循环强化垂直流人工湿地处理猪场污水

对含高浓度有机物和氮磷的养殖场污水采用复合垂直流人工湿地进行处理，并考察了回流出水的循环强化处理效果。结果表明：循环出水显著提高了对BOD5、COD、SS和NH^ 4 -N的去除率，且对BOD5的去除满足Monod方程；大部分NH^ 4 -N被硝化，对NH^ 4 -N的去除率与其表面负荷率呈线性关系；随着硝化反应的进行，碱度减少，pH值不断降低；循环出水可引入部分氧气，延长了污染物和附着于植物根系微生物的接触时间，提高了对污染物的去除率。     

城市污水强化一级处理的研究进展

城市污水是城市水环境污染的主要来源之一，解决城市污水污染的根本措施是建设集中式城市污水处理厂，一般发展中国家都采用先建设一级处理以后再逐步完善二级处理的策略。但以自然沉淀为主体的一级处理污染物去除率较低，难以有效地控制水环境污染，为了提高其去除率，必...     

三级生态塘强化处理农村生活污水的应用研究

研究了三级生态塘对农村生活污水的实际处理效果。近1年半的监测结果表明,三级生态塘能有效去除污染物,对COD的去除率一般在60%以上、大部分时间在80%以上,对TN的去除率在80%以上、最高达到95%,对NH+4-N和TP的去除率均在90%以上,最终出水水质能达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级B标准。兼性塘/生物塘设置的水体强化循环无动力复氧系统能有效提高生态塘内的DO浓度,使其由厌氧进水中的不足2 mg/L增加到生物塘内的6 mg/L以上,增氧效果明显,提高了脱氮除磷效果。三级生态塘的处理效果受温度影响很小,该技术适于在巢湖流域等具有坑塘改造条件的农村区域推广应用。     

生物强化技术提高焦化废水处理效果的研究

采用生物强化技术，向活性污泥处理系统中投加高效菌剂，考察了其对焦化废水的处理效果和最佳控制参数。结果表明，在连续进水的条件下，控制活性污泥的SV30为30％、高效菌液的投加量为V菌液／V焦化废水=0．3％、水力停留时间为15h，系统对挥发酚的去除率为99．94％，出水挥发酚含量〈0．5mg／L，达到《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》（GB13456-92）的一级标准要求；对COD的去除率为85、60％，与未投菌的对照组相比（COD去除率为60．87％），也有较大程度的提高。系统运行的最佳温度为28℃、pH为7．5、水力停留时间为15h。     

城市污水的复合强化一级处理技术

介绍了复合强化一级处理技术，并分别阐述了有机-无机絮凝剂、微生物-无机絮凝剂以及化学-生物联合絮凝沉淀强化一级处理技术的运行及处理效果。这三种处理技术对城市污水具有药剂用量少，处理效果好的特点，尤其是微生物-无机絮凝剂和化学-生物联合强化一级处理技术对P的去除率达90％。     

昆明市某污水处理厂雨季一级强化运行效果分析

雨季时城市污水处理厂面临实际处理量远超过设计处理量,可能导致运行不稳定等问题。采用一级强化模式应对雨季冲击负荷,探讨污水处理厂实现稳定达标的策略。通过实际处理量为10.7×104m3/d的生产性试验得到,PAC和PAM联合投加的一级强化处理对污染物的去除效果明显优于仅投加PAC的,且前者成本相对较低。当HRT1 h,PAC和PAM投加浓度分别为102.7和0.39 mg/L时,初沉池对COD、TP和SS的去除率分别为86.2%、80.3%和92.1%,但对NH+4-N的去除率仅为8.7%。将一级强化处理出水和生化处理出水混合后,出水污染物浓度可稳定达到一级A排放标准。一级强化工艺处理1×104m3污水的干污泥产量约为2.73 t,运行药耗和电耗综合成本约为0.104元/m3。应对雨季冲击负荷时,一级强化与生化处理相结合能有效维持工艺稳定达标运行。     

坡岸截留强化处理设施对农业面源污染物的去除

对坡岸截留强化处理设施处理农业面源污染开展了中试研究。结果表明,坡岸截留强化处理设施中基质有效高度增加30 cm会使COD、TN的去除率分别增加7.28%、10.65%,但是对TP、SS的去除率增加不明显;而在坡岸截留强化处理设施中种植较长根系的植物使其拦截、吸附有机物和氮、磷的作用加强,对COD、TN、NH_4~+-N、TP的去除率分别增加了11.72%、18.91%、17.71%、30.18%,但是对SS的去除率增加不明显;坡岸截留强化处理设施在长为3.3 m、基质高度为60 cm、砂土高度为20 cm、种植金鸡菊的条件下,对径流污染物的净化效果较好,对COD、TN、NH_4~+-N、TP的去除率分别为46.94%、59.28%、65.43%、83.58%。     

造粒流化床对不同形态污染物的强化去除

分别采用溶解性葡萄糖和颗粒性淀粉作为配水中的有机物,考察了混凝(烧杯试验)及造拉流化床时有机物的去除特性.研究表明,对于溶解性有机物(COD)而言,混凝对其去除效果非常有限,去除率仅为13.3% ,而大部分的颗粒性有机物可通过混凝作用去除;造粒流化床时溶解性有机物(COD)的去除率高达97.8% ,远远高于混凝及强化一级处理(CEPT)的.由于颗粒的形成,使得造粒流化床所去除的污染物不仅包括混凝可沉淀和可混凝但不可沉淀两部分,甚至还去除了相当一部分不可混凝的污染物,这是造粒流化床去除效率较高的原因.另外,颗粒的形成对于去除溶解性有机物的强化作用要明显高于对颗粒性有机物的.     

水厂过滤工艺的生物强化技术研究

以水厂沉淀池出水为研究对象,考察了以陶粒滤料进行生物强化过滤的处理效能,并对强化滤池的除污特性与机理进行了探讨.结果表明,陶粒滤池经自然挂膜,运行20 d后对氨氮、有机物和浊度已能达到较高的去除效果.其中氨氮的去除率达90%,对CODMn的去除率达40%,出水浊度可保持在1 NTU以下.污染物的去除是物化反应与生化反应共同作用的结果,且主要集中于陶粒滤池的上部60 cm段.     

城市污水化学强化一级处理效果综述

介绍了与一级强化处理相关的污染物粒径管理理论和国内外相关标准规范中的一级处理和一级强化处理效果，重点介绍了作为城市污水化学强化一级处理范例的香港昂船洲污水处理厂的概况、受到的批评、国际专家小组的检讨、全面运行测试和最近的改进计划。     

城市污水强化一级处理技术概述

我国中小城镇发展迅速，污水排放量也在逐年增加，因此研究适用于中小城镇的污水处理技术迫在眉睫。其中强化一级处理技术可以显著提高悬浮物SS和化学需氧量COD的去除率，因而引起了广泛关注，故对城市污水强化一级处理技术予以阐述。     

强化混凝与臭氧预氧化强化处理微污染水的对比

当源水的有机物浓度较高时,常规过滤效果明显降低,采用强化混凝和臭氧预氧化可强化过滤效果,但二者的强化机理不同。强化混凝是通过对污染物的吸附等作用,使小颗粒浊度物质、溶解性有机物、UV254得到有效去除;臭氧预氧化则是通过改善粒径相对较大的颗粒物的表面性质来强化过滤效果。臭氧预氧化会使有机物的结构发生改变,但其必须与其他分离工艺(絮凝、沉淀、过滤等)有效结合,才能强化去除污染物。滤后水的THMFP都较进水有所升高,其中臭氧预氧化强化过滤后的THMFP升幅最小。     

Enhanced flammability of polyurethane foam

Tests indicate that different brands of polyurethane foam will exhibit different burning characteristics when coated with a polystyrene sealer.     

强化混凝对水力条件的要求

混凝过程中混凝剂的水解结合效力和水力条件是决定混凝效果的两个关键因素，其中快速搅拌（扩散和混合）处于核心地位，然而关于强化混凝过程中水力条件影响的报道较少。对配水进行强化混凝条件的选择试验，考察了混凝剂种类和快速搅拌时间及强度等对强化混凝效果的影响。通过测定絮凝指数（FI）、沉后水浊度及DOC等发现：影响有机物去除效率的关键因素是混凝剂的扩散过程和快速混合碰撞过程；200～250r／min（G值为106～145s^-1）的快搅速度和60s左右的快速搅拌时间即可满足强化混凝的要求；絮体在过度搅拌强度下的破碎对有机物的去除率没有显著影响。     

Enhanced nutrient removal by biological treatment systems

The importance of nitrogen and phosphorus in stimulating eutrophic conditions in receiving waters has been well documented. As a result, over the last decade an increased emphasis has been placed on limiting these elements in wastewater effluents. In the future, new discharge permits will include limits on both of these elements.

In 1985 a research program was initiated to conduct a pilot plant study of an anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic treatment train using primary effluent. The facility was operated at varying flow and Qr/Q ratios, and at effective mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations of 3100 mg/L. The results of the first 13 month operational phase indicated that the effluent concentrations of total BOD₅, TSS and nitrate nitrogen were less than 5 mg/L. Ammonia nitrogen was less than 0.2 mg/L. The solids settleability was excellent, and foaming due to Norcadia, was effectively controlled. The average overall phosphorus removal was 48%. Influent BOD₅ concentrations of less than 100 mg/L significantly reduced the system's ability to remove phosphorus. A strong relationship between the amount of carbon source in the influent, phosphorus release in the anoxic and anaerobic tanks and phosphorus uptake in the aeration basin was established.     

Cosserat弯曲板的增强数学模型

介绍一个可以从非对称应力、偶应力、位移和微转动来假设其物理和数学目标近似值的弯曲板模型。近似值与三维的Cosserat弹性平衡方程、边界条件和本构关系相一致。根据Hellinger-Prange-Reissner变分原理对Cosserat材料和应力-位移关系进行概括,制定Cosserat弯曲板变分原理。通过该原理可获得平衡方程、本构关系和σ33应力组合近似值参数的最小弹性能的最优值。所得出的解被证明是唯一的,与精确的三维解相比较,弯曲板在初步计算中产生了1%的相对误差,而与著名的用于简单受弯弹性板的Reissner模型结果相一致。对于板厚度的标准值来说,这个较低的相对误差是比较稳定的。     

Evaluation of Surfactant Enhanced Water Mist Performance

Water-mist technology provides efficient fire suppression for compartments while minimizing water usage. Even with the many advantages of water mist systems, there is still room for improvement. Water mist systems have demonstrated effectiveness at suppressing flammable liquids (Class B) fires in compartments. However, an especially challenging fire suppression scenario for water mist systems is the small Class B fire. This scenario is often realized after a large fire has been reduced in size or ‘controlled’ by water mist. The small fire scenario is challenging because a small fire may not be able to generate enough vaporized water to displace sufficient oxygen for complete extinction. It should also be noted that even if the Class B fire is extinguished with a water mist system, re-ignition from the hot surrounding surfaces may occur at any time. In the present work, an additive is introduced into the water supply and its effect on the water mist suppression performance is studied. This Forafac^TM additive is a specific formulation, which includes fluorinated surfactants for creating a robust fire suppression foam. The enhanced suppressant exiting the mist nozzle is dispersed in the form of small droplets (not as a continuous foam) similar to a pure water mist spray. However, these droplets create a foam blanket on the surface of the fire, which acts to isolate the fuel from the air. With this formulation, the efficiency of the water mist system is improved even on small fires and most importantly the re-ignition of class B fires is prevented.

Enhanced foresight [organisation future planning]

This article explains why enhancing the foresight of individuals and organisations requires special facilities. First of all, three types of foresight are defined (meta-foresight, macro-foresight, and micro-foresight), followed by the limitations of existing facilities. Here, the term 'existing facilities' includes meeting rooms, conferencing equipment, flip charts, wipe boards, projector screens, computer monitors, enabling software and printing paper. At the conclusion of the article, some new types of facilities are described.     

Ultrasonic Sludge Pretreatment for Enhanced Sludge Digestion

During recent decades, the anaerobic digestion process has been extensively studied and various methods for process enhancement have been explored. These methods include heat treatment, alkali addition, phase separation and membrane enhancement. In general, whilst technically feasible, the methods have not proved to be economically competitive.
The pretreatment of sludges with high-power ultrasound has been investigated as part of a twelve-month research project funded by six UK water utilities. Cell lysis and particle-size reduction (caused by ultrasonic cavitation) are thought to be the key parameters through which the digestion process is enhanced. A series of laboratory-scale anaerobic digesters has been operated and significant increases in biogas yield have been noted following ultrasonication. Experiments have been completed with a variety of ultrasonic devices (of different geometries and construction materials) and sludge types (e.g. primary, secondary and co-settled). Current experiments are investigating methods through which the technology can be successfully scaled-up and applied on a full-scale plant.