Adsorption of carbon dioxide by coconut activated carbon modified with Cu/Ce

A series of the coconut activated carbons(CAC) based absorbents modified with Cu and Ce(Cu/CAC,Cu/Ce/CAC) were prepared by impregnation technology for carbon dioxide capture.The adsocrption equilibriums of CO2 on Cu/CAC and Cu/Ce/CAC were measured.The results showed that the adsorption capacity of CO2 onto the activated carbon modified with Cu/Ce increased with the decreasing temperature in the same pressure.The adsorption capacity of CO2 on Cu/CAC was higher than that of the blank CAC,and compared with the Cu/CAC,the adsorption capacity of CO2 of Cu/Ce/CAC with the mass ratio of Cu/Ce=30 was improved at 298 and 303 K.In addition,the adsorption equilibrium data for CO2 at various temperatures was fitted to Langmuir,Freundlich and D-R isotherm models.It was found that the D-R equation was the best model for fitting the adsorption data on Cu/Ce/CAC at different temperatures.     

Reduction behaviour of powder mixtures of iron oxide and carbon in reactive atmospheres

Mixtures of fines of iron ore and carbon were kept in hot zone of furnace for various durations under flowing argon or mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Experiments were conducted at temperatures of 1150, 1250 and 1300 K. Other variables were inlet H₂/CO₂ ratio both oxidising and reducing to wustite, Fe₂O₃/C ratio in sample and sample size. 2 types of carbon were selected, viz. graphite and activated char. The degree of reduction of oxide (F) was determined by subsequent hydrogen reduction of reaction products. F vs. time data did not follow any set pattern due to complex mechanism and kinetics. Equilibrium calculations predict that, inlet H₂+CO₂ mixture which undergoes water gas shift reaction inside the furnace, reduces to wustite at a H₂/CO₂ ratio of 3. As expected, generally it yielded highest value of F. However at 1300 K, even the gas with H₂/CO₂ ratio of 1.5/1, although oxidising to wustite, gave comparably high value of F, presumably due to enhanced gasification rate at higher temperature. Although reactivity of graphite was much lower than that of activated char, they exhibited comparable extents of reduction.     

Effect of Fe/Cu/Ce loading on the coal-based activated carbons for hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide

Fe/Cu/Ce modified coal-based activated carbon(AC) was prepared by the sol-gel method,and the effect of Fe/Cu/Ce on catalytic properties of Fe/AC,Fe-Cu/AC and Fe-Cu-Ce/AC was investigated in the hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide(COS) at 50 °C.Their surface properties were evaluated by means of nitrogen adsorption and were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffracto-metry(XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The catalytic activities results showed that addition of Cu and Ce could enhance the activities of COS hydrolysis and Fe-Cu-Ce/AC with n(Fe):n(Ce)=20 exhibited a higher stability.The XRD and XPS results revealed that Cu loading controlled the crystalline phases and Ce could affect the crystalline phase of Fe2O3 and change the products formation and content of SO42-.     

Rate of reactions between carbon dioxide and graphite

Solid graphite rods have been oxidized at temperatures between 1020 and 1510 °C using CO₂ containing gases. The activation energy was found to be 270 kJ/mol in the temperature range from 1020 to 1170 °C where the reaction is chemically controlled. At higher temperatures the reaction is controlled by external mass transfer of CO₂ with an activation energy of 86 kJ/mol. The shift from chemical to mass transfer control depends on the CO₂ pressure and the gas flow behaviour. Since per mol of carbon consumed one net mol of gas is produced, there is a net gas flow away from the graphite surface. This makes the transport of CO₂ to the surface more difficult, retarding the rate at high temperatures.     

Ce–Ti catalysts modified with copper and vanadium to effectively remove slip NH3 and NOx from coal-fired plants

In this work, V/Ce–Ti catalysts were modified with different kinds of transition metals (Cu, Fe, Co, Mn) by sol–gel and impregnation methods. The NH₃ oxidation performance of them was tested to select the most active catalyst in NH₃-selective catalytic oxidation (NH₃–SCO). The effect of NO, SO₂ and H₂O was also investigated. The experimental results indicate that 1% Cu–V/Ce–Ti catalyst exhibits the most significant ability to remove slip ammonia discharged from coal-fired plants and its NH₃ conversion efficiency reaches 90% at 300 °C. In addition, 97% NO_x can be removed when NO is introduced in the gas. Cu–V/Ce–Ti catalyst also obtains good resistance to H₂O and SO₂. Based on the characterization experiment, the introduced Cu and V are highly dispersed on Ce–Ti catalyst and they can increase the redox properties and the number of acidic sites. Besides, the redox cycles among Cu, V and Ce species on Cu–V/Ce–Ti catalyst surface are conducive to generating more active oxygen and promoting the oxidation capacity of the catalyst.     

Effect of rare earth addition on Cu-Fe/AC adsorbents for phosphine adsorption from yellow phosphorous tail gas

Phosphine (PH₃) is a highly toxic air pollutant, commonly produced in phosphorous chemical industry. But it has received less research attention due to its handling difficultly. CO is the main content of the phosphorous chemical industry tail gas, the concentration of which is always more than 80 vol.%, and it can be the feed gas to produce various valuable products such as formate, oxalate, and methanol and so on. But, PH₃ is one of the important barriers, which is harmful to the following chemical process. In order to make use of the tail gas, PH₃ should be removed firstly, and CO should be covered in the whole purified procedure at the same time. In this work, the modified activated carbon (MAC) was used as the adsorbent to separate PH₃ from the mixture tail gas. Series of MAC adsorbents were prepared for the adsorption of PH₃, which loaded Cu-Fe and Ce (La), or separately. The PH₃ adsorption capacities, chemical and physical properties of MAC were all investigated. The results showed that over 99% PH₃ adsorption efficiency was achieved when used MAC adsorbents. The removal efficiency and PH₃ adsorption capacity of the Cu-Fe-Ce/AC (20:1:0.4) were both much higher than those modified activated carbons. The maximum PH₃ adsorption capacity was 71 mg of PH₃/g of MAC on the Cu-Fe-Ce/AC, which were much higher than literature data using CuO only for adsorbing hydride gases.     

Heat and mass transfer limitations in gasification of carbon by carbon dioxide

Rates of gasification of carbon by carbon dioxide were measured in the laboratory using a thermogravimetry apparatus. The experiments were conducted at various temperatures and sample bed depths using powders of graphite and coconut char as sources of carbon, under flowing gas of CO₂. Various CO–CO₂ mixtures were also employed for the study of coconut char. The measured rate data were subjected to a heat and mass transfer analysis to find out the values of isothermal and non-isothermal effectiveness factors. These values were utilized to predict the intrinsic chemical reactivities of graphite and coconut char samples, free from heat and mass-transfer limitations. Extrapolation of experimental data to hypothetical zero bed depth showed good agreements with the above at various temperatures, thus providing valuable cross-checks. The activation energies were found to be 260 and 250 kJ/mol for graphite and coconut char, respectively, under CO₂. Carbon monoxide was found to decrease the rate of gasification but not as drastically as some literature reports predict.     

Green synthesis of ceria powders with special physical properties by carbon dioxide carbonization

In order to improve the application values of Ce element, in this paper, rare earth chloride solution was used as raw material, the pH value was controlled by inorganic alkali, the ceria powders with special physical properties were prepared by carbon dioxide carbonization method. According to characterization of SEM, XRD, and TG-DSC, Ce(OH)3 prepared at pH = 7.5 exhibits smaller particle size than that prepared at other conditions. CeO_2 precursor obtained by direct carbonization of Ce(OH)3 shows smaller particle size and narrow size distribution, CeO_2 precursor forms at first by carbonization of Ce(OH)3 with the continuous addition of CO2 gas,and the chemical component is indicated to be Ce_2 O(CO_3)_2·6 H_2 O.Cubic phase CeO_2 powders are obtained by calcined at 750 ℃ for 4 h. The mean particle size D_(50) is0.941 μm, and particle size distribution is smaller than 1. The microscopic appearance is homogeneous,with a spherical-like shape and a grain size of 200-500 nm. The light quality characteristics of sedimentation volume and accumulation density are obviously better than those of carbonate precipitation products. The carbonization method can be used not only to obtain ultra-fine rare earth oxides with fine particle size, narrow distribution and high dispersion properties, but also to achieve the reuse of carbon dioxide greenhouse gas.     

One-pot synthesis of Cu-Ce co-doped SAPO-5/34 hybrid crystal structure catalysts for NH_3-SCR reaction with SO_2 resistance

SAPO-34,SAPO-5/34 based catalysts doped with Cu,Ce as active components were synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method by using different amounts of additive(a-cellulose),and their catalytic activities were measured for selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO with NH3.The synthesized Cu-Ce co-doped products switch from cubic SAPO-34,to flower-like aggregated SAPO-5/34,hybrid crystal SAPO-5/34,and finally to spherical aggregated SAPO-34 with the increase of α-cellulose amount.The Cu-Ce co-doped SAPO-5/34 hybrid crystal structure catalysts with 0.75 mol ratios of C/P(Cu-Ce/SP-0.75)exhibit excellent NH3-SCR activity with higher than 90% NO_x conversion in the temperature range of 180-450℃,at WHSV of 20000 mL/(g·h).Furthermore,the catalyst displays outstanding sulfur resistance and NO_X conversion maintains above 90% at 200-450℃ after adding 100 ppm of SO_2.The characteristic results suggest that the high deNO_X performance of Cu-Ce/SP-0.75 is due to the enhanced accessibility,abundant activity species,excellent redox property and high adsorptive and activated capacity for NH3.     

Adsorption of gold on activated carbon in bromide solutions

Adsorption of gold on activated carbon from gold bromide solutions was examined as a function of pH, particle size, amount of carbon, initial gold bromide concentration, bromine concentration, temperature, and various cations and anions. The pH did not have any effect on gold adsorption below pH = 6. Above pH = 6, pH had a dramatically negative effect. The adsorption occurred according to a first-order reaction-rate model. The reaction-rate constant was proportional to the inverse of carbon particle radius, the amount of carbon, and independent of the initial gold concentration. Temperature had very little effect on the rate of gold adsorption. Cations (Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺) and anions (SO ₄ ² , Cl^-, Br^-) did not have any effect on gold adsorption. Free bromine had a very negative effect on gold uptake. Gold bromide is very stable and stays in this form on the carbon surface. Contrary to this, gold chloride is unstable, and elemental gold precipitates on the carbon surface. Loading capacity of carbon depended on the presence of free bromine. In the presence of free bromine, it was further dependent on temperature (increased with increasing temperature). AtT = 25 °C, gold loading was 27 to 64 kg Au/t carbon. In bromine-free solutions, gold loading was 174 to 315 kg Au/t carbon.     

Glycine functionalized activated carbon derived from navel orange peel for enhancement recovery of Gd(Ⅲ)

Glycine functionalized activated carbon adsorption material (NOPAC-GLY-X) was successfully prepared by one-step thermal decomposition using agricultural waste navel orange peel as a precursor. Through batch adsorption experiments, it is found that the adsorption performance of Gd(III) on activated carbon can be significantly enhanced by glycine modification. The adsorption isotherms of the NOPACs conform to the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the activated carbon sample NOPAC-Gly-60 is approximately 48.5 mg/g. The Gd(III) adsorption capacity of navel orange peel activated carbon can be doubled after glycine modification, and the adsorption efficiency of gadolinium can reach 99% at pH = 7. The physicochemical properties of the prepared adsorbents were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterization test shows that the specific surface area of the sample increases from 1121 to 1523 m²/g, and the ratio of (N + O)/C increases from 10.8% to 30.0% by the glycine modification. After five cycles of adsorption–desorption, the adsorption capacity can still be maintained at 88% of the initial capacity. NOPAC-GLY-60 has excellent adsorption selectivity for Gd(III). With the obvious advantages of simple synthesis steps and low cost, the activated carbon modification method adopted in this study has great application value in the field of rare earth adsorption and recovery.     

The mechanism of elution of gold cyanide from activated carbon

Numerous articles have appeared on the mechanism of the adsorption of gold cyanide onto activated carbon. In contrast, little information is available on the mechanism of elution of the adsorbed gold. It is the objective of this article to formulate such a mechanism on the basis of batch and column elution tests without analyzing adsorbed species on the carbon directly. The presence of spectator cations (M ⁿ⁺) enhances the formation of M ⁿ⁺{Au(CN) ₂ ⁻ } _n ion pairs on the carbon, which in turn suppress the elution of gold cyanide. The dynamics of removal of these cations determine the horizontal position of the gold peak in an elution profile. When the concentration of cations in the eluant is high and no cyanide is present in the solution or on the carbon, very little desorption of gold is observed. The quantitative effect of the concentration of spectator cations on the equilibrium for desorption of aurocyanide can be estimated from the elution profiles for gold and cations. Free cyanide in the eluant, which causes some competitive adsorption of cyanide with aurocyanide, therefore plays a minor role at the elevated temperatures used in industry. A more important effect of cyanide is its reaction with functional groups on the carbon, the products of which passivate the surface for adsorption of aurocyanide, and thereby cyanide promotes the elution of aurocyanide. The degree of passivation, which is determined to a large extent by the temperature of pretreatment, also affects the elution of cations and the degradation/adsorption of cyanide itself. Reactivation of the carbon surface occurs when the adsorbed/decomposed cyanide is removed by the eluant. At high temperatures of pretreatment, such as used in practice, it is not necessary to include a reactivation term in the mathematical model for elution.     

Magnetic composite Fe3O4/CeO2 for adsorption of azo dye

In this paper, magnetic composite Fe₃O₄/CeO₂ (MC Fe/Ce) was synthesized via CeO₂ covered onto the surface of Fe₃O₄ by sol-precipitation method. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by FE-SEM, XRD, SEM-EDS and FT-IR spectrum. The pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic can describe well the adsorption of Acid black 210 (AB210) onto the as-obtained MC Fe/Ce of which the adsorption isotherm fits the Langmuir adsorption model better than Freundlich adsorption model. Furthermore, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MC Fe/Ce is about 93 mg/g, which is 6 times more than that of commercial CeO₂ for AB210. Moreover, the removal rate of the adsorbates for AB210 is 82.3% after first adsorption and still about 70% the fourth forth adsorption experiments within 120 min, which demonstrates that the obtained MC Fe/Ce has outstanding adsorption capacity and good stability. Additionally, the composite can be easily separated from aqueous solution in a few seconds with an external magnetic field due to its magnetic property, which is vital and has potential for its practical applications.     

热改性对柱状活性炭脱硫能力的影响

在N2保护下采用不同温度对柱状活性炭进行热改性,得到了5种改性活性炭(AC-1～AC-5),将改性前后的活性炭(AC)分别置于含有SO2且有水蒸气和氧气存在的条件下进行脱硫试验,利用气体吸附仪和扫描电镜对改性前后活性炭表面的物理性质进行了表征.试验结果表明,当改性温度为700～900℃时,改性后活性炭的脱硫能力随着改性...     

柚皮残渣制备活性炭对Cu2+吸附性能

以柚皮为材料,提取柚皮苷后残渣制备柚皮基活性炭（简称PPAB）,研究其在不同pH、投加量、吸附质浓度、时间、温度、粒径、解吸剂条件下对水中Cu2+的吸附性能.结果表明:在pH值为6,PPAB投加量4 g/L,溶液温度35 ℃,Cu2+初始浓度30 mg/L,吸附60 min,PPAB对Cu2+去除率94.47 %,最大吸附容量7.09 mg/g;0.25 mol/L盐酸脱附Cu2+效果较优,回收率98.21 %.吸附过程Langmuir等温式能较好拟合,此工艺下PPAB平均得率36.9 %,比表面积高达1 764 m2/g.柚皮基活性炭作为吸附剂处理低浓度重金属废水具有广阔前景.      

Studies on role of oxygen in the adsorption of Au(CN) 2 − and Ag(CN) 2 − onto activated carbon

Comparative studies of the adsorption of Au(CN) ₂ ⁻ , Ag(CN) ₂ ⁻ , and Hg(CN) ₂ ⁻ onto activated carbon (Norit R2020) have suggested that oxygen and oxygen containing surface functional groups play a role in the adsorption process of Au(CN) ₂ ⁻ and Ag(CN) ₂ ⁻ but not in the adsorption of Hg(CN) ₂ ⁻ . Adsorption of Au(CN) ₂ ⁻ and Ag(CN) ₂ ⁻ on carbon degassed at 950 °C under 10⁻⁵ torr (1.33 × 10⁻³ P) vacuum is decreased by 50 pct compared with the adsorption on normal activated carbon. However, in the presence of oxygen in solution, the degassed carbon adsorbs Au(CCN) ₂ ⁻ to the same extent as normal carbon. The effect of organic solvents and the variation in the potential of the two types of carbon upon adsorption of Au(CN) ₂ ⁻ were also investigated. These results indicate that activated carbon behaves like an ion-exchange resin but is capable of oxidizing cyanide and cyanide complexes by chemisorbed oxygen. A dual mechanism for the adsorption of Au(CN) ₂ ⁻ and Ag(CN) ₂ ⁻ onto activated carbon is therefore proposed, in which cyanide complexes adsorb on carbon by anion exchange with OH⁻ followed by partial oxidative decomposition of Au(CN) ₂ ⁻ or Ag(CN) ₂ ⁻ to insoluble AuCN or AgCN. N. TSUCHIDA, formerly Postgraduate Student at Murdoch University,     

Adsorption and desorption properties of D151 resin for Ce(III)

The present research is aimed at the development of D151 resin as an adsorbent that it can be used in the adsorption of Ce(III) ions. The adsorption and desorption behaviors of Ce(III) on D151 resin have been investigated by chemistry analysis. The influence of operational conditions such as contact time, initial concentration of Ce(III), initial pH of solution and temperature on the adsorption of Ce(III) had also been examined. The results show that the optimal adsorption condition of D151 for Ce(III) was achieved at pH=6.50 in HAc-NaAc medium. The maximum uptake capacity of Ce(III) was 392 mg/g resin at 298 K. The adsorption of Ce(III) followed both the Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm, and the correlation coefficients had been evaluated. Even kinetics on the adsorption of Ce(III) had been studied. The adsorption rate constant k_{298 K} valued was 1.3×10^?5 s^?1. The calculation data of thermodynamic parameters which ΔS⁰ value of 91.34 and ΔH⁰ value of 7.07 kJ/mol indicate the endothermic nature of the adsorption process. While, a decrease of Gibb's free energy (ΔG⁰) with increasing temperature indicated the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Finally, Ce(III) could be eluted by using 0.5 mol/L HCl solution and the elution percentage was as high as 100%. Adsorption mechanism was also proposed for the adsorption of Ce(III) ions onto D151 resin using infrared spectroscopy technique.     

HNO3和γ-Fe2O3改性椰壳活性炭吸附性能研究

为了提高活性炭的吸附性能,对市售椰壳活性炭进行硝酸改性和负载γ-Fe2O3催化剂改性。对改性前后的椰壳活性炭分别进行了碘值吸附和亚甲基蓝吸附实验,结果表明:硝酸改性和负载γ-Fe2O3催化剂改性后椰壳活性炭的碘吸附值分别提高了16.1%和39.3%;硝酸改性后椰壳活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值提高了10.7%,负载γ-Fe2O3催化剂改性椰壳活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值降低了3.5%。两种改性方法对椰壳活性炭的总体吸附能力都有所增强,其中负载γ-Fe2O3催化剂改性椰壳活性炭总体吸附能力强于硝酸改性椰壳活性炭。本研究结果可为活性炭治理钢铁企业烧结烟气中的SO2和NOx提供借鉴。     

Catalytic graphitization of carbon/carbon composites by lanthanum oxide

Graphitized carbon/carbon composites were prepared by the process of catalytic graphitization with the rare-earth catalyst, lantha-num oxide (La2O3), in order to increase the degree of graphitization and reduce the electrical resistivity. The modified coal tar pitch and coal-based needle coke were used as carbon source, and a small amount of La2O3 was added to catalyze the graphitization of the disordered carbon materials. The effects of La2O3 catalyst on the graphitization degree and microstructure of the carbon/carbon composites were investi-gated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that La2O3 promoted the formation of more perfect and larger crystallites, and improved the electrical/mechanical properties of carbon/carbon composites. Carbon/carbon compos-ites with a lower electrical resistivity (7.0 ???m) could be prepared when adding 5 wt.% La2O3 powder with heating treatment at 2800 oC. The catalytic effect of La2O3 for the graphitization of carbon/carbon composites was analyzed.     

Kinetics of oxidation of carbon in liquid iron-carbon-silicon-manganese-sulfur alloys by carbon dioxide in nitrogen

The oxidation of carbon with the simultaneous oxidation of silicon, manganese, and iron of liquid alloys by carbon dioxide in nitrogen and the absorption of oxygen by the alloys from the gas were studied using 1-g liquid iron droplets levitated in a stream of the gas at 1575 °C to 1715 °C. Oxidation of carbon was favored over oxidation of silicon and manganese when cast iron (3.35 pct C, 2.0 pct Si, 0.36 pct Mn, and 0.05 pct S) reacted with CO₂/N₂ gas at 1635 °C. An increase in the flow rate of CO₂/N₂ gas increased the decarburization rate of cast iron. The rate of carbon oxidation by this gas mixture was found to be independent of temperature and alloying element concentrations (in the range of silicon = 0 to 2.0 pct manganese = 0 to 0.36 pct and sulfur = 0 to 0.5 pct) within the temperature range of the present study. Based on the results of a kinetic analysis, diffusion of CO₂ in the boundary layer of the gas phase was found to be the rate-limiting step for the reactions during the earlier period of the reaction when the contents of carbon, silicon, and manganese are higher. However, the limiting step changed to diffusion of the elements in the metal phase during the middle period of the reaction and then to the diffusion of CO in the gas phase during the later period of the reaction when the content of the elements in the metal were relatively low. For the simultaneous oxidation reactions of several elements in the metal, however, the diffusion of CO₂ in the gas phase is the primary limiting step of the reaction rate for the oxidation of carbon during the later period of reaction. Formerly Visiting Assistant Research Scientist, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109