Properties of linear switching time-varying discrete-time systems with applications

We study two discrete-time, linear switching time-varying (LSTV) structures, each of which consists of a periodic switch connected to several linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. Such structures can be used to represent any linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) systems. We give basic properties associated with the LSTV structures in terms of their LTI building blocks, and then apply the results to solve a general approximation problem: How to optimally approximate an LPTV system with period p by an LPTV system with period ? The optimality is measured using norms. The study is extended to general multirate periodic systems.     

THE PERFORMANCE OF DISCRETE LINEAR TIME VARYING CONTROL OF LINEAR PERIODIC PLANTS

This paper analyzes the performance of discrete linear time varying (LTV) control of discrete linear periodically time varying (LPTV) plants for l₂ disturbance rejection. It extends the results of [11–13] for linear periodic controllers to general LTV control of LPTV plants. It is shown that LPTV control provides strictly better control performance than linear strictly time varying control for LPTV plants. The analysis is carried out in frequency domain. This approach provides not only new results on disturbance rejection of LTV control but also some new insight into properties of general LTV systems.     

Modeling and Identification of Multirate Systems

Multirate systems are abundant in industry; for example, many soft-sensor design problems are related to modeling, parameter identification, or state estimation involving multirate systems. The study of multirate systems goes back to the early 1950s, and has become an active research area in systems and control. This paper briefly surveys the history of development in the area of multirate systems, and introduces some basic concepts and latest results on multirate systems, including a polynomial transformation technique and the lifting technique as tools for handling multirate systems, lifted state space models, parameter identification of dual-rate systems, how to determine fast single-rate models from dual-rate models and directly from dual-rate data, and a hierarchical identification method for general multirate systems. Finally, some further research topics for multirate systems are given.     

Stable inversion of LPTV systems with application in position-dependent and non-equidistantly sampled systems

Many control applications, including feedforward and learning control, involve the inverse of a dynamical system. For nonminimum-phase systems, the response of the inverse system is unbounded. For linear time-invariant (LTI), nonminimum-phase systems, a bounded, noncausal inverse response can be obtained through an exponential dichotomy. For generic linear time-varying (LTV) systems, such a dichotomy does not exist in general. The aim of this paper is to develop an inversion approach for an important class of LTV systems, namely linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) systems, which occur in, e.g. position-dependent systems with periodic tasks and non-equidistantly sampled systems. The proposed methodology exploits the periodicity to determine a bounded inverse for general LPTV systems. Conditions for existence are provided. The method is successfully demonstrated in several application cases, including position-dependent and non-equidistantly sampled systems.     

多采样率数字控制系统的函数空间模型

采用函数空间的方法 ,利用提升 (lifting)技术 ,构造出多采样率数字控制系统的函数空间模型 .该线性时不变离散模型同时描述了被控对象在采样点上和采样点之间的动态行为 .根据这种模型所设计的多采样率数字控制系统 ,有望克服目前多采样率数字控制系统所存在的采样点之间存在有纹波或振荡等弊病 ,为多采样率数字控制系统的分析与综合提供了一个新的方法 .     

Frequency-domain estimates of the sampling interval in multirate nonlinear systems by time-delay approach

A class of nonlinear hybrid systems consisting of a continuous plant and a multirate sampled-data controller is considered. Applying the time-delay approach, the system is transformed to the system with a time-varying sawtooth delay. Then, the value of the sampling intervals ensuring stability of the closed-loop system is estimated based on the frequency-domain circle-like criterion for systems with time-varying delay. Such a criterion for multirate MIMO systems is established based on the previous result for SISO systems proposed by M.Churilova in 1995. Efficiency and advantages of the method are illustrated by numerical examples. The key advantage of the proposed approach is that it is applicable to multirate systems nonaffine in control. It allows one to use a nonlinear feedback for stabilisation. Particularly, the case of nonsmooth or discontinuous nonlinear systems can be treated.     

Noncausal linear periodically time-varying scaling for robust stability analysis of discrete-time systems: Frequency-dependent scaling induced by static separators

This article is concerned with robust stability analysis of discrete-time systems and introduces a novel and powerful technique that we call noncausal linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) scaling. Based on the discrete-time lifting together with the conventional but general scaling approach, we are led to the notion of noncausal LPTV scaling for LPTV systems, and its effectiveness is demonstrated with a numerical example. To separate the effect of noncausal and LPTV characteristics of noncausal LPTV scaling to see which is a more important source leading to the effectiveness, we then consider the case of LTI systems as a special case. Then, we show that even static noncausal LPTV scaling has an ability of inducing frequency-dependent scaling when viewed in the context of the conventional LTI scaling, while causal LPTV scaling fails to do so. It is further discussed that the effectiveness of noncausal characteristics leading to the frequency-domain interpretation can be exploited even for LPTV systems by considering the νN-lifted transfer matrices of N-periodic systems.     

Robust stability analysis with cycling-based LPTV scaling. Part II: its properties under the use of FIR separators

This paper is concerned with robust stability analysis of discrete-time linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) systems using the cycling-based LPTV scaling approach. It consists of applying the separator-type robust stability theorem through the cycling-based treatment of such systems, where this paper aims at revealing fundamental properties of this approach when we confine ourselves to what we call finite impulse response (FIR) separators as a theoretically and numerically very tractable class of separators. Specifically, we clarify such properties of the cycling-based LPTV scaling approach using FIR separators that cannot readily be seen under the treatment of general class of separators. This is accomplished by comparing it with another approach, called lifting-based LPTV scaling using FIR separators, through the framework of representing the associated robust stability conditions with infinite matrices. More precisely, this leads us to clarifying the fundamental relationships between the cycling-based and lifting-based approaches under the use of FIR separators. We also provide a numerical example demonstrating the fundamental relationships clarified in this paper.     

Two empirical methods for improving the performance of statistical multirate high-resolution signal reconstruction

The problem of reconstructing a known high-resolution signal from a set of its low-resolution parts exposed to additive white Gaussian noise is addressed in this paper from the perspective of statistical multirate signal processing. To enhance the performance of the existing high-resolution signal reconstruction procedure that is based on using a set of linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) Wiener filter structures, we propose two empirical methods combining empirical mode decomposition- and least squares support vector machine regression-based noise reduction schemes with these filter structures. The methods originate from the idea of reducing the effects of white Gaussian noise present in the low-resolution observations before applying them directly to the LPTV Wiener filters. Performances of the proposed methods are evaluated over one-dimensional simulated signals and two-dimensional images. Simulation results show that, under certain conditions, considerable improvements have been achieved by the proposed methods when compared with the previous study that only uses a set of LPTV Wiener filter structures for the signal reconstruction process.     

Generalized predictive control for non-uniformly sampled systems

In this paper, we study digital control systems with non-uniform updating and sampling patterns, which include multirate sampled-data systems as special cases. We derive lifted models in the state-space domain. The main obstacle for generalized predictive control (GPC) design using the lifted models is the so-called causality constraint. Taking into account this design constraint, we propose a new GPC algorithm, which results in optimal causal control laws for the non-uniformly sampled systems. The solution applies immediately to multirate sampled-data systems where rates are integer multiples of some base period.     

输入多采样率数字控制系统的同时极点配置

在利用提升(lifting)技术所构造出来的多采样率数字控制系统的线性时不变状态空间模型的基础上, 讨论l个被控对象通过输入多采样率数字控制系统的同时极点配置问题. 分别引入了解决这一问题的状态空间方法和多项式矩阵插值方法. 通过适当的变换, 将同时极点配置问题归结为一系列线性方程组的求解问题. 指出, 当系统的输入采样率满足一定条件时, 可以利用输入多采样率的输出静态反馈控制系统, 实现对l个被控对象的同时极点配置.     

Robustness of discrete periodically time-varying control under LTIunstructured perturbations

Investigates robustness of linear periodically time varying (LPTV) control of discrete linear time invariant (LTI) plants subject to LTI unstructured perturbations. The note first derives a necessary and sufficient condition for robust stability of an LPTV system subject to LTI perturbations, which is less conservative than the well known small gain condition. It then presents a quantitative analysis on the robustness of LPTV control under LTI unstructured perturbations in comparison with that of LTI control. It is shown that under the normal value of the controller period suggested in the previous literature, the stability margin is deteriorated by LPTV control if LTI unstructured perturbations are considered. Hence LTI control is superior to LPTV control in this respect     

Robust stability analysis with cycling-based LPTV scaling: part I. Fundamental results on its relationship with lifting-based LPTV scaling

This paper is concerned with robust stability analysis of discrete-time linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) systems using the cycling-based LPTV scaling approach. To study the properties of this approach in comparison with the lifting-based LPTV scaling approach, we consider exploiting the framework of representing the associated robust stability conditions with infinite matrices. Since it serves as a common framework for comparing the two different LPTV scaling approaches, it provides us with new insights into the relationship between the cycling-based and lifting-based scaling approaches. In particular, we derive fundamental results that enable us to reduce the comparison, with respect to conservativeness in robust stability analysis, of the two scaling approaches with restricted and tractable classes of separators to a modified comparison of the associated classes of what we call infinite-dimensional separators arising in the above infinite matrix framework.     

多采样率数字控制系统综述

本文给出了多采样率数字控制系统的发展和目前研究情况的综述．根据系统中各采样周期之间的关系，多采样率控制系统可以分为输入多采样率控制系统输出多采样率控制系统和广义多采样率控制系统等．它们又分别对应于采用广义保持器、广义采样器和周期时变控制器的数字控制系统．文中对这三类系统的特点和近期研究成果进行了系统的介绍与讨论．由于“因果条件”， 多采样率控制器具有结构约束．本文综述了几类满足这一结构约束的多采样率控制器的设计方法和各类多采样率控制系统．     

A multilevel sampled‐data approach for resilient navigation and control of autonomous systems

Autonomous systems are rapidly becoming an integrated part of the modern life. Safe and secure navigation and control of these systems present significant challenges in the presence of uncertainties, physical failures, and cyber attacks. In this paper, we formulate a navigation and control problem for autonomous systems using a multilevel control structure, in which the high‐level reference commands are limited by a saturation function, whereas the low‐level controller tracks the reference by compensating for disturbances and uncertainties. For this purpose, we consider a class of nested, uncertain, multiple‐input–multiple‐output systems subject to reference command saturation, possibly with nonminimum phase zeros. A multirate output‐feedback adaptive controller is developed as the low‐level controller. The sampled‐data (SD) design of this controller facilitates the direct implementation on digital computers, where the input/output signals are available at discrete time instances with different sampling rates. In addition, stealthy zero‐dynamics attacks become detectable by considering a multirate SD formulation. Robust stability and performance of the overall closed‐loop system with command saturation and multirate adaptive control are analyzed. Simulation scenarios for navigation and control of a fixed‐wing drone under failures/attacks are provided to validate the theoretical findings.     

State-space approach to discrete-time 2-optimal control with a causality constraint

Controller design with a causality constraint arises in periodic or multirate control systems. In this paper complete state-space solutions to the optimal and suboptimal ₂ control problems are developed with a causality constraint on controller feedthrough terms. Explicit formulas for the controllers are given in terms of solutions of two Riccati equations. The results are more implementable than existing frequency-domain solutions.     

多采样率系统的辨识问题综述

在多率采样系统中, 采样间隔不均匀. 本文综述了文献中有关多率采样系统的数学模型, 如线性周期时变模型、频域模型和连续状态空间模型等. 同时对相应的辨识方法, 如提升、频域方法、子空间辨识方法等, 也进行了全面的综述. 对多率采样系统辨识中存在的一些问题, 包括辨识模型的选择、一致性问题、带约束条件的辨识方法和辨识收敛性等, 也作了深入的讨论.     

无抖振离散滑模输出反馈控制方法及仿真研究

针对离散时间系统,提出了一种基于多速率采样输出反馈和幂次函数趋近律的离散滑模控制方法;理论分析表明,通过引入幂次函数可消除离散滑模控制系统的抖振;采用多速率采样技术,运用不同采样速率下的系统输出值表示系统状态,实现了仅用系统输入输出采样值完成离散滑模控制器的设计,减轻了控制系统设计的复杂性;仿真结果表明,控制器的输出、切换函数、系统的输出均不存在抖振现象,而且控制系统表现出了良好的动态特性。     

Multirate sampled‐data stabilization for a class of low‐order lower‐triangular nonlinear systems

This paper investigates the problem of sampled‐data controller design for a class of lower‐triangular systems in the p‐normal form (0<p<1). A multirate digital feedback control scheme is proposed to achieve the global strong stabilization of the sampled‐data closed‐loop system under some assumptions. In the design of the controller, the input‐Lyapunov matching strategy and multirate control approach are combined to obtain better stabilizing performance. Unlike the design method based on the approximate discrete‐time model, our controller is obtained from the exact discrete‐time equivalent model, which does not need to be computed completely. The approximate multirate digital controllers are proved to be effective in the practical implementation. It is shown that, compared with the emulated control scheme, our controller may provide faster decrease of Lyapunov function for each subsystem. This will lead to allow large sampling periods. An illustrative example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

Multirate versions of sampled-data stabilization of nonlinear systems

The problem of state feedback sampled-data stabilization of nonlinear systems is considered under the “low measurement rate” constraint and in the presence of (not necessarily small) time delay in the measurement channel. A multirate control scheme is proposed that utilizes a numerical integration scheme to approximately predict the current state from the delayed measurements. For both the controller emulation approach and the approach based on approximate discrete-time model of the system, we show that under standard assumptions the closed-loop multirate sampled data system is asymptotically stable in the semiglobal practical sense. An illustrative example of sampled-data control of vertical take off and landing aircraft is discussed.