Curdlan Properties for Application in Fat Mimetics for Meat Products

Gelling characteristics and viscoelastic properties of aqueous suspensions of curdlan were investigated by dynamic viscoelasticity measurements. The mechanical spectrum of the suspension was similar to that of weak gels, suggesting the suspension has a well-regulated particle-alignment with yield stress. Curdlan reached the highest moisture absorption rate within the temperature range in which the most significant moisture loss of meat occurs. These results suggest that curdlan could be an effective main ingredient in fat mimetics for meat products. Nonfat sausages using the curd lan-based fat mimetics were prepared and evaluated by a creep test and indicated curdlan was effective as a fat re-placer in such systems.     

Spray Dried Soymilk Used in Reduced Fat Pork Sausage Patties

Spray-dried soymilks (SDSM) prepared from standard and lipoxygenase-null soybeans were incorporated into reduced fat pork sausage (PS). Comparisons of fat content, tenderness and consumer acceptance of SDSM PS with cooked regular (～30% fat), lean (～13% fat) and car-rageenan (0.4%) formulations were made. SDSM mixtures had 50-60% less fat and 41% lower caloric content than regular PS. Protein content and cooking yield were higher in SDSM PS than in regular PS. Texture of lean PS was improved by addition of SDSM, without alteration of flavor. No differences in PS flavor were noted between SDSMs or among formulations.     

Antioxidative Fat Replacer and High-Monounsaturated Oil Used for Pork Fat in Precooked Sausage

One high-fat and four low-fat pork sausage formulations were made: P30 with 30% pork fat (P); P11-W with 11% P and 10% added water (W); P11-WC with 11% P, 9.5% W and 0.5% carrageenan (C); Pso11-WC with 6% P plus 5% high-oleic sunflower oil (So), 9.5% W and 0.5% C; and Pso11-WGcf with 6% P plus 5% So, 7.0% W and 3% defatted glandless cottonseed flour (Gcf). Sausage patty cooking yield was highest for P11-WC and Pso11-WGcf. TBA values for refrigerated precooked patties were lowest for Pso11-WGcf, whereas carrageenan had a prooxidant effect in low-fat patties made with all-pork fat. The oil had no adverse effects on lipid oxidation and sensory properties of low-fat patties with C. The monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio increased by 53–71% in the So-containing low-fat patties when compared to P11-W and P11-WC patties.     

Konjac Flour Gel as Fat Substitute in Low-fat Prerigor Fresh Pork Sausage

Prerigor trimmings from four lean cuts of pork carcasses (n = 3) were used to manufacture three replications of low-fat (10%) fresh pork sausage containing konjac flour gel, at 0, 10 or 20% levels and compared to a 40% fat control. Treatment sausages showed equal or improved cooked yields, slightly higher shear force (kg/g) and sensory textural attributes, but rated slightly lower in juiciness. As konjac flour gel levels increased, shear force and sensory textural attributes became more like the control. Storage time had minimal effect on quality and shelf life. Acceptable low-fat, prerigor pork sausage can be produced with 10–20% incorporation of konjac flour gel.     

Storage Stability of Vacuum Packaged Frozen Pork Sausage Containing Soy Protein Concentrate, Carrageenan or Antioxidants

Fresh pork sausage patties containing carrageenan, without or with soy protein and an antioxidant were packaged with or without vacuum. They were evaluated for sensory properties, visual color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and Hunter color ‘L’, ‘a’, ‘b’ values at 4-wk intervals during 16 wk frozen storage. Rosemary extract was as effective as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)/propyl gallate (PG)/citric acid (CA) in antioxidant properties, but patties with BHT/PG/CA showed less surface discoloration (P < 0.05). In fat-control (FC) products, antioxidants combined with vacuum packaging provided optimum protection against rancidity. With vacuum packaging (VP), reduced-fat products maintained acceptable quality (TBARS and sensory properties) during 16 wks frozen storage.     

Gelation Mechanism of Curdlan by Dynamic Viscoelasticity Measurements

Gelation of curdlan was classified into two forms: thermo-reversible and thermo-irreversible gelation. The temperature dependence of the rheological properties indicated that the temperature at which the transition to thermo-irreversible gel system occurred was concentration-dependent, while thermo-reversible gel formation temperature was independent of concentration. An increase in concentration lowered the irreversible gel formation temperature from the generally reported 80°C and decreased the amount of thermo-reversible component in the final gel. This indicates that an increase in the curdlan concentration promoted hydrophobic interactions between micelles at junction zones at a lower temperature than 80°C.     

Lecithin Improves Texture of Reduced Fat Cheeses

Cheddar-type cheeses with 33% fat reduction were made with 0.2 or 0.5% (w/w) lecithin. Reduced fat cheeses with no lecithin and full fat cheeses were prepared as controls. Cheeses were aged 3 mo prior to instrumental and sensory evaluation. Reduced fat cheese with lecithin received higher overall texture scores from dairy judges than reduced fat control cheeses (P ≤ 0.05). Texture scores from dairy judges for cheeses with lecithin were not different from full fat cheeses. Reduced fat cheeses with lecithin were softer than reduced fat control cheeses as measured instrumentally and according to specific attribute panelists (P ≤ 0.05). Cheese wet weight yields were greater with addition of lecithin (P ≤ 0.05) which resulted in a softer more desirable texture in reduced fat cheeses.     

脂肪氧化控制技术在广式腊肠中应用的研究进展

脂肪氧化在广式腊肠生产中具有重要作用,适当氧化是广式腊肠特征风味形成的主要途径,而过度氧化则是广式腊肠变质的重要因素。本论文首先阐述了广式腊肠中脂肪的氧化机理,再从生产过程控制、抗氧化剂的添加、包装技术等方面介绍了脂肪氧化控制技术在提高广式腊肠脂肪抗氧化性能的应用研究进展,最后对脂肪氧化控制技术在广式腊肠应用中的研究重点进行了展望。     

山楂猪肉腊肠的研制

以山楂和猪肉为原料,以酱油、白糖、白酒等为辅料,通过单因素试验及正交试验的方法研究了山楂、酱油、白酒、白糖添加量对猪肉腊肠品质的影响。试验结果表明,山楂添加于肉中可制作新型猪肉腊肠,山楂、酱油、白酒、白糖的最适添加量分别为3%、2%、3%、6%。     

Sensory Evaluation of Reduced Fat Cheeses

The objectives of this research were to compare the effects of seven make-procedures on the sensory quality of reduced fat Monterey Jacktype cheeses. Modifications (decreased cook temperature, decreased ripe time, decreased starter, homogenization, added milk-solids-not-fat, added flavor cultures, and washed curd) were incorporated into standard make-procedures for 33% reduced fat (RF) Monterey Jack-type cheeses. Two controls, a standard full fat cheese, and a standard RF cheese, were also prepared. Cheeses were aged 3 and 7 mo prior to sensory evaluation. The full fat control cheese and the washed curd RF cheese received the highest flavor scores from trained dairy judges (n = 9) and the highest flavor and acceptance scores from a consumer panel (n = 125). Washed curd was an effective modification for optimum sensory quality of RF cheeses.     

藏猪肉在红肠加工中的应用

在同一辅料配方和加工工艺条件下,采用五种不同比例的纯藏猪瘦肉为原料试制红肠作对比试验。结果表明:纯藏猪瘦肉用量越高,产品的外观、色泽、组织状态、滋味和口感等品质特性越好。可见西藏高原型纯藏猪肉是一种独具地方特色的优质肉制品新型原料肉,将为改善人们的肉食结构和开发高档新型肉制品开辟新的途径。     

发酵猪肉香肠的营养成分分析与评价

为探讨发酵香肠的营养价值,对发酵猪肉香肠的基本营养成分、氨基酸含量进行了测定,结果表明,发酵猪肉香肠蛋白质含量高达34.3%,显著高于市场上同类产品;脂肪及钠含量较低;氨基酸种类齐全,其中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸等含量较高,必需氨基酸（Essential Amino Acids,EAA）占总氨基酸含量的43%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸（Non-Essential Amino Acids,NEAA）含量之比为0.76,第一、二限制氨基酸分别为缬氨酸、苏氨酸。     

Pre-Emulsified Corn Oil, Pork Fat, or Added Moisture Affect Quality of Reduced Fat Bologna Quality

Replacing fat with additional water prevented the increase in firmness normally associated with low-fat meat products. Pre-emulsifying the fat or oil also decreased the firmness of reduced-fat bologna. The color of reduced fat bologna was darker for all except the pre-emul-sified corn oil treatments. Redness values for the intact (reduced) fat were the highest of all treatments. Pre-emulsifying fats caused a reduction in redness values for bologna. Flavor and overall acceptability scores from a consumer sensory panel did not differ among bologna samples, but juiciness scores were higher in bologna containing additional water. Accumulated purge in vacuum packages increased with water content in the products and with addition of pre-emulsified oil.     

Low-Fat Fresh Pork Sausage Patty Stability in Refrigerated Storage with Potassiunn Lactate

Typical pork sausage patties (40% fat), low-fat (8%) control patties, and low-fat (8%) patties with 20% added water and 0.4% carrageenan were compared to identical treatments containing 2% potassium lactate. The lactate had no effect on percent discoloration or lean color during refrigerated aerobic storage. Sensory properties of pork sausage treatments were not affected by the lactate salt (P<0.05). Bacterial populations of low-fat pork sausage patties did not differ (P>0.05); however, the typical patties with 2% potassium lactate had lower (P<0.05) microbial numbers during refrigerated storage than typical fresh pork sausage. TBARS,‘L’,‘a’and‘b’values were unaffected by the potassium lactate (P>0.05).     

Acceptability and Sensory Analysis of Pork Summer Sausage from Pigs Administered Porcine Somatotropin

Summer sausages were formulated to contain 20% fat from the following raw meat sources: (1) pork and beef blend, (2) 100% pork from control pigs, and (3) 100% pork from pigs administered 4 mg/ day porcine somatotropin (pSt). Sausages were evaluated by a trained sensory panel and by 1192 consumers. Summer sausage from the pSt-treated pigs and the pork/beef blend was firmer and more chewy than that made from 100% control pork. The beef/pork blend sausage was darker, more red and less yellow when compared with sausage made with 100% pork. Sausage from pSt-treated pigs received greater acceptability scores and was preferred by 62% of consumers when compared with sausage from control pigs.     

Extrusion for Producing Low-fat Pork and its Use in Sausage as Affected by Soy Protein Isolate

Low-fat pork was produced at extrusion temperatures (ET) of 25, 32.2,43.3,54.4, or 65.6°C with addition of soy protein isolate (SPI) at 0,1.5, or 3% and evaluated by measuring chemical and physical properties of low-fat pork sausage links. ET and SPI addition influenced moisture retention and fat reduction. The highest ET(65.5°C) gave the highest fat reduction in extrudates. TBARS decreased as ET and SPI increased. Extrudates at higher ET made darker and redder sausages. The hardness value of the control was not different from that of sausages from 65.6°C ET extrudates. The fat-reduced sausages were more springy and cohesive than the control. Depending on fat reduction, twin-screw extrusion influenced sausage color, texture, and lipid oxidation. The sausage links from 65.6°C ET extrudates with 1.5% SPI had the lowest fat, lowest TBARS, least cooking loss and were not different in hardness from control high-fat sausages.     

Reduced Fat Food Emulsions: Physicochemical,Sensory, and Biological Aspects

Fat plays multiple important roles in imparting desirable sensory attributes to emulsion-based food products, such as sauces, dressings, soups, beverages, and desserts. However, there is concern that over consumption of fats leads to increased incidences of chronic diseases, such as obesity, coronary heart disease, and diabetes. Consequently, there is a need to develop reduced fat products with desirable sensory profiles that match those of their full-fat counterparts. The successful design of high quality reduced-fat products requires an understanding of the many roles that fat plays in determining the sensory attributes of food emulsions, and of appropriate strategies to replace some or all of these attributes. This paper reviews our current understanding of the influence of fat on the physicochemical and physiological attributes of food emulsions, and highlights some of the main approaches that can be used to create high quality emulsion-based food products with reduced fat contents.     

可德兰多糖及其衍生物的生物活性和应用研究进展

可德兰多糖是一种不含侧链分支的微生物发酵型β-1,3-葡聚糖,具有特殊的凝胶性质,除作为食品添加剂外,在水产养殖也有着广泛的应用。多糖分子的聚合度、分子构象和分支程度与生物活性密切相关,通过化学改性得到的可德兰多糖衍生物不仅使得溶解性增加,而且其生物活性也有了明显的提高。同时,化学修饰后的可德兰多糖也具有开发为一种新型基因载体的广泛应用前景。本文综述了可德兰多糖及其衍生物的生物活性作用机理及其应用研究进展。     

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Androstenone and Skatole from Pork Fat

Boar taint, an unpleasant odor observed in pork from some mature intact male pigs, is attributed primarily to the presence of two compounds in boar fat, androstenone (Sα-androst-16-ene-3-one) and skatole (3-methyl indole). A rapid extraction method for the preparation of fat samples for androstenone/skatole screening assays would lead to more efficient use of boar carcasses for pork production. Supercritical carbon dioxide removed 97 ± 2% of the androstenone (extraction at 40°C; 5 min) and 65 ± 3% of the skatole (extraction at 40°C; 20 min) from 0.5 g of boar backfat. Supercritical CO₂ provides the basis for a fairly rapid extraction method to remove compounds associated with boar taint.     

熏煮香肠中脂肪、食盐、淀粉和水分含量对其质构的影响

质构是熏煮香肠的重要品质特征之一,脂肪、食盐、淀粉和水分含量是影响其质构的主要原辅料组成。文中应用质构剖面分析方法(textureprofileanalysis,TPA)对脂肪、食盐、淀粉和水分含量四因素的交互效应对熏煮香肠质构的影响进行了研究。结果显示,脂肪含量对熏煮香肠的硬度、粘聚性和咀嚼影响最大(调整R分别为129·34、0·051和33·14),而水分添加量对熏煮香肠的弹性影响最大(调整R为0·20)。通过感官评定与机械测定之间的相关分析,发现感官评定指标与机械测定的相应指标硬度、弹性、粘聚性和咀嚼性相关性较好(特别是硬度r=0·94和弹性r=0·89)。