酸/碱性低共熔溶剂预处理对轻木物化性质及酶水解影响

采用酸/碱性低共熔溶剂（DES）在110 ℃和5 h下预处理轻木原料,分析了预处理前后轻木的化学组成、表面形貌、结构变化和酶水解性能。结果表明,3种酸/碱性DES预处理均可有效解构轻木原料。酸性DES可去除几乎所有的半纤维素和部分木质素,且酸性较强的氯化铝六水合物/丙三醇体系处理导致部分纤维素降解。碱性氯化胆碱/乙醇胺体系预处理后木质素大量去除,残留物中保留大量碳水化合物。预处理可显著增效纤维素酶水解,葡萄糖得率由原料的16.5%提升至52.6%~60.7%。DES经循环使用3次后纤维素酶解效率仍可达原料的2.5倍以上。     

全生物基三元DES预处理促进芦竹酶解机理研究

针对二元中性低共熔溶剂（DES）体系效率低的问题,构建新型全生物基三元DES（氯化胆碱/乙酰丙酸/1,4-丁二醇）体系,并用于芦竹（Arundo donax L.）预处理;采用成分分析、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）对预处理前后芦竹化学成分、结构及表面形貌变化等进行分析,结合复合动力学模型探究预处理促进芦竹酶解机理。结果表明,三元DES是高效的预处理体系,在140 ℃下处理3 h后,木质素和半纤维素的脱除率分别达46.4%和75.6%,残渣纤维素和聚木糖酶解率高达~100%和96.6%;建立的复合动力学模型可准确地描述三元DES预处理耦合酶解过程中葡萄糖和木糖变化行为（R² > 0.99）。由预处理温度升高引起的半纤维素和木质素高效脱除、纤维表面粗糙度增大及纤维素结晶结构破坏是促进芦竹酶解的主要原因。     

氯化胆碱/乳酸低共熔溶剂预处理对笋壳物化性质及酶解效率的影响

笋壳是竹笋加工过程中的副产物,为解决笋壳生物质的转化利用,其关键的一步是建立一种绿色、高效的提高笋壳酶水解效率的预处理方法。以笋壳为原料,采用不同条件的低共熔溶剂(deep-eutectic solvents, DES)预处理,利用扫描电镜、X-射线衍射及傅里叶红外光谱等手段分析笋壳木质纤维素成分及物化特征的变化,探究DES预处理方法在笋壳样品纤维素酶水解效率方面提升的效果和潜在原因。结果表明,DES预处理后,笋壳样品中纤维素的含量从35.86%上升至48.63%,半纤维素的含量从19.13%下降到15.59%,木质素的含量从28.67%下降到14.82%;DES预处理有效地破坏了笋壳木质纤维素致密的外观形态,并较大程度地减小了笋壳的抗降解屏障。数据表明,DES较大程度地减少笋壳中的木质素和少量的半纤维素,而高度保留了纤维素且DES预处理并未改变笋壳纤维素的晶型结构;笋壳样品的酶水解率从29.24%(未处理)提升至90.43%(110℃,氯化胆碱和乳酸摩尔比为1∶9),比原材料的酶水解率提升了3.1倍。研究显示,氯化胆碱/乳酸在最佳条件中(110℃,摩尔比1∶9)能实现笋壳高效酶解转化...     

超临界CO_2处理玉米秸秆残留木质素形态及脱除研究

基于玉米秸秆纤维素酒精的原料预处理中残留木质素阻碍纤维素酶解的难题。本研究以超临界CO_2流体的预处理过程难以脱除的残留木质素为研究对象,采用SEM、ATR-FTIR、XPS等手段对残留木质素存在形式进行了考察,分析残留木质素难以脱除的原因,在此基础上,探讨了不同洗涤方法对于残留木质素的脱除效果。预处理后难以脱除的残留木质素以球状颗粒形式不均匀分布在纤维素表面,颗粒直径在0.1~0.9μm。同时分别采用乙醇水和氢氧化钠等洗脱方法对残留木质素进行脱除,研究发现两种洗脱方法均能有效脱除纤维素表面的残留木质素,但与乙醇水溶液相比,NaOH溶液的洗脱效果更好。     

木质素对纤维素酶水解抑制作用的研究进展与展望

木质纤维素原料作为新一代生物乙醇发酵的原料备受关注,但在实际生产制备过程中木质纤维素中木质素的存在对纤维素酶水解纤维素这一过程产生了抑制作用,限制了木质纤维素资源在生物乙醇发酵方面工业化规模的推广与应用。本文通过归纳近年来有关减少木质素对纤维素酶水解的抑制、提高酶水解效率的研究进展,明确提出了推动木质纤维生物质炼制实现工业化所需深入探索的策略和方向。     

对甲基苯磺酸预处理玉米秸秆动力学及酶解特性研究

本研究采用对甲基苯磺酸（p-TsOH）预处理玉米秸秆,研究了3个预处理因素（p-TsOH质量分数、水解温度和水解时间）对其三大组分分离的影响。通过两相模型,得到木质素和半纤维素脱除动力学模型,并探究了处理后残渣的酶解性能。结果表明,p-TsOH预处理玉米秸秆在温和条件下即可快速溶出木质素和半纤维素,而对纤维素的降解较小;木质素脱除反应和半纤维素脱除反应的表观活化能分别为66.5 kJ/mol和50.5 kJ/mol;预处理后,木质纤维的顽抗结构被破坏,表面木质素含量降低,p-TsOH预处理可以有效提高原料的酶解得率;在p-TsOH质量分数为50%、水解温度为95℃和水解时间为40 min条件预处理后,残渣酶解得率为72.9%。     

乙二醇抑制DES预处理过程中木质素缩合程度的研究

利用氯化胆碱/草酸和氯化胆碱/草酸/乙二醇2种低共熔溶剂（DES）体系预处理竹粉以分馏提取木质素,并通过多种表征手段探究木质素的结构变化。结果表明,在110 ℃反应180 min的条件下,氯化胆碱/草酸二元DES体系提取的木质素（二元DES木质素）中β-O-4芳基醚键的相对含量仅为0.26/Ar,氯化胆碱/乙二醇/草酸三元DES体系提取的木质素（三元DES木质素）此值则为0.43/Ar。同时,二元DES木质素中的缩合结构（β-β,β-5=3.11/Ar）及缩合的芳环C—C连接（Aromatic C—C=2.18/Ar）多于三元DES木质素（β-β,β-5=2.02/Ar,Aromatic C—C=1.99/Ar）。利用超声辅助三元DES体系预处理过程,发现反应20 min后木质素脱除率即可达76.0%。采用水相电位滴定法测定不同反应条件下的三元DES木质素的酚羟基和羧基含量;并提出乙二醇在三元DES体系预处理竹粉过程中抑制木质素缩合的机理,证实乙二醇与对香豆酸和阿魏酸反应生成了酯化的木质素结构。     

竹材预水解过程中木质素对半纤维素溶出的抑制作用

以竹片为研究对象,分析预水解过程中半纤维素脱除率与木质素脱除率的关联性,特别是预水解后期木质素对半纤维素溶出的影响。将竹片用植物粉碎机粉碎后,取40～60目竹粉模拟预水解实验,分析竹粉在预水解过程中的孔隙变化,结合预水解过程中竹片表面微观结构变化及木质素的迁移行为,探讨木质素对半纤维素溶出的抑制作用。结果表明,预水解过程中,半纤维素的脱除率与木质素存在一定关系;预水解前期,木质素和半纤维素同时降解溶出;预水解至一段时间后,木质素和半纤维素脱除率均达到最大值。继续预水解,木质素脱除率急剧下降,而半纤维素脱除率不再提高。环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)分析显示预水解后期的竹片表面基本被疏水木质素涂层覆盖,疏水涂层的存在可能会阻碍半纤维素的降解溶出。竹粉的模拟实验结果也证实了预水解后期竹粉的孔体积和孔径明显下降。因此,预水解固体基质中较高的木质素含量及由木质素迁移导致的纤维表面和纤维孔隙结构变化是阻碍预水解后期半纤维素进一步溶出的主要原因。     

稀酸预处理对玉米秸秆纤维组分及结构的影响

研究了稀硫酸预处理对玉米秸秆化学组成变化及纤维素酶水解得率的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)和热重分析(TG)对玉米秸秆纤维结构特性进行了分析。结果表明随着硫酸浓度的增大、温度的升高和时间的延长,纤维素和木质素含量有所增加,而半纤维素含量大幅度降低,且预处理后纤维素酶水解得率也逐渐增大。当处理条件为硫酸质量分数0.75%、温度150℃、时间80 min时,半纤维素降解率为98.02%,所得固体渣纤维素酶水解得率为66.95%(纤维素酶用量20 FPUI/g纤维素)。稀酸预处理后玉米秸秆纤维表面和细胞壁受到不同程度的破坏,表面积增大,孔洞增加,纤维素的结晶度降低,有利于纤维素酶水解作用的进行。     

竹材加工剩余物的应用探究

为有效提高木质纤维原料的综合利用率,笔者提出了用酸性亚硫酸氢钠预处理分离半纤维素和纤维素的工艺。以竹浆产业加工剩余物为原料,进行了原料预处理、戊糖脱水环化和木素脱除的一系列实验。实验结果表明:亚硫酸氢钠预处理可以实现聚戊糖大部分水解,水解率达到90.78%;在非最优条件下,采用Milox溶剂法进行水解底物木素脱除,木素脱除率达到98.91%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press