Applications of X-ray fluorescence analysis of rare earths in China

A review was presented on the applications of X-ray fluorescence(XRF) analysis in Chinese rare earth industry during the last 20 years.The application consisted of the analysis of rare earth elements in ores and soil,concentrates,compounds,metals,alloys,functional materials,fast and online analysis in separation process,and so on.The analytical method was described on pressed powders,fused beads,liquid thin films and solid pieces.The detections of rare earth elements and compounds were concerned in iron and steel,nonferrous metals,petrochemical,geology,biology,electronic materials and other fields.     

非水溶剂电还原制取重稀土金属及合金的研究现状及发展

随着重稀土元素对铝、镁、铜、镍及钢铁等金属材料的功能化作用被广泛关注,使得作为战略性资源的重稀土元素在金属合金材料的应用领域拓展空间巨大.在此背景下,作为改性元素的重稀土金属及合金的市场需求必然猛增.由于重稀土单质自身的高熔点,混熔法、真空热还原法一直是生产制备重稀土金属及合金的主要方法,寻求一条低成本、高效、绿色的制备方法则至关重要.由于熔盐电化学还原法在生产低熔点轻稀土及合金工艺方面具有经济、高效等优势,近年来,通过熔盐电解方式直接制取低熔点的重稀土合金成为国内外学者研究的热点,从目前取得进展来看,具有广阔的发展前景.针对国内外重稀土金属及合金的熔盐电解法制取的研究现状进行了评述,从体系物理化学性质、电极过程机理、模拟计算等几个方面做了简要的总结和分析,以期对重稀土合金材料的制备研究提供有益的帮助.      

Research progress of rare earth separation methods and technologies

Strategical elements,such as rare earth elements,play a crucial role in the industry,especially in producing high-tech materials.Major global industries have developed a strong dependence on rare earth materials.Every year,there are innovations in industries such as modern technology,green energy,or communications technology,which need more strategic metals to improve investment profitability.This article reviews advances in rare earth separation methods and techniques to guide and recommend the...     

Research and Development of Rare Earth Advanced Materials in China

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Formation of intermetallic compound at interface between rare earth elements and ferritic-martensitic steel by fuel cladding chemical interaction

The intermetallic compounds formation at interface between rare earth elements and clad material were investigated to demonstrate the effects of rare earth elements on fuel-cladding chemical interaction(FCCI)behavior.Mischmetal(70Ce-30La)and Nd were prepared as rare earth elements.Diffusion couple testing was performed on the rare earth elements and cladding(9Cr2W steel)near the operation temperature of(sodium-cooled fast reactor)SFR fuel.The performance of a diffusion barrier consisting of Zr and V metallic foil against the rare earth elements was also evaluated.Our results showed that Ce and Nd in the rare earth elements and Fe in the clad material interdiffused and reacted to form intermetallic species according to the parabolic rate law,describing the migration of the rare earth element.The diffusion of Fe limited the reaction progress such that the entire process was governed by the cubic rate law.Rare earth materials could be used as a surrogate for high burnup metallic fuels,and the performance of the barrier material was demonstrated to be effective.     

国际稀土研究的科学知识图谱分析

以1985-2015年Web of Science（WoS）数据库中已发表的学术论文为基础,利用科学知识图谱分析软件VOSviewer和Sci2工具包对国际稀土研究领域进行可视化分析.首先,通过文献共被引分析稀土研究的知识基础;其次,通过关键词共现分析探测稀土研究前沿;最后,通过突现检测分析稀土研究趋势,并结合我国稀土研究的特点和现状,对我国稀土研究进行综述.结果表明,中国的发文量在国家/地区中居于首位,中国科学院在相关机构中发文量最多;稀土研究知识基础的重要文献形成3个聚类;稀土研究的前沿主题主要为稀土发光材料、稀土永磁材料、稀土储氢材料、稀土化合物和化学合成法5个聚类;稀土研究趋势主要的突现关键词包括稀土化合物、荧光粉等方面.      

稀土硬质合金研究进展

稀土金属及化合物具有诸多的优异性能,将稀土元素以一定的方式加入到普通硬质合金中不仅能提高合金的硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性同时能够净化界面和改善硬质相与黏结相的湿润性.并且添加了稀土的硬质合金能够在现代科学技术的各领域发挥出独特的作用,故对稀土硬质合金做更加全面和系统的研究也成为必要.文中综述了稀土硬质合金的发展现状、介绍了稀土的添加形态和方法、稀土元素对硬质合金组织影响,最后对硬质合金的研究方向和趋势做了一定程度的介绍.      

稀土Ce对锌电积用Pb-Ag-Ca-Sr四元合金阳极板性能的改进

Pb-Ag-Ca-Sr四元合金具有较好的力学性能、导电性能和耐腐蚀性能,但合金元素分布不均、性能不稳定、稀贵金属损耗大、制作成本高,制约其在湿法炼锌电积阳极的广泛应用。通过熔炼工艺向Pb-Ag-Ca-Sr四元合金中添加稀土Ce,然后进行轧制,分别考察稀土Ce对Pb-Ag-Ca-Sr四元合金显微组织、力学性能、导电性和耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,添加质量分数为0.04%的稀土Ce后,Pb-Ag-Ca-Sr四元合金的晶粒明显得到细化,抗拉强度、屈服强度和电导率分别提高9%、23%和1.75%,耐腐蚀性能也得到明显提高,稀土Ce对Pb-Ag-Ca-Sr四元合金阳极材料综合性能提升作用强于轧制工艺。     

稀土材料的制备与高端应用

随着社会的发展,科学技术的不断提高,人们发现稀土金属在提高产品质量、增强产品性能等方面已表现出其独特的优势,但也存在稀土材料传统制备方法周期长、高端应用领域研究不够深入等问题.文中主要介绍了离子交换法、热分解法、水热/溶剂热法、共沉淀法和溶胶-凝胶法等制备稀土材料的最新进展,并着重介绍了稀土在永磁材料、发光材料、催化材...     

Progress of Separation and Determination Methods for Rare Earth Elements

~~Progress of Separation and Determination Methods for Rare Earth Elements     

稀土分析检测方法标准述评

从稀土矿、稀土精矿、稀土金属及其氧化物、稀土深加工产品等方面概述我国稀土分析国家标准体系.其中稀土配分、三氧化二铝、稀土总量、水分、灼减量等参数的检测,是稀土交易和萃取分离工艺过程中重要的技术指标;而钕铁硼、灯用稀土三基色荧光粉、稀土硅铁合金等分析标准,对于稀土磁性材料、稀土发光材料、稀土合金等稀土深加工产品的生产都有重要的指导意义;稀土产品及分析方法的建立,完善了稀土国家标准体系,满足了稀土生产和贸易的需要,促进了稀土行业持续健康发展.      

X射线荧光光谱分析稀土的研究进展（综述）

本文对近二十年来X射线荧光光谱仪在稀土分析方面的应用进行了综述。总结了环境、矿物、稀土富集物、单一稀土化合物、稀土金属、合金、稀土功能材料以及过程分析中稀土元素的X射线荧光光谱分析方法,检测方法涉及钢铁、有色金属、石油化工、地质、生物、电子材料等领域。展望了X射线荧光分析方法在稀土行业的应用前景。     

离子液体中电沉积稀土金属的研究现状

稀土金属传统制备方法为金属热还原和高温熔盐电解。由于离子液体的出现及迅猛发展,稀土金属的低温电沉积成为可能。回顾了近几十年来国内外在离子液体中电沉积稀土金属用于乏燃料处理、废旧稀土产品中有价金属回收以及功能材料研发三大领域的研究成果以及相关进展,并指出了未来的主要发展趋势和方向。     

Selective extraction and recovery of rare earth metals from waste fluorescent powder using alkaline roasting-leaching process

Waste management of rare earth metals(REMs) containing materials and recycling of rare earth metals(REM) from waste materials are becoming more and more important due to high demand and resource exhaustion. However, extraction of REM from waste fluorescent powder materials is difficult because of their special aluminate structure. A novel "alkaline roasting-acid leaching" process was developed in this study. The alkaline roasting process mechanism was examined using differential thermal analysis(DTA)-thermogravimetric(TG) measurements, and the roasting product was characterized by XRD analysis. In this process, Al_2O_3 was converted into water soluble NaAlO_2 via alkaline roasting, and NaAlO_ 2 in the roasting product could be easily dissolved in water, while the rare earth oxide(REOs) remained as solid. After filtration, REOs cake was leached using hydrochloric acid to achieve 99.8% of REM recovery. It was concluded that the alkaline roasting-acid leaching process could effectively separate Al_2O_3 and REOs with high REM recovery.     

Plasma Nitriding of 722M24 Steel with Pure Lanthanum, Cerium and Neodymium as Sputter Sources

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Alloying Elements in High Speed Steels

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共沉淀分离-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定含难熔金属岩石中12种稀土元素

准确测定稀土元素含量,对是否开采含难熔金属岩石的矿山中稀土元素具有重要指导意义。实验采用Na₂O₂在750℃马弗炉中熔融样品,熔融体冷却后用盐酸(1+4)转入烧杯中,往溶液中加入氨水,以样品做载体,共沉淀分离除去钠盐及能与氨水形成络氨离子的金属元素,沉淀物用稀氨水洗涤、热稀盐酸溶解,以电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定试液中La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Ho、Er、Dy、Tm、Yb、Y,建立了含难熔金属岩石中12种稀土元素的测定方法。各元素校准曲线的线性范围为0.10~25μg/mL,方法的检出限0.20~1.0μg/g。按照实验方法测定含难熔金属岩石物料中La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Ho、Er、Dy、Tm、Yb、Y等12种稀土元素,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=9)为3.2%~6.2%,加标回收率为90%~110%。实验方法可用于含难溶金属岩石中稀土元素含量为0.001%~0.50%(质量分数)的测定。     

共沉淀分离-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定含难熔金属岩石中12种稀土元素

准确测定稀土元素含量,对是否开采含难熔金属岩石的矿山中稀土元素具有重要指导意义。实验采用Na₂O₂在750℃马弗炉中熔融样品,熔融体冷却后用盐酸(1+4)转入烧杯中,往溶液中加入氨水,以样品做载体,共沉淀分离除去钠盐及能与氨水形成络氨离子的金属元素,沉淀物用稀氨水洗涤、热稀盐酸溶解,以电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定试液中La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Ho、Er、Dy、Tm、Yb、Y,建立了含难熔金属岩石中12种稀土元素的测定方法。各元素校准曲线的线性范围为0.10~25μg/mL,方法的检出限0.20~1.0μg/g。按照实验方法测定含难熔金属岩石物料中La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Ho、Er、Dy、Tm、Yb、Y等12种稀土元素,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=9)为3.2%~6.2%,加标回收率为90%~110%。实验方法可用于含难溶金属岩石中稀土元素含量为0.001%~0.50%(质量分数)的测定。     

我国稀土化合物产业现状和展望

从我国稀土资源特点出发，介绍了我国稀土化合物的主要生产工艺和企业状况、单一或混合稀土化合物、特殊物理性能的稀士化合物和复合稀土化合物等稀土化合物产品的生产、研发及应用情况。预测了稀土化合物产业的发展趋势，并提出我国在该领域应加强应用产品研究开发，特别是Ce、La、Y、Pr等稀土元素的应用研究，保持稀土元素的消费平衡，扩大应用领域：提高企业自动控制水平，改善产品的稳定性和一致性；注意保护生态环境。     

Rare earth elements of fly ash from Wyoming's Powder River Basin coal

The advancement and increasing interests in green energy production and environmental protection technologies have spurred the demand for rare earth elements.On the other hand,the U.S.has to rely 100% on import of these materials as the industry was crashed because of the environmental issues associated with mining and processing,and more importantly lack competitiveness.As rare earth elements have many applications in defense and national security sectors,some of the elements were listed as strategic materials or critical materials because of the uncertainties in supply and prices.Therefore,it has become imperative in searching for alternative resources for supplying rare earth elements including unconventional resources.With the strong incentive,coal fly ash is identified as one of the candidates among them.In this study,we present rare earth element data for the 42 ash samples(all derived from Powder River Basin coal) that we collected from seven states(UT,WY,10,WI,ND,CO,and MI) representing 158 million tons of fly ash.The results indicate scattered distributions of rare earth elements with concentration ranging from 156 to 590 ppm although all the ash samples originated from the same coal basin(Powder River Basin).The rare earth element resource in these ashes is estimated between 74000 and 106000 t.The ash samples were also characterized by elemental analysis,XRD,SEM-EDS and BET surface area.The characterizations of the ashes were discussed as they might have implications in the subsequent rare earth element extraction processes.In summary,fly ash may represent a potential resource for rare earth element production.