基于模糊补偿的主从式上肢外骨骼康复机器人训练控制方法

针对主从式上肢外骨骼康复机器人主臂信息获取、从臂快速响应等问题,提出了基于关节位姿、速度和力/力矩等信息的运动意图建模方法及基于模糊补偿的康复训练控制策略.根据人体工程学原理,提出了一种同构同型的主从式双臂康复机器人新型结构;利用D-H算法给出了笛卡儿空间的主从臂运动学模型,建立了患者健肢运动意图信息和从臂各关节动作的人机协作映射关系;以患者运动意图力矩作为输入,基于模糊补偿算法提出了患者-主臂-从臂协作控制策略,并利用李亚普诺夫定理证明了该控制系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明,康复机器人从臂可以根据患者运动意图跟随主臂运动,能有效地防止抖动误动,可避免对患肢的二次伤害.实验结果表明从臂运动轨迹平滑,无剧烈波动,控制轨迹跟踪主臂效果好.     

康复训练机器人——保持健康体魄，安享幸福晚年

本系统通过遥操作机器人技术、计算机网络技术与现代康复医学理论相结合,研制成功多款异构型康复训练机器人样机,辅助老年人等肢体运动功能障碍人群进行康复训练,并构建网络化远程康复训练机器人系统,实现一个治疗师可以同时监视和控制多台康复机器人对多个老人进行康复训练。该系统以北京四季青敬老院和上海市第一福利院为平台进行应用示范应用,得到了较好的评价。     

康复机器人患肢参数的在线辨识

根据患肢训练时力和位置等信息反馈,提出用解超定方程组的方法在线辨识患肢的动力学参数,实现患肢动力学模型的在线辨识,为远程康复训练机器人系统的实时控制提供较为准确的依据.仿真实验验证,该方法能较好地改善系统的动态性能,使系统具有较好的稳定性和鲁棒性.     

一种主从操作的连续体机器人

本文展示了一个主从操作的连续体机器人(CR:Continuum Robot)系统的开发。此系统主要包括主手部分和CR从手部分。主手是具有六个自由度的串联式结构;从手的CR具有五个自由度,包括三个空间位置自由度、一个旋转自由度和一个夹钳开合自由度。着重阐述了主手的设计、从手端CR模块的设计和CR运动学算法的开发,并进行了主从控制的初期实验验证。通过这些功能的实现,该主从操作的柔性机器人将来可以成为经自然腔道手术(NOTES:Natural Orifice Transluminal EndoscopicSurgery)的重要工具。     

上肢康复机器人实时安全控制

针对上肢辅助康复机器人临床使用中的安全性和平稳性问题,提出基于模糊逻辑的实时在线安全监测控制方法.机器人对患肢进行康复训练时,患肢状态对控制效果会产生影响;通过设计智能安全监控模糊控制器(SSFC)改善系统运动平稳性以及突发情况下的安全性.首先提取相关运动特征评估受训患肢状态稳定情况,安全监控模糊控制器智能实现正常扰动情况下的控制期望力调节以及突发情况下的紧急响应.其次通过基于位置的阻抗控制策略实现患肢与机器人末端的柔顺性.实验结果验证了该控制方法能够有效地实现康复机器人的安全性和平稳性.     

腹腔微创手术机器人的主从控制

为提高基于内窥镜的腹腔微创手术机器人系统的手眼协调一致性,提出了一种主从控制方法.基于旋量理论建立从手系统的正逆运动学模型,基于运动模型提出内窥镜坐标系下的主从运动控制算法,该算法包含了运动的一致性控制、相对运动控制和比例运动控制.主手的腕部为被动方式(无电机驱动),不能在任意位置保持静止,在手术开始、中途中断或调节主手工作空间时,主手和从手姿态不能保持一致.为此,开展3种辅助功能实现研究,分别为主从姿态配准、手术器械更换和主从二次映射.最后进行了套环和穿线实验,这两组实验最大空间位置误差均小于1 mm,说明该算法可有效地提高手眼协调的一致性.     

主从遥操作位置-速度混合映射研究

主从异构型遥操作机器人系统在主从结构、自由度等方面的差异,导致其主端小范围操作空间难以覆盖从端大范围工作空间,以及从端难以精确定位。针对此问题,首先搭建了一套主从异构型遥操作机器人系统的软硬件平台,然后对主从端机器人进行运动学建模,进而提出了一种主端位置-从端速度和主端位置-从端位置混合切换的映射算法。一方面,所提算法通过主端位置-从端速度映射模式解决主从工作空间不匹配的问题,从而提高大范围空间下从端抵近目标的效率;另一方面,所提算法通过主端位置-从端位置映射模式实现从端精细定位,同时克服主端位置-从端速度映射中从端无法快速换向运动的缺陷。实验结果表明,所提混合映射算法能够实现主端遥操作从端机器人高效地完成复杂、精细的操作任务。     

外骨骼式遥操作主手设计及主从异构映射算法研究

为了更好地促进机器人适应复杂的遥操作任务,开发了能够精确获取人体上肢运动信息的外骨骼式遥操作主手,并通过异构映射算法,实现对6自由度协作机械臂的遥操作．首先,基于人体仿生结构,设计了可穿戴式8自由度外骨骼主手（臂部7自由度和手部1自由度）;其次,通过改进的D-H（Denavit-Hartenberg）方法建立遥操作系统的运动学模型,基于Matlab的机器人工具箱进行了工作空间仿真,并设计主从异构映射算法;最后,实验验证外骨骼主手在遥操作系统中的可操作性,以及工作空间异构映射算法的可行性．实验表明,外骨骼主手能够控制从端机械手臂,且保证末端位置和姿态一致,可在大范围工作空间内复现人体上肢精细运动,主从跟随误差达2 mm,工作空间类似于直径1.08 m的半球形．因此,可穿戴式的外骨骼主手使操作者能更加直观地参与到遥操作系统当中,辅助操作者更加高效地完成精细复杂任务．     

基于动态插补方法的上肢康复机器人运动控制

为提高康复训练机器人运动控制性能,提出了基于动态插补策略的控制系统设计方法.首先采用分段平滑标准差方法提取患肢运动特征并通过模糊推理实时评估患肢物理状态;然后运用动态插补决策机制选择适宜的插补方法进行运动控制;最后利用位置阻抗控制实现训练运动.该方法避免了传统单一插补方法的局限性,能够有效地融合不同插补方法的特性.在由WAMTM构建的康复机器人平台上进行实验,结果表明,本文方法在扰动情况下具有更优的运动控制性能.     

一种新的康复与代步外骨骼机器人研究

针对老年人及下肢障碍者康复训练与代步问题,本文提出一种新的康复与代步外骨骼机器人.本文首先详细介绍了机器人各部分组成及机构设计方案,通过下肢外骨骼与轮椅的有机结合,有效保持或恢复老年人、脑卒中患者下肢运动能力的同时,为患者提供一种方便的代步工具;运用脚蹬车运动制订康复训练策略,可保持下肢康复训练轨迹固定,保证患者安全;提出主从式操作方法及多模态康复训练控制流程提高使用者参与感.最后通过仿真与实验验证了所提康复系统的可行性与设计的正确性.     

Evaluation of upper-limb function by the sensor pegboard test method

Man moves his hands and arms to create things. These movements may be constructed as activities to change the environment favourably. Such movements result from co-ordinated control of the musculoskeletal system, by the hierarchical central nervous system. Man develops his working ability through learning, evaluation of the co-ordinated working ability of the highly advanced motor and sensory central nervous systems in addition to the ability to conduct a series of simple movements may produce valuable results which could be helpful in evaluating finger working ability.

The sensor pegboard test method was developed in this study. The upper-limb motions of the subjects as they perform various specified tasks are measured and evaluated at the micromotion level (micromotion is defined here as the smallest motion element that can be distinguished with the sensor pegboard). This method can produce immediate results, which are not obtainable by conventional time and motion study methods, and can evaluate many aspects of the capability of the upper-limb of workers. Using this method, the change in the upper-limb capability as a result of ageing was quantitatively determined, and its overall picture was clarified.     

Multi-camera systems for rehabilitation therapies: a study of the precision of Microsoft Kinect sensors

This paper seeks to determine how the overlap of several infrared beams affects the tracked position of the user, depending on the angle of incidence of light, distance to the target, distance between sensors, and the number of capture devices used. We also try to show that under ideal conditions using several Kinect sensors increases the precision of the data collected. The results obtained can be used in the design of telerehabilitation environments in which several RGB-D cameras are needed to improve precision or increase the tracking range. A numerical analysis of the results is included and comparisons are made with the results of other studies. Finally, we describe a system that implements intelligent methods for the rehabilitation of patients based on the results of the tests carried out.     

可穿戴五自由度上肢外骨骼机器人固定时间控制

针对可穿戴上肢外骨骼系统在外部干扰及参数不确定条件下的轨迹跟踪问题,提出了一种基于观测器的固定时间控制策略.首先,采用拉格朗日方法对五自由度上肢外骨骼系统的动力学模型进行面向控制处理.其次,考虑模型中存在参数不确定及外部干扰,基于改进超螺旋算法设计了固定时间干扰观测器,实现对系统干扰的实时估计,完成对控制器的在线补偿;在此基础上,设计了非奇异终端滑模固定时间控制律,保证外骨骼关节角度跟踪误差在固定时间内收敛至原点.再次,基于Lyapunov方法证明了闭环系统的稳定性.最后,通过对比和数值仿真结果证明所提出控制策略的有效性.     

Real-time communication for Kinect-based telerehabilitation

As chronic diseases and demographic changes alter the trends in world population, more pressure is put on health management to deal efficiently with a new scenario of longer life expectancy and chronic disabilities. Advances in telecommunication technology and miniaturization of sensors in combination with medical information technology provide a viable solution to reduce healthcare costs and deliver remote medical services through connected devices. Although remote consultation via video-conferencing has been well established, many of the chronic or long-term musculoskeletal conditions require pro-active management and therapy. There is a need to develop more advanced interactive telerehabilitation systems that support real-time remote delivery of physical therapy sessions into patients’ homes. In this paper, we introduce KinectRTC, an innovative framework that can be used for Kinect-based telerehabilitation with efficient real-time transmission of video, audio, depth, and skeletal data. By taking advantage of the Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC) technology, the proposed framework is able to manage video and audio streams based on the state of the network and the available bandwidth to guarantee the real-time performance of the communication.     

Architectural Design of a Cloud Robotic System for Upper-Limb Rehabilitation with Multimodal Interaction

The rise in the cases of motor impairing illnesses demands the research for improvements in rehabilitation therapy. Due to the current situation that the service of the professional therapists cannot meet the need of the motor-impaired subjects, a cloud robotic system is proposed to provide an Internet-based process for upper-limb rehabilitation with multimodal interaction. In this system, therapists and subjects are connected through the Internet using client/server architecture. At the client site, gradual virtual games are introduced so that the subjects can control and interact with virtual objects through the interaction devices such as robot arms. Computer graphics show the geometric results and interaction haptic/force is fed back during exercising. Both video/audio information and kinematical/physiological data are transferred to the therapist for monitoring and analysis. In this way, patients can be diagnosed and directed and therapists can manage therapy sessions remotely. The rehabilitation process can be monitored through the Internet. Expert libraries on the central server can serve as a supervisor and give advice based on the training data and the physiological data. The proposed solution is a convenient application that has several features taking advantage of the extensive technological utilization in the area of physical rehabilitation and multimodal interaction.     

基于运动想象脑电的上肢康复机器人

针对脑中风偏瘫患者的康复训练,设计了一种基于运动想象脑电的上肢康复机器人系统.首先,利用肢体运动3维动画刺激患者进行运动想象并通过USB脑电放大器采集运动想象脑电信号:然后,采用小波包算法进行特征向量的提取,并通过基于马氏距离的线性判别分类器分类;最后,PC利用虚拟现实技术进行视觉反馈,同时控制康复机器人.该系统使用患...     

Upper-Limb EMG-Based Robot Motion Governing Using Empirical Mode Decomposition and Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System

To improve the quality of life for the disabled and elderly, this paper develops an upper-limb, EMG-based robot control system to provide natural, intuitive manipulation for robot arm motions. Considering the non-stationary and nonlinear characteristics of the Electromyography (EMG) signals, especially when multi-DOF movements are involved, an empirical mode decomposition method is introduced to break down the EMG signals into a set of intrinsic mode functions, each of which represents different physical characteristics of muscular movement. We then integrate this new system with an initial point detection method previously proposed to establish the mapping between the EMG signals and corresponding robot arm movements in real-time. Meanwhile, as the selection of critical values in the initial point detection method is user-dependent, we employ the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system to find proper parameters that are better suited for individual users. Experiments are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed upper-limb EMG-based robot control system.     

Risk of musculoskeletal injury among cleaners during vacuuming

This study aimed to examine the risk of work-related upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders in cleaning workers during the work task of vacuuming. In total, 24 cleaning workers were observed while they performed vacuum cleaning tasks in the normal course of their employment in government schools, hospitality and commercial office space sectors. Risk of upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders were rated using three observational assessment tools: Manual Task Risk Assessment (ManTRA); Quick Exposure Check (QEC); the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Mean results (e.g. ManTRA wrist/hand cumulative wrist score 18.67 ± 1.27, QEC neck score 13 ± 1.77, RULA score 6.54 ± 0.509) demonstrated that cleaning workers who perform the task of vacuum cleaning are at risk of work-related upper-limb musculoskeletal injury, regardless of whether they use a back-pack or canister machine. Government school cleaners experienced greater risk of work-related upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders than workers in either the hospitality or commercial office space sectors. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: Cleaning workers in Australia are mostly female, ageing and of non-English-speaking backgrounds and involved in repetitive manual tasks. Their occupation is low status. This research confirms that vacuuming tasks are a risk for cleaning workers and highlights the need for further research to improve conditions for these workers.     

Using MEMS-based inertial sensor with ankle foot orthosis for telerehabilitation and its clinical evaluation in brain injuries and total knee replacement patients

Microsystem Technologies - Telerehabilitation is an emerging field of rehabilitation. Combining medicine and engineering, telerehabilitation provides an alternative method of rehabilitation therapy...     

The manipulability: a new index for quantifying movement capacities of upper extremity

In this work, it is proposed to evaluate the upper-limb movements through a global index of performance borrowed from the field of robotics: the manipulability. For a given posture, this index quantifies the set of velocities that can be achieved at the wrist in all the Cartesian directions. The manipulability can be represented by an ellipsoid from which the volume and shape related parameters can be derived. During a reach to grasp movement, the ellipsoid obtained from experiment presented a flattened shape along the forearm longitudinal axis and an increased volume as the arm was extended. From this study, it is concluded that: (1) the ellipsoid volume reflects well the ability to generate speed at the wrist which is effectively maximal for an extended posture; (2) if maximal velocity is an important parameter it might be advisable to primarily move the hand perpendicularly to the forearm longitudinal axis. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: The interest of manipulability indices is that they evaluate globally a posture of the upper-limb in relation to a given task. This original parameter could help to design environments or devices in order that the adopted postures maximise one particular aspect of the performance, i.e. the velocity of the hand.