基于电-力-声多物理场耦合数值模型的含水合物多孔介质声速和衰减特性研究

在物理模拟实验中对水合物微观赋存模式和饱和度进行准确控制和评价尚存在技术困难,仅依赖实验技术研究含水合物沉积物声学特性、建立储层参数解释模型存在局限性。采用基于有限元的数字岩石物理技术,针对悬浮、接触和胶结三种典型的水合物微观赋存模式分别建立多孔介质的三维电-力-声多物理场耦合模型,考察了微观赋存模式和水合物饱和度对多孔介质声速和衰减的影响规律,对比了声速数值模拟与理论模型计算结果,建立了声波衰减参数与水合物饱和度之间的关系式。研究结果表明：（1）对于三种水合物赋存模式,由于水合物相比孔隙水具有更高的弹性模量,多孔介质的声速随着水合物饱和度的增大而增大;水合物的存在导致声波在传播过程中遇到更多不连续的声阻抗界面,声衰减随着水合物饱和度的增大而近似线性增大;（2）悬浮和接触赋存模式条件下,水合物饱和度对多孔介质的声速和衰减影响规律基本一致;对于相同的水合物饱和度,胶结模式条件下含水合物多孔介质具有更高的声速和更小的声衰减;（3）通过合理选择参数值,利用权重方程与Lee改进的Biot-Gassmann Theory(BGTL)模型估算的含悬浮和接触模式水合物多孔介质的声速较为准确;通过等效...     

天然气水合物沉积物分解过程中本构关系研究

天然气水合物具有储量大、分布广泛、清洁燃烧等优点,近年来受到研究人员的广泛关注。为了实现天然气水合物资源的安全高效开采,对其沉积层的力学稳定性进行系统评估是十分必要的。本研究在实验室内重塑了40%孔隙度的天然气水合物沉积物试样,并基于力学实验设备,对其在不同围压条件下分解过程中的力学强度及变形进行了一系列测试,获取了相应的应力应变数据。研究结果表明,水合物分解会造成沉积层强度的降低。此外,基于实验数据,在借鉴土力学邓肯-张本构模型的基础上,考虑了围压及分解时间对沉积物力学特性的影响,本文构建了适用于不同围压条件下天然气水合物沉积物分解过程中的本构模型,研究结果表明,该模型可以较好地模拟沉积物试样在分解过程中的应力应变关系,可为实现天然气水合物的安全开采提供一定的理论依据。     

Analysis of physical properties of gas hydrate-bearing unconsolidated sediment samples from the ultra-deepwater area in the South China Sea

Marine natural gas hydrate has recently attracted global attention as a potential new clean energy source. Laboratory measurements of various physical properties of gas hydrate-bearing marine sediments can provide valuable information for developing efficient and safe extraction technology of natural gas hydrates. This study presents comprehensive measurement results and analysis of drilled hydrate-bearing sediments samples recovered from Qiongdongnan Basin in the South China Sea. The results show that the gas hydrate in the core samples is mainly methane hydrate with a methane content of approximately 95%, and the other components are ethane and carbon dioxide. The saturation of the samples fluctuates from 2%–60%, the porosity is approximately 38%–43%, and the water content is approximately 30%–50%, which indicate that high water saturation means that timely drainage should be paid attention to during hydrate extraction. In addition, the median diameter of the sediment samples is mainly distributed in the range of 15 to 34 μm, and attention should be paid to the prevention and control of sand production in the mining process. Moreover, the thermal conductivity is distributed in the range of 0.75 to 0.96 W/(m∙K) as measured by the flat plate heat source method. The relatively low thermal conductivity of hydrates at this study site indicates that a combined approach is encouraged for natural gas production technologies. It is also found that clay flakes and fine particles are attached to the surface of large particles in large numbers. Such characteristics will lead to insufficient permeability during the production process.     

含水合物沉积物力学-声学联合试验设备的开发和初步应用

为开展天然气水合物沉积物力学、声学特性的试验研究，对高压-温控三轴试验设备的管道线路进行重新规划，并引入GCTS超声波测试系统。为了检验仪器性能，利用福建标准砂和甲烷气体制备不同水合物饱和度的沉积物试样，开展不同有效围压下的三轴排水剪切试验。结果表明：设备能稳定制备含水合物试样并进行力学试验，试验全过程可实时测试试样的压缩波速和剪切波速；波速变化与试样内部密实度、颗粒分布的变化等密切相关，可反映试样体积的变化及剪切初期的剪胀特性；通过固结后的波速计算试样的泊松比，在0.16～0.31之间。     

含水合物松散沉积物声速剖面成像技术研究

本文基于射线理论的超声层析成像技术,采用自适应消噪技术除去天然气水合物（NGH）实验模型固有噪声,运用直射线追踪法和基于联合迭代重建算法（Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Techniques, SIRT）的迭代重建法实现超声层析成像的正演和反演,针对水合物实验获取的波形,得到NGH在松散沉积物中形成时的地层声速剖面结构图像。结果表明,使用超声层析成像技术获取的含NGH沉积物的二维声速剖面结构能够准确反应不同时刻沉积物中NGH饱和度及分布情况,并且纵横波速度剖面结构的变化趋势大体相同。同时本文也结合常用的NGH声速预测模型,针对实验数据,对声速与NGH饱和度之间的关系进行了讨论。     

含水合物地层渗流特性实验研究进展及瞬态压力脉冲法适用性分析

调研了含水合物地层渗流特性实验研究进展,归纳总结了现有的缺点与不足;概述了瞬态压力脉冲法的基本原理及其应用现状,分析讨论了该方法应用于含水合物地层渗流特性实验研究的适用性。主要结论如下：保持稳定渗流难、测量耗时长和水合物易扰动是现有实验研究存在的主要不足;瞬态压力脉冲法能够解决上述不足,且测量精度高,具有良好的适用性,特别适用于我国南海含水合物地层。建议开展我国南海水合物成藏与开采过程中地层渗流特性模拟实验研究工作。     

Modeling the mechanical response of gas hydrate reservoirs in triaxial stress space

Exploitation of gas from deep-sea methane hydrate-bearing layers might lead to some geological disasters, including marine landslides and excessive settlement of marine ground. The first offshore gas production tests for methane hydrate-bearing sediments were carried out in eastern Nankai Trough. However, knowledge on mechanical behavior of gas hydrate reservoirs with similar gradation and minerology component to the marine sediment is still insufficient. Consequently, proper modeling of geomechanical properties of methane hydrate-bearing sediments is crucial for reservoir simulation and deep ocean ground stability analysis for long-term gas production in the future. This study conducted a series of triaxial shear tests to examine the shear response of methane hydrate-bearing sediments with a similar grading curve and minerology components to the hydrate-rich sediments in Nankai Trough. The test results demonstrated that the presence of hydrate mass between sand grains altered the stress-strain pattern from strain-hardening to postpeak strain-softening. A simple constitutive model based on several empirical relationships of granular materials is proposed to describe the stress-strain relationship of methane hydrate-bearing sediments under triaxial stress condition. This model can reproduce the enhancement of shear strength, initial stiffness, and dilation behavior of methane hydrate-bearing sediments containing different amounts of fines content with a rise in the methane hydrate saturation at a wide range of effective confining pressures. The numerical results indicate that the parameter A associated with initial stiffness of stress-strain curve and the parameter $\text{α}$ related with dilation properties are jointly governed by the confining pressure, fines content, and hydrate saturation.     

A state-dependent subloading constitutive model with unified hardening function for gas hydrate-bearing sediments

Natural gas hydrate in ocean sediments and permafrost areas may become a significant potential energy resource. Since the hydrate dissociation may affect the stability of production wells and even lead to geological hazards, it is essential to study the mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments (GHBS) for the efficient and safe extraction of gas hydrate. This study presents an extended subloading Modified Cam-Clay model for clayey-silty and sandy GHBS. The state-dependent unified hardening function and equivalent skeleton void ratio are newly introduced to consider the coupled effects of stress level, void ratio, dilatancy, and hydrate saturation on the mechanical behavior of GHBS. Based on the theory of hyperelasticity, an elastic constitutive relation accounting for the influences of cementation caused by hydrate formation and sediment structure change caused by hydrate dissociation is established by using a stiffness evolution function related to hydrate saturation. The bonding and debonding law of strength reflecting the hydrate cementation and its degradation are used. The model is applied to simulate different triaxial tests of GHBS, and its performance in predicting the isotropic compression, strain hardening and softening, shear contraction and dilation, and collapse induced by hydrate dissociation is investigated.     

BSR与CSEM识别天然气水合物的优缺点对比

天然气水合物是一种分布广泛的新型清洁能源,是目前能源勘探界的研究热点之一。提升天然气水合物勘探技术以探测天然气水合物分布和进行资源量估算,对我国天然气水合物的开采和利用至关重要。本文对比总结了似海底反射（BSR）和海洋可控源电磁法（CSEM）识别天然气水合物的优势与局限性。结果表明,BSR是目前识别海洋天然气水合物的一种常用且重要的方法,但BSR与天然气水合物的存在并非一一对应,难以准确估算天然气水合物饱和度和资源量。海洋CSEM能相对准确地识别天然气水合物,并可通过获取储层电阻率估算天然气水合物饱和度和储量。两者的结合将有效提高天然气水合物的钻探成功率、降低勘探风险和节约勘探成本。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物形成对岩芯电阻率及介电常数的影响

选取祁连山天然气水合物钻探区DK-8井岩心样品中的砂岩,利用模拟气合成含天然气水合物砂岩样品,并进行电阻率及介电常数研究。砂岩样品在天然气水合物形成后电阻率明显增大。在温度震荡过程中,电阻率测量能检测到水合物或冰的二次形成。在天然气水合物形成过程中,体系的介电常数变化规律复杂,在1 kHz ~ 100 kHz频段内,含水合物岩石的介电常数存在频散特性,频率高于100 kHz,频散特性变弱。从介电常数的实验结果来看,基于介电常数的电法勘探技术可用来定性分析含水合物储层,但很难定量研究储层的水合物饱和度。     

Experimental study on dynamic acoustic characteristics of natural gas hydrate sediments at different depths

Acoustic properties are important geophysical parameters, compared to resistivity, pore water and other parameters that need to be obtained through drilling, the acoustic wave velocity of hydrate deposits is much easier to obtain. Therefore, the study of acoustic characteristics of hydrate reservoir is the basis for geophysical exploration and resource evaluation for hydrates. In this study, an experimental apparatus was developed to measure dynamic P- and S-wave velocity of gas hydrate bearing sediment. The effect of sensitivity factors including hydrate saturation, confining pressure, and reservoir solid phase particle size on the acoustic characteristics of hydrate reservoir were explored. The experimental results showed that the longitudinal and transverse wave velocities of natural gas hydrate rock samples correlated positively with hydrate saturation and confining pressure and the particle size of the solid phase exhibited little effect on the vertical and horizontal wave velocity of the gas hydrate reservoir. The results of this study indicated that the compression factor of different rock samples is the main factor affecting the vertical and horizontal wave velocity of the reservoir through mechanical experiments. At the same time, acoustic experiments and computed tomography results revealed the existence of different contact modes between natural gas hydrate and sediment particles under different saturations. Furthermore, the possibility of detecting the microscopic distribution of hydrates in sediments by acoustic waves was verified. The data can be used in well logging to determine hydrate saturation and other properties of hydrate bearing formations.     

基于宽频复电阻率的含黏土沉积物中水合物饱和度计算方法

天然气水合物沉积物中的黏土成分显著影响沉积物的电学特性以及水合物饱和度的计算模型。以自主设计开发的复电阻率参数测量装置为实验平台,在20 Hz ~ 100 kHz频率范围内测试了黏土条件下含水合物海沙体系的复电阻率,分析了复电阻率的频散特性、黏土影响以及主导的电极化机制,利用泥质修正Archie公式建立了基于宽频复电阻率的水合物饱和度计算模型。研究结果表明：（1）含水合物海沙体系的复电阻率呈现出显著的频散特性,双电层极化和界面极化分别是20 Hz ~ 1 kHz和1 ~ 100 kHz频段主导的极化机制;（2）黏土颗粒表面的双电层发生形变增强了含水合物沉积物双电层极化作用,提高了复电阻率相角和虚部的绝对值;（3）在20 Hz ~ 100 kHz频率范围内泥质修正Archie公式岩性系数较为稳定,而胶结指数和饱和度指数与测试频率之间的关系在20 Hz ~ 1 kHz和1 ~ 100 kHz频段差异显著,因此应分频段建立水合物饱和度计算模型。本研究为探讨含水合物沉积物的低频电学特性和建立含黏土沉积物中水合物饱和度计算模型提供了新的途径。     

天然气水合物储层力学特性研究进展

自然界中的水合物一般产出于深水海底浅层未固结成岩的松散沉积物中和陆域冻土区岩石裂隙或孔隙中。水合物的分解会导致地层胶结强度、孔隙度、地质结构等发生变化，从而引发地质灾害，严重威胁水合物资源的安全开采。本文在大量调研文献的基础上，结合已有的天然气水合物制样、三轴力学测试研究现状和本构模型研究进展，系统分析影响含水合物沉积物的力学特性的主要因素和本构模型的发展趋势，梳理了获得的共识和存在的问题，提出了下一步研究方向，从而为下一步含水合物沉积物力学强度实验、本构模型开发以及储层稳定性研究等提供参考。     

墨西哥湾天然气水合物油气系统

从20世纪80年代开始,墨西哥湾的水合物研究经历了水合物发现阶段、浅表层水合物研究阶段和水合物资源勘探阶段等3个阶段,特别是2005年“联合工业计划”的实施,为这一区域的水合物研究提供了大量的地质、地球物理和地球化学等资料,使其成为目前海域水合物研究的前沿区域。本次研究采用水合物油气系统的思路和工作方法,通过资料的调研、总结和对比,详细描述并刻画了水合物稳定条件、气体组分和来源、有利沉积体类型和特征、含气流体运移通道等4个要素。研究结果表明,墨西哥湾陆坡区域温度和压力等条件非常适于水合物的形成,热成因气和生物成因气都可以作为水合物的气体来源,有利的深水沉积体（如水道、天然堤、块体流沉积体等）提供了潜在的储集类型和聚集空间,盐底辟、断层、倾斜的地层及网状裂隙等为含气流体的运移提供了有利的通道。作为一种全面和系统的研究思路和工作方法,水合物油气系统既考虑了水合物形成时的物理化学条件,又注重实际的地质背景,可以作为海域水合物成藏潜力的快速评价方法。然而,要对重点区域进行水合物矿体描述、不均匀性分布控制因素等方面的分析,开展精细的沉积学解剖和流体运移的分析,是研究的重点。因此,将“水合物识别标志”、“有利沉积体展布”和“流体运移通道”三者有机地结合在一起,是今后海域水合物资源勘探、矿体精细描述和科学评价的发展方向。     

Mechanical experiments and constitutive model of natural gas hydrate reservoirs

Natural gas hydrate is a new type of green energy resources and has great development prospects, and it has attracted worldwide attentions. The exploitation of natural gas hydrate may result in a series of geological disasters. Therefore, the constitutive model of natural gas hydrate bearing sediments needs to be established to reveal deformation laws of the reservoir sediments and accurately evaluate mechanical properties of hydrate reservoirs. This is the basic guarantees for the effective exploitation of natural gas hydrate resources. The triaxial compressive tests were conducted on samples of natural gas hydrate sediment. Furthermore, the Duncan-Chang hyperbolic model was modified by considering the influences of hydrate saturation based on the test results to obtain the constitutive model according with the deformation characteristics of natural gas hydrate reservoirs. The results show that the stress-strain curves of natural gas hydrate reservoirs show unobvious compaction stage and peak strength, short elastic stage, long yield stage, and significant strain hardening characteristics. After applying loads on natural gas hydrate bearing sediments, the internal solid particles were dislocated and slid. When the loads were small, the sediments demonstrated elastic deformation. With the increase of loads, plastic flows appeared in the interior, and the hydrate crystals were re-orientated, thus the sediments showing plastic deformation. Initial tangent elastic modulus increased with the effective confining pressures, which had little correlations with hydrate saturation. Furthermore, the damage ratio increases with the increase of effective confining pressures, while slightly decreases with the increase of natural gas hydrate saturation. The predicted results of stress-strain curves of sediments with different hydrate saturations well coincide with the results of triaxial compressive tests, indicting the feasibility and rationality of this model.     

世界天然气水合物资源勘探开发现状与展望

综述了世界天然气水合物资源状况（储量约为2×10^16m^3）、分布以及主要国家的勘探开发动向。介绍了天然气水合物的勘探方法（地球物理勘探法、地球化学勘探法、标型矿物法、自生沉积矿物学法等）,以及天然气水合物的开发技术（加热法、降压法、添加化学剂法、驱替法等）。列举了世界天然气水合物开发项目的一些实例。对天然气水合物勘探开发前景进行了展望。     

海底天然气水合物资源的研究及开发现状

海底天然气水合物是水分子和甲烷等气体组成的固态结晶，储量大、分布广的特点使其成为一种极具吸引力的潜在新能源。在关注这一潜力巨大的新能源的同时，它在地质、环境方面的重大意义和影响也是不容忽视的。文中从分子结构、物化性质、储存及开采等不同角度介绍了天然气水合物的形成和开发现状，并进一步阐述了天然气水合物开发的前景和所面临的问题。     

海底天然气水合物地层钻井潜在风险及控制措施

天然气水合物是一种清洁高效能源,其广泛分布于大陆永久冻土带和海洋环境中,其中海洋环境又以海洋大陆斜坡和深海盆地为主。对海底天然气水合物地层进行钻井是研究海底天然气水合物及获得海底地层油气资源最直接的手段之一,但海底天然气水合物地层地质环境复杂,钻井面临诸多风险。本文通过综合分析海底天然气水合物地层的储层特性,探讨了海底地层中天然气水合物分解与再形成对钻井工程的影响、可能诱发的地质灾害及环境效应,并提出了相应的应对措施,以期为我国海底天然气水合物地层钻井提供参考。     

南海北部天然气水合物沉积环境中自生矿物特征

南海北部陆坡发育的自生岩石矿物主要有碳酸盐岩、黄铁矿、石膏等,主要分布在天然气水合物最有潜力的区域,如西沙海槽、神狐海域、东沙西南和东北海域,以东沙东北部海域为自生矿物发育最密集区域。自生碳酸盐岩主要呈结核状、结壳状、烟囱状、块状等产出,神狐海域和东沙西南海域以白云石为主,西沙海槽以文石为主,东沙东北部主要以高镁方解石为主,具有较轻的碳同位素值和较重的氧同位素值;自生黄铁矿主要呈长条状,由草莓状黄铁矿组成,具有较大的硫同位素值,分布较为广泛;自生石膏主要呈球状或者块状,透明自形晶结构,分布在神狐及东沙海域部分站位。南海北部自生矿物的这些特点可为我国水合物勘探提供自生矿物方面的证据。     

基于TDR双参数的沉积物中水合物饱和度测量

针对沉积物中水合物饱和度的测量问题,立足于时域反射技术（TDR）能够同时获得含水合物沉积物表观介电常数和电导率的优点,提出了一种基于介电常数/电导率双参数的水合物饱和度评价新方法。在分析介电常数和电导率测量原理的基础上,设计了四氢呋喃（THF）水合物模拟实验与参数测量系统以及实验方案;基于TDR测量响应分析了孔隙水电导率对水饱和的以及含水合物的模拟沉积物介电常数和电导率的影响;利用TDR获取的不同水合物饱和度条件下的介电常数测量数据对比分析了经典介电常数模型的性能,并以Lichteneker-Rother（LR）模型为原型建立了水合物饱和度与介电常数之间的关系模型,以阿尔奇公式为原型建立了基于TDR测量电导率的水合物饱和度计算模型。研究结果表明：采用LR模型和Maxwell-DeLoor模型能够较准确地描述TDR测量表观介电常数与水合物饱和度之间的关系;基于表观介电常数/电导率双参数的水合物饱和度联合评价方法为提高评价结果的准确度和可靠性提供了新途径。将来需要结合水合物储层实际特征开展模拟实验并进一步完善饱和度计算模型,将基于TDR双参数的饱和度联合评价方法推广应用到含天然气水合物沉积物。