Mn对W-Ni-Fe合金性能的影响

通过液相烧结制备不同Mn含量的90%W-7%Ni-3%Fe合金,研究Mn对合金的烧结温度、保温时间和力学性能的影响。采用SEM观察试样断口形貌;利用金相显微镜观察样品显微组织并检测W晶粒尺寸;并对烧结试样的相对密度、抗拉强度和硬度等性能进行测定与分析。结果表明,当w(Mn)=0.25%时,1425℃保温1h,合金相对密度达到98.3%;1400℃保温45min,合金抗拉强度达到928MPa,硬度HRC达到37.2。W晶粒由20～25μm减少到12～15μm。Mn在相界面上生成的中间相,阻止了W原子在粘接相中的扩散,阻止了W晶粒长大,提高合金的力学性能。     

放电等离子烧结MoNbTaW难熔高熵合金

以纯金属元素粉末为原料,采用放电等离子烧结工艺制备了MoNbTaW难熔高熵合金,研究了烧结温度和保温时间等工艺参数对MoNbTaW难熔高熵合金的物相、晶体结构、烧结行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在烧结温度1800℃和保温5min即可形成BCC单相高熵合金;烧结温度是影响MoNbTaW难熔高熵合金致密度、晶粒尺寸和力学性能的主要因素;随着烧结温度的升高,合金的晶粒尺寸增大,致密度、硬度和和屈服强度均增高;烧结温度为2000℃时合金的致密度可达99.8%,化学成分无偏析,屈服强度为1314±14MPa,断裂韧性为(5～6)MPa.m_1/2,其断裂模式为解理断裂。     

ZrC对W合金性能与组织结构的影响

采用粉末冶金方法制备W-ZrC合金,研究ZrC对W合金的力学性能和组织结构的影响。显微组织分析表明:ZrC显著提高了合金相对密度和拉伸强度。ZrC均匀分布在W基体中,并与W生成含W、Zr、C和O等多元素的第二相粒子。存在于晶界之间的第二相粒子,有效抑制了合金烧结过程中的晶粒长大,随合金中ZrC含量的增加,合金晶粒尺寸减小。同时,随ZrC的添加,合金断口由沿晶断裂转变为沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂的混合断裂特征。     

短期时效处理对HR3C合金显微组织和显微硬度的影响

研究了短期时效处理对HR3C合金显微组织和显微硬度的影响。结果表明:合金在600~750℃时效分别保温1、5 h后,其晶粒尺寸比合金仅在1200℃/30 min固溶处理后的尺寸显著细化。随着时效温度升高,晶粒尺寸略有减小,且时效5 h后减小的更为明显。在短期时效过程中,HR3C晶界上析出M_(23)C_6碳化物,随保温温度的升高和保温时间的延长,碳化物数量略微增加,尺寸变化不大。同时纳米Z相在晶内开始形核并长大。与固溶态相比,短期时效处理后合金的显微硬度有所提高;延长保温时间,合金的显微硬度基本保持稳定。     

机械合金化和添加微量Y2O3对制备细晶钨合金

采用机械合金化、添加微量Y2O3和冷等静压、液相烧结工艺制备Ф25mm的晶粒度为3～4μm的细晶93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe(质量分数%,下同)合金棒材,研究粉末机械合金化、添加微量Y2O3、烧结温度和保温时间对合金棒材烧结致密化和显微组织的影响。结果表明:在1480℃液相烧结时钨晶粒发生明显球化,在此温度下降低保温时间对控制钨晶粒长大有较大影响,保温时间为30min时,钨晶粒尺寸为5～8μm;保温时间为60min时,钨晶粒为8～10μm。添加微量稀土氧化物Y2O3可以进一步有效地抑制晶粒的长大,降低合金的钨晶粒尺寸和提高组织均匀性,在1480℃烧结60min时,钨晶粒为3～4μm,而且晶粒尺寸分布更均匀。     

W-Ni-Fe高密度合金的微波烧结

研究90W-7Ni-3Fe高密度合金的微波烧结工艺,探讨烧结温度和烧结时间等工艺参数对合金密度和力学性能的影响,并对W晶粒的生长规律进行分析.结果表明:该合金的微波烧结升温速度快,烧结周期短;微波烧结促进合金固结,在1 480 ℃,5 min条件下,获得相对密度为99.24%、拉伸强度为925 MPa和伸长率为23.64%的样品;在短时间内烧结时,微波烧结样品的W晶粒尺寸小于常规烧结的,但微波烧结样品的生长速率更快,微波烧结不宜过度延长烧结时间.     

烧结温度对注射成形93W-4Ni-3Fe小尺寸螺纹的影响

研究了烧结温度对金属注射成形93W-4Ni-3Fe钨重合金小尺寸螺纹的影响。结果表明,样品在1400℃烧结后呈明显的固相烧结特征,W晶粒仍保持原始的不规则多边形,且分布不均匀。烧结温度高于1445℃,钨晶粒明显球化,属于液相烧结。随烧结温度升高,钨的颗粒尺寸和基体体积分数不断增大,样品的致密化程度不断提高。在1480℃保温10 min条件下,W晶粒明显长大,硬度出现明显提高;样品在径向和轴向具有接近的收缩率,且随温度升高,两个方向的收缩率均增大。     

微波烧结WC-Co硬质合金致密化与晶粒生长

分别采用微波烧结和常规烧结制备WC-8Co硬质合金,通过1 000~1 400℃温度范围烧结以及1 400℃保温0~240 min的微波和常规烧结实验,测量各样品的收缩率、密度和晶粒尺寸,分析其致密化行为和晶粒生长,研究烧结温度和保温时间对合金致密化和晶粒生长的影响。结果表明,与常规烧结比较,微波烧结促进YG8硬质合金的致密化,且获得的合金组织均匀,晶粒细小。另外,保温时间对微波烧结YG8硬质合金的晶粒生长几乎没有影响。     

放电等离子体烧结Cu(In0.7Ga0.3)Se2四元合金靶材 的结构和导电性研究

本文选用650℃条件下真空合成的Cu(In0.7Ga0.3)Se2单相合金粉末,通过放电等离子体烧结法制备了CIGS合金靶材,研究了烧结温度、保温时间以及烧结压强等工艺参数对CIGS四元合金靶材的结构与性能的影响,研究表明：烧结温度为500℃以上时,靶材为单一的Cu(In0.7Ga0.3)Se2相,随着烧结温度的升高,靶材的晶粒尺寸增大,致密度和电阻率基本呈线性升高;随着保温时间的延长,靶材晶粒尺寸随之增大,致密度和电阻率也随之升高;随着烧结压强的提高,靶材的致密度增加,而且电阻率得到下降。综上所述,烧结温度为600℃,压强为30MPa,保温时间为5min的工艺条件下,制备靶材的电阻率50Ω?cm,致密度为98%以上。     

80W-10Ta-7Ni-3Fe高密度合金研究

用金相显微镜，扫描电镜，X射线衍射及密度测定，研究了90W-7Ni-3Fe和80W-10Ta-7Ni-3Fe2种成分合金。结果表明，含Ta合金在1400℃烧结时密度可达96.3％，合金密度随烧结温度提高而增加，在1460℃时密度达到最大；Ta原子固溶到硬质相W和粘结相中，使得合金硬度明显提高；含Ta合金断口形貌中，粘结相呈沿晶断裂、W晶粒穿晶断裂及其脱出具有相当比例；Ta粉末粒度对合金力学性能、微观组织及断裂方式均产生显著影响。     

Properties and microstructural evolution of W-Ni-Fe alloy via microwave sintering

The mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe (wt.%) alloys were investigated via microwave sintering. The microwave sintering promoted the dissolution and diffusion of tungsten atoms in the matrix phase and strengthened sintering activity. With the increase of microwave sintering temperature, pores in the alloy were reduced and gradually eliminated, tungsten grains coarsened, the distribution of tungsten grains and matrix phase became more homogeneous, and the fracture mode transformed from intergranular fracture to tungsten transgranular cleavage fracture, respectively. The W-matrix interfacial bond strength of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe was enhanced and the mechanical properties were significantly improved with the increase of sintering temperature.     

SPS循环热处理对93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金组织和性能的影响

基于放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术对烧结态的93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe高密度钨合金进行真空循环热处理,并通过光学显微镜、SEM、EDS和三点弯曲实验分析循环热处理对合金的显微组织、成分和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着循环次数的不断增加,粘结相渗入W-W界面不断增多,W-W连接度和二面角不断降低,而钨晶粒尺寸变化较小;粘结相则因W含量的增加得到了固溶强化,进而致使合金的硬度有所提高。合金的抗弯强度在循环2次后明显提高,当循环次数增加到20次后,合金的平均抗弯强度达到2321 MPa,相比液相烧结后淬火处理的合金提高了约160 MPa。因此,SPS循环热处理可以明显改善93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe高密度钨合金的组织和力学性能。     

Microstructural control of and mechanical properties of mechanically alloyed tungsten heavy alloys

93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe tungsten heavy alloys with controlled microstructures were fabricated by mechanically alloying of elemental powders of tungsten, nickel and iron by two different process routes. One was the full mechanical alloying of blended powders with a composition of 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe, and the other was the partial mechanical alloying of blended powders with a composition of 30W-56Ni-14Fe followed by blending with tungsten powders to form a final composition of 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe. The raw powders were consolidated by die compaction followed by solid state sintering at 1300°C for 1 hour in a hydrogen atmosphere. The solid state sintered tungsten heavy alloys were subsequently liquid phase sintered at 1445∼1485°C for 4-90 min. The two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloy using mechanically alloyed 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe powders showed tungsten particles of about 6-15 μm much finer than those of 40 um in a conventional liquid phase sintered tungsten heavy alloy. An inhomogeneous distribution of the solid solution matrix phase was obtained in the two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloy using partially mechanically alloyed powders. The two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloy using mechanically alloyed 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe powders showed larger elongation of 16% than that of 1% in the solid state sintered tungsten heavy alloy due to the increase in matrix volume fraction and decrease in W/W contiguity. Dynamic torsional tests of the two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloys showed reduced shear strain at maximum shear stress than did the sintered tungsten heavy alloys using the conventional liquid phase sintering.     

Grain refinement of W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys by tantalum element adding

90W-TNi-3Fe and (90-x)W-xTa-7Ni-3Fe (x= 1,3,5,7,10) specimens were attained by liquid phase sintering. A model describing the process of liquid forming and spreading was proposed to point out the differences between alloys doped with tantalum and traditional tungsten heavy alloys. Tantalum priority of entering matrix and a relative high solubility in liquid matrix depress tungsten solubility in liquid matrix, which decreases kinetic rate constant K and consequently results in the reduction of W grain size. The grain refinement is influenced by Ta content and becomes more obvious when Ta content is over 5%. The sample with less than 3%Ta has dominant W and matrix phases. While besides W and matrix phases, intermetallic phases emerge in 85W-5Tai-TNi-3Fe sample. Ta is superfluous and forms a new tantalum phase when more than 7% Ta is added into alloys.     

Cu/W-Ni-Co/Ni多中间层的钨/钢扩散连接

采用铜箔/90W-5Ni-5Co(质量分数,%)混合粉末/镍箔复合中间层,在加压5 MPa、连接温度1120℃、保温60 min的工艺条件下,对纯钨(W)和0Cr13Al钢进行了连接。利用SEM、EDS、电子万能试验机及水淬热震实验等手段研究了接头的微观组织、成分分布、断口特征、力学性能及抗热震性能。结果表明,连接接头由钨母材、Cu-Ni-Co合金层、钨基高密度合金层、镍层、钢母材5部分组成。接头中的钨基高密度合金层由90W-5Ni-5Co混合粉末固相烧结生成,其Ni-Co粘结相和钨颗粒相冶金结合且分布均匀。钨基高密度合金层与钨母材以瞬间液相扩散连接机制实现了良好结合。接头剪切强度达到286 MPa,断裂均发生在钨基高密度合金层/镍层结合区域,断口形貌呈现为韧性断裂。经过60次700℃至室温的水淬热震测试,接头无裂纹出现。     

退火温度对挤压态细晶钨合金性能及组织演变的影响

采用稀土微合金化和液相强化烧结技术制备细晶93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe+0.03%Y合金。研究在快速热挤压形变强化后,时效热处理对挤压态细晶93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe+0.03%Y合金显微硬度和组织演变的影响,并与相应条件的传统钨合金进行对比。结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,2种钨合金钨相的显微硬度大大降低。EDS分析表明,随着退火温度的升高,钨合金粘结相中钨含量逐渐增加,其中细晶钨合金经过1200 ℃退火处理后,粘结相钨含量高达26.11%,而传统钨合金在1350 ℃退火处理后含量最高,达到28.14%。显微组织观察表明,退火有利于降低W-W连接度和细化钨颗粒;与传统钨合金相比,高温退火后,细晶钨合金的粘结相体积比更高且分布更为均匀     

Microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloys by using ultra-fine tungsten powders

The microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe tungsten heavy alloys using ultra-fine tungsten powders (medium particle size of 700 nm) and original tungsten powders (medium particle size of 3um) were investigated respectively. Commercial tungsten powders (original tungsten powders) were mechanically milled in a high-energy attritor mill for 35 h. Ultra-fine tungsten powders and commercial Ni, Fe powders were consolidated into green compacts by using CIP method and liquid-phase sintering at 1465℃ for 30 rain in the dissociated ammonia atmosphere. Liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloys using ultra-fine tungsten powders exhibit full densification (above 99% in relative density) and higher strength and elongation compared with conventional liquidphase sintered alloys using original tungsten powders due to lower sintering temperature at 1465℃ and short sintering time. The mechanical properties of sintered tungsten heavy alloy are found to be mainly dependent on the particles size of raw tungsten powders and liquid-phase sintering temperature.     

Impact and dynamic deformation behavior of mechanically alloyed tungsten heavy alloy

93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe tungsten heavy alloy was fabricated by mechanical alloying process using elemental powders of tungsten, nickel and iron, followed by sintering at temperatures of 1445~1485°C under hydrogen atmosphere. The tungsten heavy alloy sintered using mechanically alloyed powders showed finer tungsten particles about 5~18 μm with high density above 99% at shorter sintering time than that fabricated by conventional liquid-phase sintering process. Charpy impact energy of mechanically alloyed tungsten heavy alloy increased with increasing the matrix volume fraction and with decreasing the W/W contiguity. The high strain rate dynamic deformation behavior of tungsten heavy alloys using torsional Kolsky bar test exhibited different fracture modes dependent on microstructure. While the brittle intergranular fracture mode was dominant when the tungsten particles were contiguously interconnected in tungsten heavy alloys solid-state sintered below 1460°C, the ductile shear fracture mode was dominant when the tungsten particles were surrounded by ductile matrix phase in tungsten heavy alloys liquid-phase sintered above 1460°C.     

Effect of swaging on microstructure and mechanical properties of liquid-phase sintered 93W-4.9(Ni,Co)-2.1Fe alloy

The effect of swaging on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy was investigated. The alloy was prepared by liquid-phase sintering under hydrogen atmosphere followed by vacuum heat treatment and swaging at 600 °C with different area reductions (ranging from 15.0% to 84.8%). The as-swaged alloy with area reduction 84.8% exhibits the highest ultimate tensile strength (about 1490 MPa) and the lowest elongation (about 2.5%), which has been attributed to higher fraction of tungsten cleavage. For the as-sintered alloys, the fracture modes are a combination of the ductile rupture of W-Ni-Fe-Co matrix, transgranular cleavage of the tungsten particles, W-W interfacial segregation and W-M interfacial debonding, whereas transgranular cleavage of the tungsten particles is the main characteristic in the as-swaged alloy. Transmission electron microscopy images indicate that tungsten grains and W-Ni-Fe-Co matrix phase are composed of high-density dislocations. Based on the results, when running the swaging of 93W-4.9(Ni, Co)-2.1Fe alloy at 600 °C, the strengthening mechanism can be mainly due to the working-hardening.