多纤维增强汽车制动器摩擦材料的研制

用芳纶浆粕、玻璃纤维、硅灰石纤维和钛酸钾晶须混杂增强汽车制动器摩擦材料,在XD-MSM定速式摩擦试验机进行摩擦磨损性能实验,并探讨了纤维含量对摩擦磨损性能的影响.实验表明所研制的摩擦材料完全满足汽车制动性能的要求,具有良好的机械性能,热衰退小、恢复性能好.混杂纤维的质量分数为29%时,材料摩擦磨损性能最佳.     

多纤维增强汽车制动器摩擦材料的摩擦磨损特性研究

制备一种多纤维增强汽车制动器摩擦材料。为了解多纤维增强摩擦材料各组分在制动摩擦过程中所起的作用,采用XD-MS定速式摩擦试验机测定所制备的摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能,通过扫描电镜观测在不同温度下磨损后的表面形貌。结果表明:摩擦材料的摩擦因数比较稳定且在高温时摩擦因数没有显著下降,磨损率也在规定范围内;摩擦材料在低温下主要是磨粒磨损,高温下树脂分解产生热磨损,同时伴随着磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。     

汽车摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能试验的现状与发展

汽车摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能直接影响车辆行驶的安全性、舒适性和耐久性。工况条件是影响摩擦磨损性能的重要因素。摩擦磨损性能的试验结果将为摩擦材料的配方设计、制造工艺的调整提供依据。因此试验工况的模拟性及测试评价方法的选择显得至关重要。介绍了汽车摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能试验的类型、方法、使用范围及应用现状,对现有不同的试验进行了比较,并对其发展趋势加以总结。     

多纤维增强重型汽车制动器摩擦材料的研制

介绍了多纤维增强重型汽车制动器摩擦材料组分的选取和制备方法.通过对正交试验和方差进行分析,得出了配方中各成分的最佳质量百分比.同时对摩擦磨损试验结果进行了分析和探讨,试验结果表明,所研制的摩擦材料具有足够的机械性能和优越的摩擦磨损性能,较好的抗热衰退和恢复性能.     

多纤维增强重型汽车制动器摩擦材料的研制

介绍了多纤维增强重型汽车制动器摩擦材料组分的选取和制备方法。通过对正交试验和方差进行分析,得出了配方中各成分的最佳质量百分比。同时对摩擦磨损试验结果进行了分析和探讨,试验结果表明,所研制的摩擦材料具有足够的机械性能和优越的摩擦磨损性能,较好的抗热衰退和恢复性能。     

SiCp增强铝基复合材料与Kevlar增强摩擦材料摩擦副摩擦磨损机理研究

采用盘销式摩擦磨损试验机，对SiCp含量为20vol％的铝基复合材料和Kevlar增强摩擦材料组成的摩擦副在于摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损机理进行了实验研究。结果表明：摩擦副在跑合过程中，铝基复合材料中的SiCp颗粒对较软的有机复合材料产生犁削和微观切削效应，磨损机理为铝基复合材料的硬质颗粒对较软的有机复合材料的磨粒磨损；在跑合后的磨损试验中，摩擦材料磨损表面呈现出粘着磨损和塑性变形特征，随着转动速度的增加，塑性流动加剧；摩擦副接触表面发生材料的相互转移，并在铝基复合材料表面形成转移膜，且在较高速度下转移膜更易形成；在高速条件下，摩擦材料表面可见从铝基复合材料的铝合金基体中脱离的SiCp颗粒和熔融迹象；摩擦材料的磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和塑性变形。     

混杂纤维含量对汽车制动摩擦材料性能的影响

研究了不同混杂纤维含量对汽车制动摩擦材料性能的影响.结果表明,随着坡缕石纤维和钢纤维含量的增加,摩擦材料的冲击强度均增加;坡缕石含量的变化对磨损率影响不大,Kevlar含量较高时,混杂纤维摩擦材料200 ℃时磨损率增加,250 ℃和350 ℃时磨损率降低;Kevlar纤维随着其含量的增加,混杂纤维摩擦材料高温摩擦性能(250～350 ℃)有所降低.     

钢纤维和莫来石纤维增强陶瓷基摩擦材料的性能研究

采用热压烧结法制备出钢纤维和莫来石纤维增强陶瓷基摩擦材料,对比分析钢纤维、钢纤维和莫来石纤维的混杂纤维以及莫来石纤维增强陶瓷基摩擦材料的机械性能和摩擦磨损特性。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察不同温度下的磨损表面和磨屑形貌,并研究其磨损机制。研究结果表明,钢纤维和莫来石陶瓷混杂纤维增强的陶瓷基摩擦材料具有较高的机械强度以及良好的摩擦稳定性和耐磨性能,以莫来石纤维增强的陶瓷基摩擦材料,摩擦因数表现出严重的热衰退,且具有低的耐磨损性能。SEM分析表明,在从低温到高温的摩擦过程中,钢纤维和莫来石陶瓷混杂纤维增强的陶瓷基摩擦材料的磨损形式主要由黏着磨损转化为黏着磨损与磨粒磨损的复合磨损形式,而以莫来石纤维增强的陶瓷基摩擦材料,其磨损形式以磨粒磨损为主。     

木质素纤维增强摩擦材料的性能研究

制备一种木质素纤维增强摩擦材料,采用冲击试验机和硬度计分析其力学性能,采用摩擦磨损试验机考察其摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪分析其断面形貌及磨损表面形貌,并探讨其磨损机制。结果表明:与钢纤维相比,木质素纤维能够提高摩擦材料的抗冲击韧性和抗断裂韧性,降低摩擦材料的硬度;在摩擦过程中木质素纤维在摩擦材料表面形成一层致密的摩擦层和转移膜,使摩擦材料的摩擦因数比较稳定,且300℃高温时没有出现明显的热衰退现象,磨损量符合国家标准的范围;SEM和X射线衍射分析表明,木质素纤维与基体结合强度高,对摩擦材料增强效果显著,其在高温阶段的主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。     

汽车摩擦材料的研究现状与发展趋势

现代汽车的发展对汽车摩擦材料提出了更高的要求,摩擦材料性能的优劣将直接影响到汽车行驶安全性、稳定性、舒适性。从汽车无石棉摩擦材料种类、配方设计、制备工艺与设备、摩擦材料性能评价与测试方法等方面介绍了现代汽车摩擦材料的研究现状与发展趋势。     

The effect of Al2O3 on the friction performance of automotive brake friction materials

This study consists of two stages. In the first stage, bronze-based break linings were produced and friction-wear properties of them were investigated. In the second stage, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% alumina (Al₂O₃) powders were added to the bronze-based powders and Al₂O₃ reinforced bronze-based break linings were produced. Friction–wear properties of the Al₂O₃ reinforced samples were aslo investigated and compared to those of plain bronze-based ones. For this purpose, friction coefficient and wear behaviour of the samples were tested on the grey cast iron disc. The hardness and density of the samples were also determined. Microstructures of the samples before and after the sintering and the worn surfaces of the wear specimens were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The sample compacted at 350 MPa and sintered at 820 °C exhibited the optimum friction–wear behaviour. With increase in friction surface temperature, a reduction in the friction coefficient of the samples was observed. The lowest reduction in the friction coefficient with increasing temperature was for the 2% and 4% Al₂O₃ reinforced samples. The SEM images of the sample indicated that increase in Al₂O₃ content resulted in adhesive wear. With increase in Al₂O₃ content, a reduction in mass loss of the samples was also observed. Overall, the samples reinforced with 2% and 4% Al₂O₃ exhibited the best results.     

On the role of copper in brake friction materials

Copper is a major ingredient in friction materials used for automotive braking. The purpose of this study was to find out how copper contributes to good brake performance properties in addition to providing good thermal conductivity. Microstructural investigations of copper chips at the surfaces of brake pads revealed a zone of severe plastic deformation which provides high hardness, but there is also evidence of recrystallized copper nano-particles which are incorporated into friction layers as soft ingredient once detached from the pad surface. Thus copper seems to play a dual role, firstly as reinforcing element of the brake pad providing primary contact sites, and secondly as solid lubricant by contributing to the formation of a layer of granular material providing velocity accommodation between the rotating disc and fixed pad. Confirmation for this hypothesis was obtained by modelling contact sites on the nanometre scale with the method of movable cellular automata. Results show both, the similarity of steel fibres and copper macro-particles in respect to providing primary contact sites, as well as similar sliding behaviours of friction layers containing either copper or graphite as soft inclusions. Furthermore, it is shown that not only material properties, but also the concentration of solid lubricant particles in the friction layers, determine conditions for friction force stabilization and smooth sliding behaviour.     

Friction and wear of friction materials containing two different phenolic resins reinforced with aramid pulp

Friction and wear characteristics of automotive friction materials containing two different phenolic resins (a straight novolac resin and a modified novolac resin) were investigated using a pad-on-disk type friction tester. Six different friction materials with different relative amounts of the phenolic resins and aramid pulp were manufactured and tested. Two different test modes were employed to examine the friction characteristics concerning accumulated thermal history (a constant initial temperature test: test mode I) and friction heat (a constant interval test: test mode II). Friction characteristics such as friction stability and wear resistance were changed significantly according to the type of phenolic resins and to the relative amount of the resin and aramid pulp. Friction materials with the modified novolac resin showed better friction stability than those with the unmodified novolac resin. In particular, the friction materials that were reinforced with 10 vol.% of aramid pulp showed substantial improvement on friction stability regardless of the resin type. However, the friction materials with the modified resin showed significant reduction in wear resistance.     

Effects of ZrSiO4 in non-metallic brake friction materials on friction performance

The effects of ZrSiO₄ (zirconium silicate or zircon) as an abrasive on brake friction performance and friction layers of non-metallic brake friction materials were evaluated. The experimental results indicated that ZrSiO₄ enhances friction coefficient, but depresses wear rate. However, ZrSiO₄ can improve the negative wear rate of the friction materials. The formation and development of friction layers are complex so that the friction layers formed during friction process were carefully characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy (LM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Following characteristics of friction layers were identified—(1) dynamic behavior: the structure of friction layers changes at the different surfacial positions and across sample's thickness; (2) friction condition dependence: formation of friction layers depends upon temperatures, time, and thermal history such as fade and recovery; and (3) compositional dependence: the compositions of friction surface and bulk differ, nevertheless the bulk's composition determine the friction layers. The phenomena as baryte films, altered layers, iron patches, and zircon loose areas formed on the friction surfaces were observed. Baryte films were detected on the friction surfaces of Zr-0 (sample without zircon). Baryte films have positive effect on wear property, but the films disappear in the presence of ZrSiO₄. The amount of carbonaceous materials decreases with the increase in ZrSiO₄. Only negligible thickness of altered layers was found on the friction surfaces of Zr-0 sample, while samples containing zircon show out relatively thick altered layers. Both iron-patches and zircon loose areas increase with the ZrSiO₄ contents. The relationships among formulation, friction performance, and friction surfaces were summarized.     

Performance and evaluation of eco-friendly brake friction materials

Eco-friendly brake friction materials were formulated without copper, lead, tin, antimony trisulfide, and whisker materials, to minimize their potential negative environmental impacts. A combination of scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive microanalysis, profilometry, and thermogravimetry allows successful analysis of friction surface and thermal stability of friction materials. Extension evaluation method was applied to rank the friction materials using multi-parameter criteria, including friction, wear, thermal stability, cost of raw materials, and parameters from the brake effectiveness evaluation procedure (BEEP) assessment. The eco-pad (sample E) exhibited the best overall quality, expressed as the weighted average dependent degree in extension evaluation.     

Fundamental studies on the brake friction of resin-based friction materials

The effects of various factors on brake friction were studied on the braking of a cast iron disk by small brake specimens made of resin, resin-asbestos composites and three-component composites. When the disk temperature rises, the resin-based composites containing asbestos and high melting point additive exhibit considerably lower friction during braking following high friction in the initial braking stage. The initial high friction is attributed to the deformation resistance of the resin in the composite. Low friction is attributed to the lubricating action of resin decomposition products in the neighbourhood of the filler raised to a high temperature by frictional heating. Increase of friction toward the end of braking is mainly due to increase of the true contact area as the frictional speed decreases. Variation of the average frictional coefficient during braking with load and the initial speed is generally small. There is no correlation between the mechanical properties and the brake frictional behaviour of resin-based composites.     

Dynamic interaction of friction and surface topography in brake systems

In brake systems the surface topography of the brake pad is characterized by an equilibrium of flow of hard patches, which are built up and destroyed, depending on the load history. Since these patches carry the main friction power, the friction coefficient itself depends on the load history, too. So the friction coefficient has to be described by differential equations instead of algebraic equations, connecting intimately the friction- and wear process. With these dynamic dependencies we are able to build up a new model, using the technique of Cellular Automata, which gives a dynamic and detailed insight into the brake pad's surface topography during the friction process.     

Contact and wear of paper-based friction materials for oil-immersed clutches—wear model for composite materials

Paper-based friction materials are widely used for oil-immersed clutches in automatic transmissions for passenger cars. It is known that repetition of engagements of the clutches causes wear of the friction materials leading to running-in with an increase in contact area. Observation of the contact of a typical paper-based friction material has been made by contact microscopy using the reflection of polarized light. The results have shown that contact is made at the top of its particulate and fibrous constituents, and comparison with the results of laser microscopy has revealed that the contact area observed by the contact microscopy is the contour contact area. An analysis has been made to describe this behavior by employing a mechanical model in which spherical and columnar asperities are supported by an elastic halfspace and wear under the loads they support. Analytical results describe the observed change in the contour contact area and demonstrate applicability of the model to wear of composite materials.     

Friction, wear and structure of Cu samples in the lubricated steady friction state

Friction and wear of copper rubbed with lubrication in wide range of loads and sliding velocities were studied. The results of friction and wear experiments are presented as the Stribeck curve where the boundary lubrication (BL), mixed (ML) and elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regions are considered. The structural state of subsurface layers in different lubricant regions is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical, transmission and scanning microscopy analysis. Dislocation density of dislocations in EHL and BL lubricant regimes was determined. Nanohardness at thin surface layers rubbed under different lubricant regimes is compared. The dominant friction and wear mechanisms in different lubrications regions are discussed.     

Cellular automata method for macroscopic surface and friction dynamics in brake systems

The friction dynamics in the boundary layer of a brake system is closely linked with the growth and the destruction of typical structures on the brake pad. These processes are caused by an interaction of friction and wear and determine the (as well measured) time-dependence of global parameters, such as the friction coefficient μ or the temperature. Based on the simulation with a set of differential equations, this equilibrium of flow has also already been described with a cellular-automaton-discretization. This paper will show new results and fundamental conclusions with respect to the surface topography dynamics and the friction behaviour of a brake system.