协同演化算法研究进展

协同演化算法(coevolutionary algorithms,CEA)是当前国际上计算智能研究的一个热点,它运用生物协同演化的思想,是针对演化算法的不足而兴起的,通过构造两个或多个种群,建立它们之间的竞争或合作关系,多个种群通过相互作用来提高各自性能,适应复杂系统的动态演化环境,以达到种群优化的目的.介绍了协同演化算法的研究状况以及目前的研究进展,概述了它的基本算法、主要特点、理论与技术,同时介绍了一些主要的应用领域,指出了协同演化算法的研究方向.     

基于种群熵的多粒子群协同优化

提出了一种基于种群熵的多粒子群协同优化算法,通过引入熵对种群粒子的分布性进行度量,然后利用它来引导在多种群协同演化中粒子迁徙的时间和方向,从而保持粒子在寻优过程中的多样性和快速性。通过四个典型测试函数的仿真说明了该算法具有摆脱局部极值能力和较高的收敛速度。     

竞争合作型协同进化免疫算法及其在旅行商问题中的应用

为提高人工免疫算法的收敛性能,提出了一种竞争合作型协同进化免疫优势克隆选择算法(CCCICA).把生态学中的协同进化思想引入到人工免疫算法中,考虑了环境和子群间相互竞争的关系,子种群内部通过局部最优免疫优势,克隆扩增,自适应动态高频混合变异等相关算子的操作加快了种群亲和度成熟速度.把信息熵理论引入到算法中完善了种群的多样性.所有子种群共享同一高层优良库,并将其作为抗体子种群领导集合,对高层优良种群进行免疫杂交操作,通过迁移操作把优良个体返回到各子种群,实现了整个种群信息交流与协作.针对旅行商问题(traveling salesman problem,TSP)多个实例结果表明:与其它智能算法相比较该算法具有较好的性能.     

自适应迁移预测的动态多目标差分演化算法

针对动态多目标优化环境下寻找并跟踪变化的Pareto最优前沿和Pareto最优解集的难题,提出两个策略：自适应迁移策略和预测策略。自适应迁移策略是根据环境的变化自适应地插入迁移个体来提高算法种群的多样性,从而提高算法对动态环境的适应能力。预测策略是通过时间序列并加上一定的扰动来产生预测种群,来预测环境变化之后的Pareto最优解集,以达到对其快速跟踪的目的。通过两个策略在多目标差分演化算法上的应用来解决动态多目标优化问题。实验过程中,通过平均最优解集分布均匀度和平均决策空间世代距离等指标表明,基于自适应迁移策略和预测策略的多目标差分演化算法能够很好适应变化的环境,并能够快速找到Pareto最优解集。     

基于改进异质协同演化的测试用例生成研究

路径搜索是测试用例自动生成的重要环节。针对遗传算法在测试用例生成中的“早熟”缺陷,提出一种改进的异质协同演化算法,将种群划分成两个子种群,分别采用遗传子群和差分子群进行演化,在演化的过程中两个子种群相互协作,通过改进迁移间隔代数和迁移率这两个参数,增加扰动,更加均衡遗传算法的全局探索与差异演化算法的局部搜索。实验结果表明,该算法比遗传算法和传统异质协同演化算法在生成测试用例的收敛性能方面更具优势,因此该方法更适合测试用例自动生成的应用中。     

一种改进的多目标合作型协同进化遗传算法

针对传统多目标算法早熟收敛及多样性不足的问题,提出了一种改进的非支配排序合作型协同进化遗传算法（Improved Non-dominated Sorting Cooperative Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithm,INSCCGA）。该算法利用外部档案存储每一代进化过程中产生的精英个体,并对其不断进行更新,以加快算法的收敛速度。同时提出了一种新型子种群之间协同进化的方式,增强候选解的多样性。利用ZDT系列标准测试函数,与经典的多目标进化算法NSGA-II以及多目标协同进化算法NSCCGA进行了对比,结果表明改进算法具有更好的收敛性以及均匀的解分布。     

基于协同多目标算法的多机器人路径规划

多机器人路径规划是群体机器人协同工作的前提,其特点是在防碰撞与避障的前提下追求多方面资源的最小消耗.针对这一特点,提出协同非支配排序遗传算法,解决具有多个优化目标的多机器人路径规划问题;运用改进的多目标优化算法,克服多目标优化取权值的不足,同时考虑机器人能源与时间两大资源,以多机器人的路径总长度、总平滑度、总耗时为规划目标.同时引入合作型协同算法框架,将难以求解的多变量问题分组求解.每个机器人的路径视为子种群,子种群通过带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法,进化并筛选出子种群的部分进入协同进化,每次迭代更新外部的精英解集,最终生成一组非支配路径解.仿真结果表明,在栅格地图环境下,本文算法可有效实现多移动机器人的多优化目标路径规划.     

基于协同进化的约束多目标优化算法

针对约束多目标优化算法存在难以有效地兼顾收敛性和多样性的问题,提出一种基于协同进化的约束多目标优化算法.第一阶段,通过基于稳态演化的可行解搜索方式得到一个具有一定数量可行解的种群;第二阶段,将这个种群拆分为两个子种群,并通过双子种群协同进化的方式实现对收敛性和多样性的兼顾;最后采用标准约束多目标优化问题CF1～CF7、...     

一种基于多Agent的进化多目标优化算法

将进化多Agent系统引入多目标优化问题求解,通过Agent的局部搜索机制及Agent种群的协同进化机制来寻求Pareto最优解。在设计的进化算法当中借鉴了人工生命系统中的一些基本方法,如能量、小生境和迁移机制等。实例表明通过该进化算法求得Pareto最优解集具有很高的效率。     

基于协同进化的多无人机航迹规划研究

关于多无人机航迹优化研究,针对复杂环境下多无人机(UAV)系统的航迹规划,达到摧毁目标最大化,解决不同无人机之间的协同和防撞问题,提出了一种利用合作型协同进化算法的多无人机三维航迹规划方法.利用数字地图建立了无人机安全飞行曲面,采用并行进化的方案,将每个无人机航迹规划当作一个子问题,通过协同函数和无人机间的防撞设计实现各无人机间的时间协同和空间防撞.各子种群采用自适应的进化方法,在保持多样性的同时,保证了算法收敛的快速性.仿真结果表明,算法有效实用,能快速得到各无人机的低空突防三维航迹,可为多无人机航迹优化提供手段.     

Large scale evolutionary optimization using cooperative coevolution

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been applied with success to many numerical and combinatorial optimization problems in recent years. However, they often lose their effectiveness and advantages when applied to large and complex problems, e.g., those with high dimensions. Although cooperative coevolution has been proposed as a promising framework for tackling high-dimensional optimization problems, only limited studies were reported by decomposing a high-dimensional problem into single variables (dimensions). Such methods of decomposition often failed to solve nonseparable problems, for which tight interactions exist among different decision variables. In this paper, we propose a new cooperative coevolution framework that is capable of optimizing large scale nonseparable problems. A random grouping scheme and adaptive weighting are introduced in problem decomposition and coevolution. Instead of conventional evolutionary algorithms, a novel differential evolution algorithm is adopted. Theoretical analysis is presented in this paper to show why and how the new framework can be effective for optimizing large nonseparable problems. Extensive computational studies are also carried out to evaluate the performance of newly proposed algorithm on a large number of benchmark functions with up to 1000 dimensions. The results show clearly that our framework and algorithm are effective as well as efficient for large scale evolutionary optimisation problems. We are unaware of any other evolutionary algorithms that can optimize 1000-dimension nonseparable problems as effectively and efficiently as we have done.     

Memetic cooperative coevolution of Elman recurrent neural networks

Cooperative coevolution decomposes an optimisation problem into subcomponents and collectively solves them using evolutionary algorithms. Memetic algorithms provides enhancement to evolutionary algorithms with local search. Recently, the incorporation of local search into a memetic cooperative coevolution method has shown to be efficient for training feedforward networks on pattern classification problems. This paper applies the memetic cooperative coevolution method for training recurrent neural networks on grammatical inference problems. The results show that the proposed method achieves better performance in terms of optimisation time and robustness.     

An efficient algorithm for high-dimensional function optimization

To solve high-dimensional function optimization problems, many evolutionary algorithms have been proposed. In this paper, we propose a new cooperative coevolution orthogonal artificial bee colony (CCOABC) algorithm in an attempt to address the issue effectively. Cooperative coevolution frame, a popular technique in evolutionary algorithms for large scale optimization problems, is adopted in this paper. This frame decomposes the problem into several subcomponents by random grouping, which is a novel decomposition strategy mainly for tackling nonseparable functions. This strategy can increase the probability of grouping interacting variables in one subcomponent. And for each subcomponent, an improved artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, orthogonal ABC, is employed as the subcomponent optimizer. In orthogonal ABC, an Orthogonal Experimental Design method is used to let ABC evolve in a quick and efficient way. The algorithm has been evaluated on standard high-dimensional benchmark functions. Compared with other four state-of-art evolutionary algorithms, the simulation results demonstrate that CCOABC is a highly competitive algorithm for solving high-dimensional function optimization problems.     

A distributed Cooperative coevolutionary algorithm for multiobjective optimization

Recent advances in evolutionary algorithms show that coevolutionary architectures are effective ways to broaden the use of traditional evolutionary algorithms. This paper presents a cooperative coevolutionary algorithm (CCEA) for multiobjective optimization, which applies the divide-and-conquer approach to decompose decision vectors into smaller components and evolves multiple solutions in the form of cooperative subpopulations. Incorporated with various features like archiving, dynamic sharing, and extending operator, the CCEA is capable of maintaining archive diversity in the evolution and distributing the solutions uniformly along the Pareto front. Exploiting the inherent parallelism of cooperative coevolution, the CCEA can be formulated into a distributed cooperative coevolutionary algorithm (DCCEA) suitable for concurrent processing that allows inter-communication of subpopulations residing in networked computers, and hence expedites the computational speed by sharing the workload among multiple computers. Simulation results show that the CCEA is competitive in finding the tradeoff solutions, and the DCCEA can effectively reduce the simulation runtime without sacrificing the performance of CCEA as the number of peers is increased.     

邻域规模对共生进化算法搜索性能的影响

共生进化算法求解复杂组合问题时表现了良好的性能,其选择邻域实现局部进化。对于复杂的的柔性作业调度组合问题,作业调度结果的好坏首先依赖流程设计的质量。以共生进化算法求解复杂柔性作业调度为例,测试不同邻域规模对共生进化算法搜索性能的影响。仿真结果表明,局部进化邻域规模的大小对共生进化算法在平均求解质量及对最优解的逼近能力两个方面均没有显著影响,过大的局部进化邻域会增加算法中排序操作计算量。     

The cooperative coevolutionary (1+1) EA

Coevolutionary algorithms are variants of traditional evolutionary algorithms and are often considered more suitable for certain kinds of complex tasks than noncoevolutionary methods. One example is a general cooperative coevolutionary framework for function optimization. This paper presents a thorough and rigorous introductory analysis of the optimization potential of cooperative coevolution. Using the cooperative coevolutionary framework as a starting point, the CC (1+1) EA is defined and investigated from the perspective of the expected optimization time. The research concentrates on separability, a key property of objective functions. We show that separability alone is not sufficient to yield any advantage of the CC (1+1) EA over its traditional, non-coevolutionary counterpart. Such an advantage is demonstrated to have its basis in the increased explorative possibilities of the cooperative coevolutionary algorithm. For inseparable functions, the cooperative coevolutionary set-up can be harmful. We prove that for some objective functions the CC (1+1) EA fails to locate a global optimum with overwhelming probability, even in infinite time; however, inseparability alone is not sufficient for an objective function to cause difficulties. It is demonstrated that the CC (1+1) EA may perform equal to its traditional counterpart, and may even outperform it on certain inseparable functions.     

A strategic conflict avoidance approach based on cooperative coevolutionary with the dynamic grouping strategy

Conflict avoidance plays a crucial role in guaranteeing the safety and efficiency of the air traffic management system. Recently, the strategic conflict avoidance (SCA) problem has attracted more and more attention. Taking into consideration the large-scale flight planning in a global view, SCA can be formulated as a large-scale combinatorial optimisation problem with complex constraints and tight couplings between variables, which is difficult to solve. In this paper, an SCA approach based on the cooperative coevolution algorithm combined with a new decomposition strategy is proposed to prevent the premature convergence and improve the search capability. The flights are divided into several groups using the new grouping strategy, referred to as the dynamic grouping strategy, which takes full advantage of the prior knowledge of the problem to better deal with the tight couplings among flights through maximising the chance of putting flights with conflicts in the same group, compared with existing grouping strategies. Then, a tuned genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to different groups simultaneously to resolve conflicts. Finally, the high-quality solutions are obtained through cooperation between different groups based on cooperative coevolution. Simulation results using real flight data from the China air route network and daily flight plans demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can reduce the number of conflicts and the average delay effectively, outperforming existing approaches including GAs, the memetic algorithm, and the cooperative coevolution algorithms with different well-known grouping strategies.     

协同进化在遗传算法中的应用述评

生态系统中协同进化的含义是几个生存能力相关联的种群的同时进化,在遗传算法中应用协同进化的实质是改变了个体适应度的计算方法:经典遗传算法中个体的适应度由它的染色体所决定,协同进化中个体的适应度却是由个体在协同关系中的表现决定.根据个体之间的适应度关联方式的不同,协同进化在遗传算法中应用可以分为两种:竞争协同进化算法、合作协同进化算法.竞争协同进化算法中的个体适应度由个体在竞争中的表现决定;合作协同进化算法中的个体适应度决定于个体在合作中的表现.对这两种方法的实质以及主要思想进行了述评.     

A swarm optimization algorithm inspired in the behavior of the social-spider

Swarm intelligence is a research field that models the collective behavior in swarms of insects or animals. Several algorithms arising from such models have been proposed to solve a wide range of complex optimization problems. In this paper, a novel swarm algorithm called the Social Spider Optimization (SSO) is proposed for solving optimization tasks. The SSO algorithm is based on the simulation of cooperative behavior of social-spiders. In the proposed algorithm, individuals emulate a group of spiders which interact to each other based on the biological laws of the cooperative colony. The algorithm considers two different search agents (spiders): males and females. Depending on gender, each individual is conducted by a set of different evolutionary operators which mimic different cooperative behaviors that are typically found in the colony. In order to illustrate the proficiency and robustness of the proposed approach, it is compared to other well-known evolutionary methods. The comparison examines several standard benchmark functions that are commonly considered within the literature of evolutionary algorithms. The outcome shows a high performance of the proposed method for searching a global optimum with several benchmark functions.     

Encoding subcomponents in cooperative co-evolutionary recurrent neural networks

Cooperative coevolution employs evolutionary algorithms to solve a high-dimensional search problem by decomposing it into low-dimensional subcomponents. Efficient problem decomposition methods or encoding schemes group interacting variables into separate subcomponents in order to solve them separately where possible. It is important to find out which encoding schemes efficiently group subcomponents and the nature of the neural network training problem in terms of the degree of non-separability. This paper introduces a novel encoding scheme in cooperative coevolution for training recurrent neural networks. The method is tested on grammatical inference problems. The results show that the proposed encoding scheme achieves better performance when compared to a previous encoding scheme.