微波等离子体中OH自由基的光腔衰荡光谱诊断

搭建了一套以可调谐半导体激光器为光源的连续波光腔衰荡光谱装置,将其与微波等离子体装置结合,对等离子体中的OH自由基进行了原位定量测量,同时考察了OH自由基数密度随气压和微波功率的变化情况.实验结果表明:以氮气为工作气体,在(0.66～3.99)×103Pa范围内,随着气压的升高,OH自由基数密度先增加后降低,在1.995×103Pa时达到最大值;随着微波功率的升高OH自由基数密度逐渐增加.     

光腔衰荡光谱技术及其在痕量气体分析中的应用

光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术是一种新兴的高灵敏度吸收光谱检测技术.在介绍光腔衰荡光谱检测原理和痕量气体浓度检测公式的基础上,总结了CRDS技术在痕量气体分析方面的优势.综述了CRDS技术在气体污染物、超纯气杂质和水分检测方面的应用.     

连续波腔衰荡技术的激光去谐方法

针对连续波腔衰荡技术的激光关断问题,本文提出通过调制激光器的驱动电流,即激光去谐方法,使连续波激光与衰荡腔离开谐振状态,实现对入射光的快速关断.该方法根据电流调制特点实现以往系统中声光或电光开关的功能,不需用外部光开关来切断光源,系统更加简便,节省成本.设计了基于激光去谐的连续波腔衰荡技术系统,分析了各器件的性能和工作原理,分析了去谐过程的特性,比较了激光去谐与激光关断的区别.结果表明,调制电流的关断时间比传统的光开关更短,衰荡曲线的单指数线形更加明显.     

基于光腔衰荡光谱的气体成份量测量技术

光腔衰荡光谱技术依赖于气体分子常数测量气体成份量,有望成为新一代基于自然常数的气体成份量基准方法。本文详细介绍了国内外研究机构对于光腔衰荡光谱法在气体成份量测量领域的研究现状,并在此基础上设计出一套基于Pound-Drever-Hall(PDH)锁频技术的光腔衰荡光谱测量装置,旨在完善目前实物计量标准的局限性。     

大气压双频Ar/O_(2)放电等离子体特性的数值模拟北大核心CSCD

文章采用等离子体流体理论模型,研究了双频容性耦合放电中高频源频率对大气压氩气与氧气混合气体放电等离子体的各类粒子密度与各项等离子体参数的影响。通过模拟不同高频源频率的放电,得到了放电空间中各类粒子的密度、电子温度、电场等参数的一维时空分布,进一步了解了双频放电中高频源频率对等离子体特性的影响作用。研究结果表明:当放电电压固定时,随高频源频率的升高,电子密度逐渐增大;电子温度、电场与电势有下降的趋势;各类氩离子密度与氩原子的亚稳态密度随高频源频率的升高而增大;随高频源频率的升高,各类氧离子密度增大,氧原子密度先减小后增大,氧分子的亚稳态密度先增大后减小。电子压力加热、电子欧姆加热、电子加热和能量损失受高频源频率的影响均逐步升高。此外,有效电流密度与有效功率密度随高频源频率的升高大体增加。     

基于连续波激光器衰荡腔吸收光谱的痕量气体探测方法

本文描述了一种采用连续波激光激发衰荡腔光谱测量痕量气体浓度的实验装置。CRDS是基于比尔定律的吸收光谱技术,通过将光耦合到含有样品的高精细度光学谐振腔并测量光衰减速率来测量样品浓度的。它提供了绝对的和高精度的分子浓度的测量方法。这种技术只需要激光二极管提供单一模式的适度的激光功率,使系统易于运输。近红外区域,很容易与周围环境温度二极管访问包含了泛频振动能级和禁止的许多重要物体的电子跃迁。我们的研究重点是研究连续波激光激发衰荡腔光谱的性质,以增加这些物体的检测灵敏度。具体来说,我们正在研究在范围从ppb到ppt范围湿度测量。最近,我们获得了比吸收谱测量方法更好的检测极限灵敏度1x10-11cm-1Hz-1/2。我们将讨论该设备及其应用,目前的表现数据。     

利用准光腔对辉光放电等离子体诊断分析

利用建立的准光腔谐振系统对辉光放电空气等离子体中电子密度参数进行了诊断分析。通过测试加载等离子体前后准光腔谐振系统的谐振参数,计算得到被测等离子体的等效复介电常数及电子密度。实验结果表明:采用准光腔诊断辉光放电空气等离子体,测试结果重复性好;当工作气压在30~35 Pa,放电电流在2~8 A时,等离子体密度范围在10~(16)m~(-3)量级,且在相同气压下,电子密度随放电功率增加而增加;与采用标准Langmuir探针的诊断结果相比较,二者差别不大。证明了采用准光腔谐振系统诊断辉光放电等离子体的可靠性与准确性。     

Ar对N_2介质阻挡放电光谱的影响

采用光谱法研究了大气压下氮气、氩气以及氩气对氮气介质阻挡放电等离子体的光辐射特性的影响。研究结果表明：在氮气里添加少量氩气,氮气光谱谱线强度会有所增强,尤其是386.3 nm和418.9 nm谱线强度增强明显。在氩气体积分数为10%时,随着等离子体放电电压变化,氮气的386.3 nm和418.9 nm两条谱线强度在放电电压70 kV时迅速增强。因此,在氮气和氩气混合气体放电中,气体组成影响等离子体内部的能量传输特性以及放电的发光特性。     

Sagnac效应在连续波腔衰荡微量气体浓度测量系统中的应用

基于环形光路的Sagnac效应及腔衰荡测量技术原理,本文提出了一种新型的连续波腔闲置不用衰荡微量气体浓度测量系统.系统中利用环形光路的Sagnac效应,将光纤环作为一个等效反射镜,与高反射率镜形成衰荡腔,实现衰荡腔的反射率可调,从而降低系统对入射光强度的要求,对信号处理提供了条件.在此基础上,文中对环形光路Sagnac...     

介质阻挡放电辅助稀薄甲烷-空气燃烧点火过程的一维数值模拟北大核心CSCD

非平衡态等离子体可以辅助稀薄甲烷-空气燃烧,但是目前对该过程的数值模拟尚不深入。本文建立了简化的等离子体辅助甲烷燃烧反应机理,并采用一维流体模型对微尺度DBD非平衡态等离子体辅助稀薄甲烷-空气燃烧过程进行数值模拟。模拟结果显示,等离子体放电可以在较低的初始温度下有效促进燃烧反应的发生,并且随着放电电压增加,放电空间中电子数密度明显增加,同时有效提高了燃烧温度。数值模拟结果可以反映主要活性粒子的变化趋势。在该阶段中,Ar含量增加或者CH_(4)与O_(2)摩尔比增加都会小幅增加燃烧温度,但是影响幅度较小。本研究结果增进了对该过程的了解。     

Gender differences in publication productivity in psychology in India

An analysis of gender differences in psychology in India provides quantitative and qualitative assessment of R&D output contributed by psychologists with the indication of the trend of growth, skewness, relatedness, co-authorship pattern of productivity.     

Metrology in Chemistry in Germany

The system for Metrology in Chemistry in Germany is described. At the national standards level, a network of high-level chemistry institutes coordinated by the national metrology institute, PTB, provides the primary references for chemical measurements. A dissemination mechanism employs chemical calibration laboratories accredited within the framework of the German Calibration Service (DKD). They act as “multipliers” between the national standards level and the user level by providing the user with calibration means which are traceable to the SI via national standards. Traceability structures in clinical chemistry, electrochemistry, elemental analysis and gas analysis are described     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Natural radioactivity in drinking water was determined in population-based random study of 472 private wells. The mean concentrations of (222)Rn, (226)Ra, (234)U, (238)U, (210)Pb and (210)Po in drilled wells were 460, 0.05, 0.35, 0.26, 0.04 and 0.05 Bq l(-1), and in wells dug in the soil were 50, 0.016, 0.02, 0.015, 0.013 and 0.007 Bq l(-1), respectively. Approximately 10% of the drilled wells exceeded a radon concentration of 1000 Bq l(-1) and 18% a uranium concentration of 15 microg l(-1). The mean annual effective dose from natural radionuclides for a drilled well user was 0.4 mSv and 0.05 mSv for a user of a well dug in the soil. The effective dose arising from (222)Rn was 75% of the total of all natural radionuclides for drilled well users. As regards long-lived radionuclides, (210)Po and (210)Pb caused the largest portion of the effective dose. The dose arising from (238)U, (234)U and (226)Ra was only 8% of the total of all natural radionuclides.     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Radiation Protection Dosimetry     

Radioactivity in building materials in Iraq

Activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in 45 samples of different building materials used in Iraq were measured using gamma-spectroscopy system based on high-purity germanium detector with an efficiency of 40 %. Radium equivalent activity, air-absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose, external and internal hazard indices and alpha index due to radon inhalation originating from building materials were measured to assess the potential radiological hazard associated with these building materials. The activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides (226)Ra, (232)Th and 40K were found to range from below detection limit (BDL) to 223.7 ± 9, BDL to 93.0 ± 3 and BDL to 343.1 ± 12, respectively. Values of average radium equivalent activity, air-absorbed dose rate, indoor and outdoor annual effective doses, external and internal hazard indices and alpha index ranged from 6.5 to 124.9, 16.2 to 89.5 (nGy h(-1)), 0.08 to 0.44 mSv, 0.02-0.11 mSv, 0.09 to 0.53, 0.13 to 0.69 and 0.03 to 0.62, respectively. These values indicate a low dose. Therefore, the building materials used in the current study are quite safe to be used as building materials.     

Optische in situ Schichtdickenmessung in Bedampfungsanlagen. Optical in situ film thickness monitoring in coating systems

Optical film thickness monitoring is more precise than crystal monitoring. The optical measurement makes use of the fact that the intensity of a monochromatic light beam which is reflected on a film will change periodically with increasing film thickness. The measurement is performed at an exchangeable test glass that is positioned beside the substrates and is therefore coated in the same way as the substrates. The accuracy of cut‐off is achieved by a “fit” of a theoretical curve shape to the measured values. Order filters are used to ensure that, at a certain wavelength, higher deflection orders do not influence the measurement when a monochromator grating is used.