Effect of Inclusion and Filtration on Grain Refinement Efficiency of Aluminum Alloy

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - It is well known that the filtration efficiency of ceramic foam filters (CFF) on aluminum melt can be significantly reduced by the addition of grain...     

铝及铝合金细化剂的研究

综述了晶粒细化剂的发展历史及细化剂的细化机理和各种细化剂的比较。并着重介绍了新一代的Al-Ti-C晶粒细化剂。     

微量添加剂对6063铝合金晶粒细化及力学性能的影响

研究了微量稀土和Al-Ti-B添加剂对6063铝合金的晶粒尺寸和力学性能的影响。结果表明：微量稀土和Al-Ti-B复合作用后的效果更明显，6063铝合金的晶粒得到显著细化，抗拉强度和延仲率得到很大的提高。     

铝合金管材晶粒度的细化研究

通过控制6063管材截面晶粒尺寸,来满足某高端汽车客户标准中100μm的晶粒尺寸要求;从铸棒的均质制度、模具设计方式、挤压工艺三个方面进行优化控制,通过高倍显微镜、电导率和布氏硬度等检测方法进行深入分析.结果表明,铸棒采用高温短时的均质制度,模具减少前室的设计方法,挤压工艺使用低温快速的挤压方式,成功生产出符合高端汽车...     

铝及铝合金细化剂的研究

综述了晶粒细化剂的发展及历史，细化剂的细化机理和各种细化剂的比较。并着重介绍了新一代的AlTiC晶粒细化剂。     

Effect of Equal Channel Angular Pressing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Commercial Purity Aluminum

Commercial purity aluminum was deformed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) using steel dies producing two different shear strains of either 1.15 or 0.60 in each pass. Two sets of samples were selected for study, of which the first set consists of aluminum billets repeatedly deformed without changing orientation (process A) up to three passes using first die. The second set of samples was equal channel angular pressed (ECAPed) using the second die up to 10 passes adopting process B_c, where samples were rotated by 90 deg between successive passes. The flow patterns were revealed by optical metallography. Tensile strength and hardness were measured. The ECAPed samples were isochronally-annealed and recrystallization behavior was studied by microscopy and Vickers hardness measurements. Refinement of grain size, substructure, and texture was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). The results show that flow patterns are complex and distinct from simple shear. Strain is higher at the outer surfaces, highest at the bottom surface, and intermediate in the middle of the billet. The work piece strain hardens significantly in first pass with an attendant drop in ductility. The degree of strengthening reduces in subsequent passes. The high defect density introduced during the initial passes leads to grain refinement to an ultrafine level and advantageously the material regains ductility. The refinement in microstructure obtained after two to three passes is stable up to 250 °C. The flow patterns are very similar to those obtained by physical modeling in our earlier studies using plasticine. Equiaxed ultrafine-grained structure (average grain size = 0.53 μm) was obtained after ECAP at an equivalent shear strain of 6.0. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium entitled “Materials Behavior: Far from Equilibrium” as part of the Golden Jubilee Celebration of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, which occurred on December 15–16, 2006 in Mumbai, India.

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Healing of Double-Oxide Film Defects in Commercial Purity Aluminum Melt

The possibility of the formation of bonding between the two layers of a double-oxide film defect when held in a commercial purity liquid Al alloy was investigated. The defect was modeled experimentally by maintaining two aluminum oxide layers in contact with one another in a commercial purity Al melt at 1023 K (750 °C) for times ranging from 7 minutes to 48 hours. Any changes in the composition and morphology of these layers were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results showed that the oxide layers started to bond to one another after approximately 5 hours, and the extent of the bonding increased gradually by the holding time. The bonding is suggested to form because of the transformation of γ- to α-Al₂O₃. A complete bonding formed between the layers only when the oxygen and nitrogen trapped between the two layers were consumed, after approximately 13 hours. The results also confirmed that the nitrogen within the atmosphere of an oxide film defect reacts with the surrounding Al melt to form AlN at the interface of the defect and the melt.     

Understanding the Co-Poisoning Effect of Zr and Ti on the Grain Refinement of Cast Aluminum Alloys

The “co-poisoning” effect between Zr and Ti (derived from Al-Zr and Al-Ti-B master alloy additions) on the grain refinement of cast aluminum alloys is studied from a crystallographic atom matching viewpoint. The edge-to-edge matching (E2EM) model has been used to investigate the possible “poisoning” phase containing Zr/Ti, Al, and Fe in commercial grade aluminum alloys. The results show that Al₃Ti is the most likely constituent to be poisoned due to the formation of an Al₈Fe₄Zr coating on its surface, since the Al₈Fe₄Zr phase has good crystallographic atom matching with Al₃Ti, but not with the aluminum matrix. Meanwhile, the partial dissolution of Al₃Zr nucleant particles to compensate for the loss of solute Zr aggravates the poisoning phenomenon. This proposed mechanism is consistent with most previous experimental observations and with existing practical solutions employed in the foundry.     

Behavior of Boron in Molten Aluminum and its Grain Refinement Mechanism

The mechanism of heterogeneous grain refining of aluminum by ultrafine elemental boron particles was investigated. In order to facilitate the observation of the boron-aluminum interface, a boron filament was introduced in a melt at 1013 K (740 °C) containing different levels of Ti. The Al/B interface was studied using transmission electron microscopy and different phases were identified using the electron diffraction method. The experimental results showed that boron is dissolved in pure aluminum while its dissolution is inhibited in presence of titanium solute. A thin layer of TiB₂ formed at the surface of boron thickens with residence time in the melt. The mechanisms by which aluminum is crystallized on boron are discussed.     

Modification Behavior of Trace Rare Earth on Impurity Phases in Commercial Purity Aluminum

Modifying effect and mechanism of trace rare earth on Fe(Si)-rich impurity phases in commercial purity aluminum were studied with the aids of SEM, EDAX, TEM, etc. It is found that Ce-rich mixed rare earth (RE) is an effective modifying agent, which makes the coarse Fe-rich impurity phases transform into complex compounds of tiny, sphere/short stick form, thus improving mechanical properties of this material; its modifying mechanism is in that RE gathering in front of solid/liquid interface enters into the impurity phases, forming complex (A1FeSiRE) compounds; or is adsorbed in the impurity phases surface, impeding the growth of impurity phases; however, excessive RE will result in the increasing of RE compounds (secondary phases), and plasticity reduction of this material. Therefore, its addition amount should be less than 0.07% (mass fraction).     

Effect of Grain Refinement on the Dendrite Coherency Point during Solidification of the A319 Aluminum Alloy

Dendrite coherency is important to the formation of the solidification structure and castability of alloys. The effects of grain refinement on the dendrite coherency in A319 aluminum alloy have been studied using the two-thermocouple thermal analysis technique in the solidifying sample. The fraction solid at the dendrite coherency point ( f_s^\textDCP f_{s}^{\text{DCP}} ) in the A319 alloy increases with increasing Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner, and varies from 16 to 21 pct when the amount of Al-5Ti-1B in the alloy is in the range of 0 to 4.6 wt pct. The results also indicate that the grain refinement increases the temperature interval of coherency (T _N – T _DCP) and coherency time (t _DCP), and it can postpone dendrite coherency. These changes were interpreted based on the dendrite growth rate, the growth restriction factor, and the microstructure.     

Effect of gravity level on grain Refinement in Aluminum Alloys

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A -     

The Effect of Solute Elements on the Grain Refinement of Cast Zn

The effect of both peritectic-forming elements (Cu and Ag) and eutectic-forming elements (Mg and Al) on the grain refinement of cast pure Zn was investigated. It is found that these four alloying elements lead to effective grain refinement of cast pure Zn, although they have different values of growth restriction factor (Q). Mg and Al seem to have better grain refining efficiency for cast pure Zn than Cu and Ag. These results raise questions regarding the mechanisms of grain refinement in Zn-based alloys, and therefore further studies are required.     

Twin Nucleation by Slip Transfer across Grain Boundaries in Commercial Purity Titanium

The role of strain transfer in the activation of deformation twinning at grain boundaries has been characterized in commercially pure titanium deformed in bending. Two different orientations of a textured polycrystal were deformed in bending and were analyzed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) to determine the active slip and twinning systems in the surface tensile region. Prismatic slip and { 10[`1]2 } á [`1]011 ñ \left\{ {10\bar{1}2} \right\}\left\langle {\bar{1}011} \right\rangle twinning were the most widely observed deformation modes in both orientations. Nonprismatic slip systems were also activated, most likely to accommodate local strain heterogeneities. A slip-stimulated twin nucleation mechanism was identified for soft/hard grain pairs: dislocation slip in a soft-oriented grain can stimulate twin nucleation in the neighboring hard grain when the slip system is well aligned with the twinning system. This alignment was described by a slip-transfer parameter m′.[24] Twins activated by this mechanism always had the highest m′ value among the six available { 10[`1]2 } á [`1]011 ñ \left\{ {10\bar{1}2} \right\}\left\langle {\bar{1}011} \right\rangle twinning systems, while the Schmid factor, based on the global (uniaxial tensile) stress state, was a less significant indicator of twin activity. Through slip transfer, deformation twins sometimes formed despite having a very low global Schmid factor. The frequency of slip-stimulated twin nucleation depends strongly on the texture and loading direction in the material. For grain pairs having one grain with a large Schmid factor for twinning, nonparametric statistical analysis confirms that those with a larger m′ are more likely to display slip-stimulated twinning.     

Influence of Solute Content and Solidification Parameters on Grain Refinement of Aluminum Weld Metal

Grain refinement provides an important possibility to enhance the mechanical properties (e.g., strength and ductility) and the weldability (susceptibility to solidification cracking) of aluminum weld metal. In the current study, a filler metal consisting of aluminum base metal and different amounts of commercial grain refiner Al Ti5B1 was produced. The filler metal was then deposited in the base metal and fused in a GTA welding process. Additions of titanium and boron reduced the weld metal mean grain size considerably and resulted in a transition from columnar to equiaxed grain shape (CET). In commercial pure aluminum (Alloy 1050A), the grain-refining efficiency was higher than that in the Al alloys 6082 and 5083. Different welding and solidification parameters influenced the grain size response only slightly. Furthermore, the observed grain-size reduction was analyzed by means of the undercooling parameter P and the growth restriction parameter Q, which revealed the influence of solute elements and nucleant particles on grain size.     

稀土导电铝合金的铸态组织和相组成

本文利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、Ｘ射线衍射仪等，研究了Ｌａ、Ｃｅ对工业纯铝铸态组织和相组成的影响。结果表明，Ｌａ、Ｃｅ能细化工业纯铝的铸态组织，并和Ｆｅ、Ｓｉ等元素结合生成了二元或三元稀土化合物相。     

用于铝合金晶粒细化的中间合金研究现状与分析

本文讨论了用于铝合金晶粒细化的中间合金研究与应用现状 ,在分析细化机理的基础上对新型细化剂AlTiB　　Re中间合金进行了初步探讨 ,结果表明 ,该中间合金是一种高效长久的晶粒细化剂 ,其效果优于进口的Al5TiB细化剂