A Randomized Linear-Work EREW PRAM Algorithm to Find a Minimum Spanning Forest

We present a randomized EREW PRAM algorithm to find a minimum spanning forest in a weighted undirected graph. On an n -vertex graph the algorithm runs in o(( log n)1+?) expected time for any ? >0 and performs linear expected work. This is the first linear-work, polylog-time algorithm on the EREW PRAM for this problem. This also gives parallel algorithms that perform expected linear work on two general-purpose models of parallel computation—the QSM and the BSP.     

PARALLEL GIVENS SEQUENCES FOR SOLVING THE GENERAL LINEAR MODEL ON A EREW PRAM∗

Abstract

Parallel Givens sequences for solving the General Linear Model (GLM) are developed and analyzed. The block updating GLM estimation problem is also considered. The solution of the GLM employs as a main computational device the Generalized QR Decomposition, where one of the two matrices is initially upper triangular. The proposed Givens sequences efficiently exploit the initial triangular structure of the matrix and special properties of the solution method. The complexity analysis of the sequences is based on a Exclusive Read-Exclusive Write (EREW) Parallel Random Access Machine (PRAM) model with limited parallelism. Furthermore, the number of operations performed by a Givens rotation is determined by the size of the vectors used in the rotation. With these assumptions one conclusion drawn is that a sequence which applies the smallest number of compound disjoint Givens rotations to solve the GLM estimation problem does not necessarily have the lowest computational complexity. The various Givens sequences and their computational complexity analyses will be useful when addressing the solution of other similar factorization problems.     

Reconstructing a Minimum Spanning Tree after Deletion of Any Node

Abstract. Updating a minimum spanning tree (MST) is a basic problem for communication networks. In this paper we consider single node deletions in MSTs. Let G=(V,E) be an undirected graph with n nodes and m edges, and let T be the MST of G . For each node v in V , the node replacement for v is the minimum weight set of edges R(v) that connect the components of T-v . We present a sequential algorithm and a parallel algorithm that find R(v) for all V simultaneously. The sequential algorithm takes O(m log n) time, but only O(m α (m,n)) time when the edges of E are presorted by weight. The parallel algorithm takes O(log ² n) time using m processors on a CREW PRAM.     

Fast integer merging on the EREW PRAM

We investigate the complexity of merging sequences of small integers on the EREW PRAM. Our most surprising result is that two sorted sequences ofn bits each can be merged inO(log logn) time. More generally, we describe an algorithm to merge two sorted sequences ofn integers drawn from the set {0, ...,m?1} inO(log logn+log min{n, m}) time with an optimal time-processor product. No sublogarithmic-time merging algorithm for this model of computation was previously known. On the other hand, we show a lower bound of Ω(log min{n, m}) on the time needed to merge two sorted sequences of lengthn each with elements drawn from the set {0, ...,m?1}, implying that our merging algorithm is as fast as possible form=(logn)^Ω(1). If we impose an additional stability condition requiring the elements of each input sequence to appear in the same order in the output sequence, the time complexity of the problem becomes Θ(logn), even form=2. Stable merging is thus harder than nonstable merging.     

A randomized sublinear time parallel GCD algorithm for the EREW PRAM

We present a randomized parallel algorithm that computes the greatest common divisor of two integers of n bits in length with probability 1−o(1) that takes O(nloglogn/logn) time using O(n6+?) processors for any ?>0 on the EREW PRAM parallel model of computation. The algorithm either gives a correct answer or reports failure.We believe this to be the first randomized sublinear time algorithm on the EREW PRAM for this problem.     

Optimal algorithms for the single and multiple vertex updating problems of a minimum spanning tree

The vertex updating problem for a minimum spanning tree (MST) is defined as follows: Given a graphG=(V, E _G) and an MSTT forG, find a new MST forG to which a new vertexz has been added along with weighted edges that connectz with the vertices ofG. We present a set of rules that produce simple optimal parallel algorithms that run inO(lgn) time usingn/lgn EREW PRAM processors, wheren=¦V¦. These algorithms employ any valid tree-contraction schedule that can be produced within the stated resource bounds. These rules can also be used to derive simple linear-time sequential algorithms for the same problem. The previously best-known parallel result was a rather complicated algorithm that usedn processors in the more powerful CREW PRAM model. Furthermore, we show how our solution can be used to solve the multiple vertex updating problem: Update a given MST whenk new vertices are introduced simultaneously. This problem is solved inO(lgk·lgn) parallel time using (k·n)/(lgk·lgn) EREW PRAM processors. This is optimal for graphs having (kn) edges.Part of this work was done while P. Metaxas was with the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dartmouth College.     

基于改进的遗传算法的多目标优化问题研究

研究多目标优化算法问题,针对传统的多目标优化算法由于计算复杂度非常高,难以获得令人满意的解等问题,在图论和遗传算法基础上,提出了一种改进的遗传算法求解多目标优化方法。首先采用二进制编码表示最小树问题,然后采用深度优先搜索算法进行图的连通性判断,给出了一种新的适应度函数,以提高算法执行速度和进化效率。最后仿真结果表明,与经典的Prim算法和Kruskal算法相比,新算法复杂度较低,并能在第一次遗传进化过程中获得一批最小生成树,适合于解决不同类型的多目标最小树问题。     

On Constructing Minimum Spanning Trees in R k 1

We give an algorithm to find a minimum spanning tree in the k-dimensional space under rectilinear metric. The running time is for k≥ 3. This improves the previous bound by a factor . Received January 10, 1995; revised December 21, 1995.     

在多元连接数据查询中最小生成树法的改进应用

本文对最小生成树法在分布式数据库多元连接中的应用进行了阐述和分析,并利用分布式数据库数据的分布性对最小生成树法进行了改进。提出了基于最小生成树法的连接图划分方法将连接图划分成多个子连接图,提高连接操作的并行性,从而使得响应时间得到减少。     

一种新的求解度约束最小生成树的遗传算法

染色体编码是遗传算法的关键内容,编码的优劣并直接影响算法的性能.提出了基于过程控制的生成树编码方法--PC编码.PC码为定长的整数向量,使用PC编码求解特定生成树问题时,首先选定的一个有效算法,并将修改为可控算法,然后用编码向量控制算法的运行过程,从面得到唯一生成树.为了求解度约束最小生成树(DCMST)问题,在D-Prim算法的基础上,设计r过程可控的度约束生成树构造PC-Prim算法.给出了以PC-Prim算法作为译码器的求解DC-MST问题的遗传算法.仿真结果表明遗传算法求解精度和运行时间均优于参与其他算法.     

Optimal parallel algorithms for multiple updates of minimum spanning trees

Parallel updates of minimum spanning trees (MSTs) have been studied in the past. These updates allowed a single change in the underlying graph, such as a change in the cost of an edge or an insertion of a new vertex. Multiple update problems for MSTs are concerned with handling more than one such change. In the sequential case multiple update problems may be solved using repeated applications of an efficient algorithm for a single update. However, for efficiency reasons, parallel algorithms for multiple update problems must consider all changes to the underlying graph simultaneously. In this paper we describe parallel algorithms for updating an MST whenk new vertices are inserted or deleted in the underlying graph, when the costs ofk edges are changed, or whenk edge insertions and deletions are performed. For multiple vertex insertion update, our algorithm achieves time and processor bounds ofO(log n·logk) and nk/(logn·logk), respectively, on a CREW parallel random access machine. These bounds are optimal for dense graphs. A novel feature of this algorithm is a transformation of the previous MST andk new vertices to a bipartite graph which enables us to obtain the above-mentioned bounds.     

基于蚂蚁搜索度约束最小生成树的改进算法

针对度约束最小生成树问题,对基本的蚁群算法进行改进。提出了度信息的概念来改进转移概率,保证算法获得可行解;同时采用基于度的禁忌表这种数据结构来表示度约束生成树,并与深度优先搜索的思想结合,保证得到树的连通性;将遗传算法中的变异特征引入蚁群算法,对生成树进行局部优化。不仅提高算法的效率,而且避免早熟收敛。通过数值试验验证新算法的可行性,并与其他算法进行比较,取得了良好的效果。     

基于最小生成树的图像融合算法

研究遥感图像融合精度问题。图像融合存在含有冗余和互补信息,造成清晰度降低。针对传统的图像配准算法精度较低,为了提高遥感图像融合的准确度,提出了一种最小生成树遥感图像配准算法,将最小生成树算法应用到图像融合的优化过程中,算法首先提取均匀子采样点集,并在此基础上构造最小生成树,然后使用最小生成树来估计熵,对遥感图像进行配准,最后将图像间的边缘梯度信息融入到融合框架中。算法有效地克服了传统图像融合算法的缺点,仿真结果表明,改进算法有效地提高了图像融合的精确度,并为遥感图像融合提出了有效依据。     

求解多目标最小生成树问题的改进算法

多目标最小生成树问题是典型的NP问题,Zhou和Gen提出了一种用于计数多目标最小生成树问题的所有非劣最优最小生成树的算法,但该算法无法保证能够找到所有非劣最优最小生成树.针对此问题,提出一种改进的计数算法,并定性说明改进算法能够找到问题的所有非劣最优最小生成树.改进算法在进行子树剔除时增加了一些条件.模拟实验结果表明,改进后的计数算法能够找到所有的非劣最优解.这也说明该算法具有应用的潜力.     

基于最小生成树的多序列联配算法

多序列联配(MAS)是现代生物信息学中的重要工具之一,MAS问题是NP-难的,因此需要一些启发式方法在合理的时间内联配大的数据集。本文提出了一个基于最小生成树的多序列联配算法,并使用BALiBASE标准数据集合,对我们的算法进行了性能评价,结果表明算法较之ClustalX类的算法其精确度更高。     

Nearly Linear Time Minimum Spanning Tree Maintenance for Transient Node Failures

Given a 2-node connected, real weighted, and undirected graph $G=(V,E)$, with $n$ nodes and $m$ edges, and given a minimum spanning tree (MST) $T=(V,E_T)$ of $G$, we study the problem of finding, for every node $v \in V$, a set of replacement edges which can be used for constructing an MST of $G-v$ (i.e., the graph $G$ deprived of $v$ and all its incident edges). We show that this problem can be solved on a pointer machine in ${\cal O}(m \cdot \alpha(m,n))$ time and ${\cal O}(m)$ space, where $\alpha$ is the functional inverse of Ackermanns function. Our solution improves over the previously best known ${\cal O}(\min\{m \cdot \alpha(n,n), m + n \log n\})$ time bound, and allows us to close the gap existing with the fastest solution for the edge-removal version of the problem (i.e., that of finding, for every edge $e \in E_T$, a replacement edge which can be used for constructing an MST of $G-e=(V,E \backslash \{e\})$). Our algorithm finds immediate application in maintaining MST-based communication networks undergoing temporary node failures. Moreover, in a distributed environment in which nodes are managed by selfish agents, it can be used to design an efficient, truthful mechanism for building an MST.     

一种基于最小生成树的多目标进化算法

怎样保证朝Pareto最优解的方向搜索和如何获得均匀分布且范围广泛的非支配解是多目标进化算法(MOEA)设计时的两个关键问题,它们很大程度上取决于适应度赋值和外部种群维护这两个重要部分.提出了一种基于最小生成树的多目标进化算法(MST_MOEA).在考虑了个体间支配关系的基础上,利用个体与非支配集的距离和不同等级个体的树聚集密度来对适应度赋值;在外部种群的非支配解个数超过规定的种群规模时,用树的度数和树聚集密度对其进行修剪.将其应用于不同维数下9个测试函数,并与NSGA-II,SPEA2进行对比,结果证实了算法良好的收敛性和分布性.     

矩阵形网络图最小生成树算法的优化

最小连接问题在网络优化中有广泛的应用,找到快速有效的算法来构造最小生成树是解决问题的关键。该文提出了一种构造算法,在存储结构和排序方法两方面进行了改进。从理论上分析了算法的计算复杂度,并实际测试了算法运行时间。结果表明该算法较现有算法有了很大提高。     

基于PRAM模型的二叉树A序列并行算法的研究

运用并行计算的PRAM模型研究二叉树A序列问题,提出了二又树的A序列的一种并行算法,并以应用实例对并行算法的过程进行详细描述和验证性分析.二叉树A序列的并行算法,为应用到二叉树序列遍历的系统与应用程序的并行化问题的解决提供借鉴和参考.     

应用层组播的最小延迟生成树算法

实时传输是应用层组播技术的一个主要应用领域,对网络延迟有严格的限制.保证低延迟组播成功的关键在于构建高效的应用层组播树,研究构建最小延迟应用层组播树的算法.首先分析影响延迟的3个因素:链路的传输时间、结点的发送/转发时间和结点度,然后把求解应用层组播树的问题抽象成对边和点都带权的有向图求解"度约束最小延迟生成树"的问题,同时证明这个问题属于NP-hard,并且提出了两类启发式近似算法:基于度的算法和基于最大延迟路径的算法.最后通过模拟实验说明了所提出算法的有效性.