算侧偏风时风轮叶片的非定常气动响应.将三维旋转失速延迟模型与预定涡尾迹模型和动态失速模型适当耦合,从而计算包括三维旋转效应对叶片气动载荷非定常响应的影响,提高了风力机风轮和叶片非定常气动特性计算的准确度.     

海上浮式水平轴风力机气动特性研究

以NREL-5 MW风力机为研究对象,基于叶素动量理论,考虑动态失速、风剪切及塔影效应等气动修正模型,开发Matlab非定常气动载荷计算程序,研究浮式水平轴风力机气动特性。结果表明:为保证风力机气动载荷模拟的正确性,气动修正模型必不可少;基础运动对风力机气动性能有显著影响,基础运动使风力机输出功率增大,但同时存在较大的振荡幅度,导致功率输出不稳定;叶片变桨失效导致功率输出更加不稳定。     

基于模糊逻辑方法的风力机动态失速研究

基于模糊逻辑数学方法建立了风力机动态失速模型,用于计算风力机翼型的非定常气动载荷。以风力机翼型S809为算例进行了非定常气动载荷的计算。计算结果表明:基于模糊逻辑的动态失速模型得到的预测结果与试验数据吻合良好,且比Leishman-Beddoes模型具有更高的预估精度,能够捕捉风力机翼型动态失速的细节特征,从而证明了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

局部瞬态风况下风力机叶片载荷计算

对叶素动量理论(BEM)进行改进,动量理论的计算仍在风轮坐标系下进行,而叶素理论的计算在叶片的局部坐标系下进行。在局部坐标系下能更准确地利用二维翼型的特性来计算气动载荷,同时也能更好地调用Beddoes-Leishman(B-L)模型,从而全面考虑到风轮锥角、局部风况甚至叶片弯曲变形的影响。再将动量理论和叶素理论统一在风轮坐标系下完成迭代。采用B-L模型预测二维翼型的动态气动性能时应用切向力分离点计算分离流切向力,从而提高模型对动态气动阻力的预测精度。结合改进的BEM理论和动态效应模型对Tjaereborg 2 MW风力机进行仿真,所得叶根挥舞弯矩相比经典BEM更接近测试值。     

水平轴风力机锥形塔筒的静动态特性研究

根据叶素动量理论,考虑三维紊流风场、Beddoes-Leishman动态失速模型、惯性载荷及重力载荷计算了风力机的整机载荷,进而得到塔架动态载荷的极限工况,针对塔架的结构特点,再应用有限元理论,对水平轴风力发电机组塔架的静态(强度)、动态(屈曲、模态)特性进行了研究。以一台1.5MW水平轴风力发电机组为例,计算了塔架在不同极限工况下的载荷,并对塔筒进行了强度、屈曲和模态分析,得到了具有较大工程实用价值的塔筒静动态分析方法。     

凹槽-襟翼对翼型动态失速特性影响研究

风力机复杂运行环境使叶片常处于失速环境,导致翼型升力骤降,严重影响风力机气动性能.为改善翼型流动分离,延缓失速,对凹槽-襟翼对翼型动态失速特性作用效果开展研究,并利用计算流体力学方法分析不同折合频率与翼型厚度时凹槽-襟翼对翼型气动性能的影响.结果表明:俯仰振荡过程中,凹槽-襟翼可有效提升翼型吸力面流速,降低失速攻角下逆...     

水平轴风力机在偏航情况下动态失速模型分析

介绍了动态失速物理过程及Leishman-Beddoes(L-B)动态失速模型,将其应用到已有的风力机气动性能预测程序中.该文以美国可再生能源实验室的水平轴风力机为基础,预测了在有无偏航情况下不同来流风速的功率,并与美国国家可再生能源实验室的实验结果进行了比较,两者较为吻合.通过给出不同径向位置下攻角和气动力曲线,分析了偏航导致的动态失速发生的基本特征,为进一步研究打下基础.     

New vortex‐lift and tangential‐force models for HAWT aerodynamic load prediction

Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) experience three‐dimensional rotational and unsteady aerodynamic phenomena at the rotor blades sections. These highly unsteady three‐dimensional effects have a dramatic impact on the aerodynamic load distributions on the blades, in particular, when they occur at high angles of attack due to stall delay and dynamic stall. Unfortunately, there is no complete understanding of the flow physics yet at these unsteady 3D flow conditions, and hence, the existing published theoretical models are often incapable of modelling the impact on the turbine response realistically. The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight on the combined influence of the stall delay and dynamic stall on the blade load history of wind turbines in controlled and uncontrolled conditions. New dynamic stall vortex and nonlinear tangential force coefficient modules, which integrally take into account the three dimensional rotational effect, are also proposed in this paper. This module along with the unsteady influence of turbulent wind speed and tower shadow is implemented in a blade element momentum (BEM) model to estimate the aerodynamic loads on a rotating blade more accurately. This work presents an important step to help modelling the combined influence of the stall delay and dynamic stall on the load history of the rotating wind turbine blades which is vital to have lighter turbine blades and improved wind turbine design systems.     

基于Theodorsen理论的新型动态失速预测模型及其应用

风力机叶片动态失速时的非定常气动特性及严重的迟滞现象使得风力机功率实测值严重偏离其静态预测值。鉴于此,基于Theodorsen理论、基尔霍夫势流理论,在忽略低阶附加质量引起的下洗气流加速度项及状态变量转换后,提出一种包括翼型附着流和后缘动态分离流的新型动态失速模型。利用该模型分析NREL 5 MW海上风力机叶片6种翼型的非定常动态失速特性得出：通过翼型的气流在完全附着流与完全分离流之间不断转换,受附着流脱落尾诱导的动态下洗气流影响及边界层动态分离产生的压力滞后的双重作用,动态升力系数变化曲线和静态升力现象曲线偏差较大,6种翼型动态升力系数变化曲线均呈非常明显的迟滞环现象。DU40、DU35、DU30、DU25、DU21和NACA64这6种翼型动态升力系数增幅明显,分别达17.6%、60.9%、60.7%、55.1%、63.7%和40.8%。动态失速攻角极大地超过静态失速攻角,分别增大到36.53°、21.40°、20.20°、17.68°、16.97°和21.42°。6种翼型动态失速预测结果与公开实验数据结论一致,证实所提出的动态失速气动模型计算结果准确可信,具有较强通用性。     

Validation of the Beddoes–Leishman dynamic stall model for horizontal axis wind turbines using MEXICO data

The aim of this study is to assess the load predicting capability of a classical Beddoes–Leishman dynamic stall model in a horizontal axis wind turbine environment, in the presence of yaw misalignment. The dynamic stall model was tailored to the horizontal axis wind turbine environment and validated against unsteady thick airfoil data. Subsequently, the dynamic stall model was implemented in a blade element‐momentum code for yawed flow, and the results were compared with aerodynamic measurements obtained in the MEXICO (Model Rotor Experiments under Controlled Conditions) project on a wind turbine rotor placed in a large scale wind tunnel. In general, reasonable to good agreement was found between the blade element‐momentum model and MEXICO data. When large yaw misalignments were imposed, poor agreement was found in the downstroke of the movement between the model and the experiment. Still, over a revolution, the maximum normal force coefficient predicted was always within 8% of experimental data at the inboard stations, which is encouraging especially when blade fatigue calculations are being considered. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平轴风力机气动性能计算模型

基于片条理论建立了水平轴风力机气动性能计算模型,考虑叶尖损失、轮毂损失、叶栅理论及失速状态下动量理论的失效对片条理论进行了修正,并且考虑了风剪切、偏航、风轮的结构参数和风力机安装参数对计算模型的影响,使得理论模型更接近于实际工况中的风力机。应用所设计的气动性能计算程序对一台1．3MW的失速调节风力机进行了气动性能计算,与国外大型商业软件的计算结果取得了良好的一致性,从而验证了模型的正确性和实用性。     

定常吸气对垂直轴风力机性能影响研究

定常吸气装置可有效提高垂直轴风力机气动性能,改善风轮流场结构及翼型动态失速特性.基于CFD方法对垂直轴风力机进行数值模拟,研究不同叶尖速比(TSR)下定常吸气对风力机气动及流场特性的影响,对比分析原始风力机及定常吸气作用下的风能利用率、整机转矩系数及涡量分布.结果表明:不同尖速比下定常吸气均可显著提高风力机气动性能,减...     

Dynamic stall modelling of the S809 aerofoil and comparison with experiments

An analysis of dynamic stall for the S809 aerofoil has been performed in conjunction with the Leishman–Beddoes dynamic stall model that was modified for wind turbine applications. Numerical predictions of the lift, drag and pitching moment coefficients were compared with measurements obtained for an oscillating S809 aerofoil at various reduced frequencies, mean angles of attack and angle of attack amplitudes. It was found that the results using the modified model were in good agreement with the experimental data. Hysteresis in the aerodynamic coefficients was captured well, although the drag coefficient was slightly underpredicted in the deep stall flow regime. Validation against the experimental data showed overall good agreement. The mathematical structure of the model is such that it can be readily incorporated into a comprehensive analysis code for a wind turbine. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Aerodynamic loads calculation and analysis for large scale wind turbine based on combining BEM modified theory with dynamic stall model

The aerodynamic loads for MW scale horizontal-axis wind turbines are calculated and analyzed in the established coordinate systems which are used to describe the wind turbine. In this paper, the blade element momentum (BEM) theory is employed and some corrections, such as Prandtl and Buhl models, are carried out. Based on the B-L semi-empirical dynamic stall (DS) model, a new modified DS model for NACA63-4xx airfoil is adopted. Then, by combing BEM modified theory with DS model, a set of calculation method of aerodynamic loads for large scale wind turbines is proposed, in which some influence factors such as wind shear, tower, tower and blade vibration are considered. The research results show that the presented dynamic stall model is good enough for engineering purpose; the aerodynamic loads are influenced by many factors such as tower shadow, wind shear, dynamic stall, tower and blade vibration, etc, with different degree; the single blade endures periodical changing loads but the variations of the rotor shaft power caused by the total aerodynamic torque in edgewise direction are very small. The presented study approach of aerodynamic loads calculation and analysis is of the university, and helpful for thorough research of loads reduction on large scale wind turbines.     

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade Aerodynamics in Experiments and Modeling

Turbine aerodynamics remains a challenging and crucial research area for wind energy. Blade aerodynamic forces responsible for power production must be augmented to maximize energy capture. At the same time, adverse aerodynamic loads that fatigue turbine components need to be mitigated to extend machine service life. Successful resolution of these conflicting demands and continued cost of energy reduction require accurate blade aerodynamic models. This, in turn, depends on clear physical understanding and reliable numerical modeling of rotational augmentation and dynamic stall, the two phenomena principally responsible for amplified turbine blade aerodynamic loads. The current work examines full-scale turbine blade aerodynamic measurements and current modeling methodologies to better understand the physical and numerical attributes that determine model performance