Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of extracts obtained from six important fruit residues

The extracts from kinnow peel, kinnow seeds, litchi pericarp, litchi seeds, grape seeds, and banana peel were screened for total phenolic content (TPC), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, as well as reducing power. Kinnow peel extract exhibited the highest reducing power, TEAC, and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, whereas, the phenolic content of 37.4 mg GAE/g-dw was highest for grape seed extract. Banana peel extract with a low TPC showed the lowest reducing power, TEAC as well as DPPH free radical scavenging activity among the fruit residue extracts examined in the present study. Correlation analysis between the reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging ability; reducing power and ABTS radical scavenging activity; and ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging abilities showed a high degree of correlation (r² = 0.85-0.91). However, r² of 0.36, 0.66, and 0.49 between TPC and DPPH radical scavenging activity; TPC and reducing power; and TPC and ABTS radical scavenging ability, respectively, indicated that some non-phenolic compounds also contributed to the total antioxidant activity in fruit residue extracts examined in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper presenting comprehensive data on TPC, reducing power, and antioxidant activity for the six fruit residues. This study demonstrated that kinnow peel, litchi pericarp, litchi seeds, and grape seeds, can serve as potential sources of antioxidants for use in food and pharmaceutical industry.     

Antioxidative effect of lotus seed and seedpod extracts

The antioxidative activity of 6 kinds of extracts including 80% ethanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water from seeds and seedpods of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner) were evaluated by determining DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities as well as ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). DPPH and ABTS scavenging capacities of the ethyl acetate fraction of lotus seed (LS) were 94.6 and 91.9% and those of the water fraction of lotus seedpod (LSP) were 94.5 and 95.2% at 0.8 mg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction of LS and the water fraction of LSP also showed high FRAP. The high antioxidant capacities of LS and LSP may be due to their flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents. The evaluation of antioxidant effect in LS and LSP is a valuable purpose, particularly for finding an inexpensive source for natural antioxidants and functional food. The high antioxidant capacity of LSP water fraction could be available as natural additive in food.     

Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of different parts of guava (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Psidium guajava</Emphasis> L.)

The antioxidant and the tyrosinase inhibitory activities of 4 different solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water) for preparation of extracts from guava (branch, fruit, leaf, and seed) were evaluated by measuring total phenolic contents (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, reducing power (RP), and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The extracts of branch and leaf showed relatively higher antioxidant properties than those of fruit and seed. The highest TPC (141.28 mg/g gallic acid equivalents), DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀=34.01 μg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀=3.23 μg/mL), and RP (IC₅₀= 75.63 μg/mL) were found in acetone extract of leaf, while water extract of seed had the lowest antioxidant activity. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of ethanol extract from guava leaf was 69.56%, which was the highest activity among the extracts. These results indicate that useful bioactive substances exist in the guava branch as well as leaf extracts.     

豆腐柴叶总黄酮不同溶剂级分抗氧化活性分析

采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子、还原力、总抗等体外抗氧化活性模型和抗氧化活性综合评价指数,分析四川江油地区不同溶剂萃取的豆腐柴黄酮级分（乙醇、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、氯仿、水）的抗氧化活性。结果显示,不同浓度乙醇提取总黄酮的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除活性最高。1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率、ABTS阳离子自由基清除率、总抗和还原力皆随乙醇浓度的升高而呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,超氧阴离子自由基清除率却随乙醇浓度增加一直降低。综合评价指数显示不同浓度乙醇抗氧化活性依次为75%醇提物>65%醇提物>55%醇提物>85%醇提物>95%醇提物。乙酸乙酯层萃取物的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、总抗、还原力及ABTS阳离子自由基清除率要优于其它各萃取层。正丁醇层萃取物的超氧阴离子自由基清除率要优于其它各萃取层。乙酸乙酯层抗氧化活性最佳。豆腐柴叶总黄酮有较好的抗氧化活性,可作为抗氧化剂或者健康食品原料开发。      

Use of pyloric caeca extract from bigeye snapper (Priacanthus macracanthus) for the production of gelatin hydrolysate with antioxidative activity

Proteolytic activity of pyloric caeca extract (PCE) from bigeye snapper (Priacanthus macracanthus) was studied. The highest activity was observed at 55 °C and pH 8.0 when casein, N^α-Benzoyl-dl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) and N^α-p-Tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (TAME) were used as the substrates. The activity was inhibited markedly by 1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor, whereas E-64, pepstatin A and EDTA exhibited a negligible effect on activity. The results suggested that a trypsin-like enzyme was most likely the major proteinase in PCE. As determined by activity staining, two proteolytic activity bands with apparent molecular weights of 55 and 24 kDa were found. Gelatin hydrolysate from bigeye snapper skin prepared using PCE exhibited the increases in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidative power (FRAP) as degrees of hydrolysis (DHs) increased (P < 0.05). Hydrolysates derived from gelatin using Alcalase combined with PCE showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (P < 0.05). Gelatin hydrolysate prepared using Alcalase in combination with Neutrase or PCE at 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively, retarded the oxidation in both linoleic acid oxidation and lecithin liposome oxidation systems. The antioxidative peptide of gelatin hydrolysate had a molecular weight of 1.7 kDa.     

Evaluation of antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of typical malting barley varieties

Fourteen typical malting barley varieties from China were evaluated for their DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities, reducing power, metal chelating activities, and total phenolic contents (TPC). All barley samples exhibited significant antioxidant activities determined by different assays, and contained significant levels of phenolic compounds. Gan4 and Wupi1 barley exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity and reducing power. Gan4 and Humai16 barley showed the highest TPC, whereas the highest superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity were found in Huaimai19 and Ken3 barley, respectively. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the TPC showed strong correlations with DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, and reducing power (P < 0.01), whereas its correlations with superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity were poor (P > 0.05). Moreover, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity and reducing power were well positively correlated with each other (P < 0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to understand the interrelationships among the measured antioxidant activity evaluation indices, and to gain an overview of the similarities and differences among the 14 barley varieties.     

覆盆子不同极性溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性比较

为比较覆盆子不同极性溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性,分别用正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、去离子水、50％乙醇和石油醚进行萃取,测定各提取物总多酚和总黄酮的含量,并通过清除DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟基自由基和总还原能力4种体系对其体外抗氧化活性进行评价.结果显示,乙酸乙酯提取物中总多酚含量最高,50％乙醇提取物中总黄酮含量最高...     

Antioxidant activity and proline content of leaf extracts from Dorystoechas hastata

Dorystoechas hastata (D. hastata) is a monotypic plant endemic to Antalya province of Turkey. D. hastata leaves are used to make a tea locally called “çalba tea”. Diethyl ether (E), ethanol (A), and water (W) were used for the sequential preparation of extracts from dried D. hastata leaves. A hot water extract (S) was also prepared by directly boiling the powdered plant in water. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were tested by ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging methods. E extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity with FTC method, whereas S extract exhibited the lowest IC₅₀ value (6.17 ± 0.53 μg/ml) for DPPH radical scavenging activity. Total phenolic contents of the extracts were estimated by Folin–Ciocalteu method and S extract was found to contain the highest amount (554.17 ± 20.83 mg GAE/g extract) of phenolics. Extract A contained highest flavonoid content and there was a inverse linear correlation (R² = 0.926) between IC₅₀ values for DPPH radical scavenging activity and flavonoid contents of all extracts. Reducing power of extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner. S extract was found to possess higher reducing power than equivalent amount of ascorbic acid at 20 and 25 μg/ml concentrations. Linear correlation between reducing power and concentration of E, A, and W extracts (R² > 0.95) was observed. A, W, and S extracts contained relatively high levels of proline. The results presented suggest that D. hastata may provide a natural source of antioxidants and proline.     

Anticholinesterase and antioxidant effects of the ethanol extract, ethanol fractions and isolated flavonoids from Cistus laurifolius L. leaves

In the current study, the n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, and n-butanol fractions obtained from the main ethanol extract of Cistus laurifolius L. were evaluated for their cholinesterase inhibitory effects against acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), at 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml, using an ELISA microplate reader. The antioxidative effect of the extract and fractions was also determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion-chelation capacity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test systems. Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extract and fractions were calculated using Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride reagents. Three flavonoid derivatives; 3-O-methylquercetin (1), 3,7-O-dimethylquercetin (2), and 3,7-O-dimethylkaempferol (3) isolated from the CHCl₃ fraction were also tested in the same manner. Our experimental findings indicated that the ethanol extract exerted the highest AChE inhibition (80.07 ± 1.06% at 200 μg/ml). The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions displayed the best activity against DPPH and FRAP assays.     

薄荷不同溶剂提取物抗氧化活性的研究

采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）、2,2’-联氮基双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（ABTS）、Fe+还原法（FRAP）三种抗氧化模型对薄荷的水、甲醇、70%乙醇、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯五种提取物进行抗氧化活性评价,同时分析抗氧化活性与总酚和总黄酮含量的关系。结果表明,薄荷不同提取物均表现出良好的抗氧化活性,其抗氧化活性与多酚含量呈极显著相关,与黄酮含量相关性较小。其中,水提物对DPPH自由基清除率最高,EC50值为（0.53±0.04）mg/mL;甲醇提取物对ABTS自由基清除率最高,EC50值为（1.57±0.03）mg/mL;乙酸乙酯提取物的FRAP值最高为（4.73±0.03）mmol/g;水提物中总酚含量最高为（58.81±3.10）mg/g,甲醇提取物中总黄酮含量较高为（162.95±1.91）mg/g。      

Evaluation of reducing power and radical scavenging activities of water and ethanol extracts from sumac (Rhus coriaria L.)

The purpose of this study was to determine the reducing power, metal chelating, and radical scavenging capabilities of water and ethanol extracts of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), comparatively. The water and ethanol extracts of sumac were evaluated for their radical scavenging activities by means of the DPPH and DMPD assays. Water extract of sumac (R. coriaria L.) scavenged radicals effectively with EC₅₀ values of 36.4 ??g/ml for DPPH free radical and 44.7 ??g/ml for DMPD cation radical. Similarly, the total reducing power of water extract was found higher than ethanol extract in both potassium ferricyanide reduction (FRAP) and cupric ions reduction capacity methods (CUPRAC). 2,2′-Bipyridine was used to determine the metal chelating activity and the result of water extract was found higher than ethanol extract. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of both extracts were studied as well. The values of water extract were found to be higher than that of ethanol extract. The present study found that water extracts of sumac (R. coriaria L.) have effective antioxidant and radical scavenging activities as compared to ethanol extracts.     

Antioxidant Activity of Ripe and Unripe Pepino Fruit (Solanum muricatum Aiton)

Abstract: Ripe and unripe exotic pepino fruit were evaluated for antioxidant activity, total phenols, and flavonoid content. The antioxidant potency was investigated by employing various established in vitro systems, such as 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2–2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS), hydroxyl radical scavenging, reducing power, ferrous ion chelation, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation. The EC₅₀ values of ripe ethanolic extract on DPPH radical, reducing power, ferrous ion chelation, ABTS radical, FRAP, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxidation (brain), and lipid peroxidation (liver) were obtained to be 2.20, 2.81, <5.00, 34.06, 8.53, 1.30, 1.75, and 0.51 mg/mL, respectively. However, the EC₅₀ values for unripe fruit extract were noted to be 3.75, 3.40, 11.25, 40.12, 9.75, 0.80, 1.91, and 0.63 mg/mL, respectively. Ripe fruit exhibited the highest values of antioxidant activity in all the scavenging assays except for hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Ripe pepino had higher total phenol and flavonoid content than unripe fruit. This study suggests that possible mechanism of the biological activities may be due to free radical scavenging and antioxidant characteristics, which may be due to the presence of polyphenols in the fruit extracts. Practical Application: The ripe and unripe pepino fruit have excellent antioxidant properties, so the results obtained in this study clearly indicate that pepino fruit has a significant potential to use as a natural antioxidant agent and possibly as a food supplement.     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Smilax china L. leaf extracts

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Smilax china L. leaf extracts obtained with methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water were investigated. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by determining the DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activities, total phenol content (TPC), and reducing power (RP). The highest DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and RP were found in the ethanol extract, which also showed the highest TPC (105.81±0.48 μg gallic acid equivalents/mL). The antimicrobial activity of all the extracts against foodborne microorganisms was determined by paper disc method. All the extracts inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella Typhimurium, however, no antimicrobial activity was observed against Escherichia coli O157:H7. The results indicated that Smilax china L. possessed antioxidant and antimicrobial substances, and suggested that the ethanol extract can be applied into food and cosmetic industry.     

火棘果不同极性部位提取物体外抗氧化研究

目的:系统地评价火棘果粗分体系抗氧化活性,同时探究抗氧化能力与总多酚含量之间的关系。方法:用75%乙醇冷浸提取火棘果,分别用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水分为四个不同极性部位,然后测定了各部位萃取物对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基的清除能力,并且测定了总还原力、FRAP值和总多酚含量,同时考察总酚含量与抗氧化活性的关系。结果:火棘果提取物的不同极性部位均有抗氧化活性,其中水、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇部位提取物表现出较好的抗氧化活性,石油醚部位的抗氧化活性最弱;各部位提取物的抗氧化活性与总多酚含量呈现较好的相关关系。其中,水部位提取物对DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率最高,IC50值分别为（0.76±0.03）mg/m L和（1.71±0.10）mg/m L;乙酸乙酯部位FRAP值最大,为（382.20±4.72）μmol Fe2+/g干样;正丁醇部位总酚含量最高,为（2763±3.91）mg GAE/100g干样。      

槟榔提取物不同部位的抗氧化性比较及成分研究

采用DPPH法、ABTS法和FRAP法3种测定法对槟榔提取物体外抗氧化活性进行综合评价,并分析其总多酚与总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性的关系。研究结果发现,槟榔提取物乙酸乙酸部位和正丁醇部位均有一定的抗氧化活性。其中乙酸乙酯部位清除DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的能力（IC50=14.60、2.04μg/m L）和还原Fe3+的能力（TEAC=4762.99μmol/g）均强于阳性对照BHT（DPPH方法:IC50=24.49μg/m L;ABTS方法:IC50=6.56μg/m L;FRAP方法:TEAC=2503.17μmol/g）,正丁醇部位清除DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的能力（IC50=44.32、7.62μg/m L）和还原Fe3+的能力（TEAC=1587.42μmol/g）均弱于阳性对照BHT,且乙酸乙酯部位总多酚和总黄酮含量均大于正丁醇部位。可见,乙酸乙酯部位清除DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基及还原Fe3+的能力可能与其总多酚、总黄酮含量高有关。      

Effect of defatting and enzyme type on antioxidative activity of shrimp processing byproducts hydrolysate

Shrimp processing byproducts (SPB) was digested by 6 proteases (trypsin, pepsin, neutrase, Protamex, Flavourzyme, and Alcalase) to produce antioxidative peptides. Both degree of hydrolysis (DH) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (DSA) of the Alcalase hydrolysate were the highest of all. The effect of defatting on DH and DSA of the Alcalase hydrolysate was significant. The DH decreased while the DSA increased after defatting of the byproducts. The antioxidative activity of Alcalase hydrolysate was also investigated using several in vitro assays, including DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging assays (ASA), reducing power assay, and chelating activity. The antioxidative activity of the hydrolysate was obviously concentration dependent. The SPB Alcalase hydrolysate exhibited notable DSA and ASA with the IC50 values of 500 and 7.4 μg/mL, respectively. And the hydrolysate showed 38.9% chelating activity at 120 μg/mL level. The SPB Alcalase hydrolysate was a potential source of natural antioxidants.     

Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of Extensively Used Medicinal Plants in Sri Lanka

The burden of chronic diseases is rapidly increasing worldwide. Diet and nutrition are important factors in the promotion and maintenance of good health throughout the entire life course. Physiological and biochemical alterations in the human body may result in overproduction of free radicals leading to oxidative damage to biomolecules (e.g. lipids, proteins, DNA). Use of medicinal plant based products has increased recently because of their exerted beneficial properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activities. The present study was designed to assess the in vitro antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity of ten medicinal plants which are extensively used in the Ayurvedic treatment systems in Sri Lanka. Water extracts were prepared and evaluated for their free-radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity using a number of chemical assays; DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. The total Phenolic (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were also assessed. The TPC and TFC values of the extracts varied from 295.94±3.65 – 5.22±0.08 (mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight) and 115.01±1.69 – 0.97±0.002 (mg Catechin Equivalent (CE)/g dry weight) respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were higher for the Nelli (Phyllanthus emblica) extract while the least activity was observed in Venivel (Cosciniumfenestratum) extract. The FRAP activity of the extracts was well proved with the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. A positive, significant linear relationship between antioxidant activity and TPC and TFC content showed that phenolic compounds and flavonoids were the dominant antioxidant components in the medicinal herbs studied.     

Antioxidant versus anti-diabetic properties of leaves from Vernonia amygdalina Del. growing in Malaysia

The antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of the sequential extracts of Vernonia amygdalina based on the chemical composition of the most effective anti-diabetic extract were studied. Using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging as well as FRAP assays, the extracts showed a consistent dose-dependent trend of potent antioxidant activity in the following solvents: water extract > methanol extract > chloroform extract > and petroleum ether extracts. In the oral glucose tolerance test, the chloroform extract exerted the highest response (33.3%), similar to metformin (27.2%), after 2 h compared to the control (50.8%, P < 0.05). After a 14-day administration in diabetic rats, the chloroform extract recorded the highest blood (23.5%) and serum (21.4%) glucose-lowering effects (P < 0.05). GC–MS analysis of the chloroform extract revealed high levels of linoleic acid (4.72%), α-linolenic acid (10.8%) and phytols (12.0%), as well as other compounds.     

水生蔬菜提取物的抗氧化活性分析及其对菜籽油的抗氧化作用

研究七种常见水生蔬菜不同部位提取物的抗氧化活性以及对油脂抗氧化的效果。采用ABTS自由基清除法、DPPH自由基清除法检测菱角、芡实、莲藕、水芋头、茭白、荸荠和慈姑不同部位的醇提物、水提物的抗氧化活性,烘箱法测定对菜籽油过氧化值的影响。在30种提取物中DPPH自由基清除能力较强的三种提取物IC50值分别为:芡实壳醇提物(0.03 mg/mL)芡实壳水提物(0.04mg/m L)=菱角壳醇提物(0.04mg/m L);ABTS自由基清除能力较强的三种提取物Trolox含量分别为芡实壳醇提物(1.42g/g)芡实壳水提物(1.41 g/g)菱角壳醇提物(1.15 g/g);添加0.1%浓度的五种提取物第7 d的POV值分别为23.86 meq/kg、24.06 meq/kg、23.53meq/kg、24.43 meq/kg、22.40 meq/kg,五种提取物的油脂抗氧化效果均不如0.1%浓度的BHA。30种水生蔬菜提取物中,芡实壳和菱角壳的醇提物、水提物DPPH自由基清除能力最强,芡实壳醇提物、水提物ABTS自由基清除能力最强;芡实壳水提物、芡实壳醇提物、菱角壳水提物、菱角壳醇提物以及藕节醇提物对菜籽油有一定抗氧化的效果,但效果弱于相同剂量的BHA。     

Major anthocyanins and antioxidant activity of Nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus)

Major anthocyanins, ascorbic acid content, total phenolic content, and the radical scavenging activity against ABTS and DPPH radicals in petals of orange Nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus), were investigated. Anthocyanin (ACN) content in the petals was 72 mg/100 g FW and pelargonidin 3-sophoroside represented 91% of the total ACN content. The ascorbic acid content was 71.5 mg/100 g and the total phenolic content as determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method was 406 mg GAE/100 g FW. The radical scavenging activities against ABTS and DPPH radicals were 458 and 91.87 μm trolox eq/g FW, respectively. The excellent free radical scavenging activities along with high phenolic and ascorbic acid content of Nasturtium flowers suggest that they could be source of natural pigments and antioxidants for applications in functional foods.