应用双头电导探针技术测量 气液两相泡状流局部参数

本文研究应用双头电导探针技术测量气泡局部参数,从而揭示了气液两相泡状流的内部流动规律。成功地设计了一种能够快速可靠测量气泡局部统计参数,包括空隙率、气泡速度、气泡尺寸、界面浓度等的电导探针系统。发现探针尖部的导通距离、沿流动方向两探针间的距离和两个探针针尖的间隙是设计电导探针的关键尺寸。     

基于层析成像的气液两相流相关流量测量方法

对电阻层析成像技术和图像的小波纹理特征进行了研究,提出一种基于层析成像的气液两相流相关流量测量方法,实现了液相流量的准确测量。利用电阻层析成像技术和相关算法对不同泡型下的相含率、渡越时间进行检测,得到气相流量;利用小波分析提取出层析成像的流型纹理特征;从而基于BP神经网络建立不同泡型下的气液两相流的相关流量测量模型。实验结果表明,液体流量的测量精度可以达到3%以内。     

Visualization of bubble behavior and bubble diameter correlation for NH3–H2O bubble absorption

The objectives of this paper are to visualize the bubble behavior for an ammonia–water absorption process, and to study the effect of key parameters on ammonia–water bubble absorption performance. The orifice diameter, orifice number, liquid concentration and vapor velocity are considered as the key parameters. The departing bubbles tend to be spherical for surface tension dominant flow, and the bubbles tend to be hemispherical for inertial force dominant flow. A transition vapor Reynolds number is observed at a balance condition of internal absorption potential (by the concentration difference) and external absorption potential (by the vapor inlet mass flow rate). As the liquid concentration increases, the transition Reynolds number and the initial bubble diameter increase. The initial bubble diameter increases with an increase of the orifice diameter while it is not significantly affected by the number of orifices. Residence time of bubbles increases with an increase in the initial bubble diameter and the liquid concentration. This study presents a correlation of initial bubble diameter with ±20% error band. The correlation can be used to calculate the interfacial area in the design of ammonia-water bubble absorber.     

Development of a slug flow absorber working with ammonia-water mixture: part I—flow characterization and experimental investigation

This study deals with an experimental investigation for a counter-current slug flow absorber, working with ammonia–water mixture, for significantly low solution flow rate conditions that are required for operating as the GAX (generator absorber heat exchanger) cycle. It is confirmed that the slug flow absorber operates well at the low solution flow rate conditions. From visualization results of the flow pattern, frost flow just after the gas inlet, followed by slug flow with well-shaped Taylor bubble, is observed, while dry patch on the tube wall are not observed. The liquid film at the slug flow region has smooth gas–liquid interface structure without apparent wavy motion. The local heat transfer rate is measured by varying main parameters, namely, ammonia gas flow rate, solution flow rate, ammonia concentration of inlet solution and coolant inlet conditions. The heat transfer rate while absorption is taking place is higher than that after absorption has ended. The absorption length is greatly influenced by varying main parameters, due to flow conditions and thermal conditions.     

A model of interfacial waves in annular two-phase flow at different gravity levels

Microgravity provides an ideal environment to study interfacial waves (small scale phenomena) without the dominating effects of gravity. In this paper, conductance probes were used to measure film thickness and liquid velocities. Physical models of interfacial waves are presented for vertical upward flow (+1g), vertical downward flow (?1g), and microgravity (μg), at different gas and liquid flow rates. Based on these studies, the predominant parameters and the features of the wave structure are discussed. A preliminary mathematical model was proposed for the interfacial waves.     

Numerical Investigation of Bubble Induced Marangoni Convection: Some Aspects of Bubble Geometry

Thermocapillary or Marangoni convection is a surface tension driven flow that occurs when a gas–liquid or vapor–liquid interface is subjected to a temperature gradient. In the past, the contribution to local heat transfer arising from Marangoni convection has been overlooked as insignificant since under earth gravity it is overshadowed by buoyant convection. This study numerically investigates some aspects of bubble size and shape on local wall heat transfer resulting from Marangoni convection about individual bubbles on a heated wall immersed in a liquid silicone oil layer (Pr = 110) of depth 5 mm. It was found that increasing bubble volume causes an increase in the area over which Marangoni convection has affect. Heat transfer therefore increases with bubble size. Over the effective area, the surface averaged hot wall heat transfer is not affected greatly by bubble shape. The surface averaged heat transfer over the effective area on both the hot and cold walls is affected dramatically by bubble size, but the increase is more profound on the cold wall.     

Interfacial Tension Measurement With an Optofluidic Sensor

This paper reports a novel optofluidic sensor for measuring dynamic interfacial tensions. The field of optofluidics utilizes both microfluidics and micro-optics. Thus, our sensor consists of a microfluidic network and an optical detection system. The sensor is able to measure both surface tension and liquid/liquid interfacial tension. In the case of surface tension measurement, the liquid sample is introduced into a main channel, while air is injected through a T-junction. In the case of liquid/liquid interfacial tension measurement, a second immiscible liquid such as oil is introduced into a main channel, while the sample liquid is injected through the T-junction. The formation frequency of the microbubbles or microdroplets is a function of the interfacial tension between the two phases. This frequency can be measured easily by optical detection. Measurements were carried out for aqueous solutions with different concentrations of the ionic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The actual interfacial tensions of these solutions were calibrated with a commercial tensiometer (FTA200, First Ten Angstrom). The measurement results show a clear relation between the interfacial tension and the formation frequency. Furthermore, our sensor can be used to identify the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of a surfactant. The sensor potentially allows the use of a minute amount of sample compared to the relatively large amount required for existing commercial systems     

液态锂铅合金鼓泡器中液相行为的数值模拟

为了完成聚变堆氚增殖包层模块（Tritium Breeding Module，TBM）液态锂铅合金鼓泡器（Liquid Lithium Lead Bubbler，LLLB）的设计与建造，采用流体力学方法建立了描述表观气速、气泡尺寸和平均气含率等流变学指标对液相通量径向分布影响的代数模型。数值模拟结果表明：随着表现气速和平均气含率的增加，气泡尺寸的减小，液体循环流动强度增加，径向通量呈抛物线分布，在流态特性指数一定的情况下，中心区上流与边壁区回流的分界点只受表观气速的影响。     

Microfluidic sensor for dynamic surface tension measurement

A novel microfluidic sensor for measuring dynamic gas-liquid interfacial tension is reported. The device consists of a microfluidic chip with a microchannel network and an optical detection system. The sample is introduced into a main channel, while air is injected through a T-junction. Owing to the fixed flow rate ratio used for the sensor, surface tension is the only parameter determining bubble formation frequency, which can be measured by optical detection. Although the bubble is represented by a pulse in the output signal, the formation frequency is simply the frequency of the output signal. Measurements were carried out for aqueous solutions with different concentrations of the ionic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. Surface tensions of these solutions were calibrated with a commercial tensiometer. The measurement results show a clear relationship between surface tension and formation frequency. The sensor can be used to identify the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant. The sensor potentially allows the use of a minute amount of sample compared with the relatively large amount required for existing commercial systems.     

The impact of vertical internals array on the key hydrodynamic parameters in a gas-solid fluidized bed using an advance optical fiber probe

The effect of a circular configuration of intense vertical immersed tubes on the hydrodynamic parameters has been investigated in a gas-solid fluidized bed of 0.14?m inside diameter. The experiments were performed using glass beads solid particles of 365?μm average particle size, with a solid density of 2500?kg/m³ (Geldart B). An advanced optical fiber probe technique was used to study the behavior of six essential local hydrodynamic parameters (i.e., local solids holdup, particles velocity, bubble rise velocity, bubble frequency, and bubble mean chord length) in the presence of vertical immersed tubes. The experimental measurements were carried out at six radial positions and three axial heights, which represent the three key zones of the bed: near the distributor plate, the middle of the fluidizing bed, and near the freeboard of the column. Furthermore, four superficial gas velocities (u/u_mf?=?1.6, 1.76, 1.96, and 2.14) were employed to study the effect of operating conditions. The experimental results demonstrated that the vertical internals had a significant effect on all the studied local hydrodynamic characteristics such that when using internals, both the solids holdup and bubble mean chord length decreased, while the particles velocity, bubble rise velocity, and bubble frequency increased. The measured values of averaged bubble rise velocities and averaged bubble chord lengths at different axial heights and superficial gas velocities have been compared with most used correlations available in the literature. It was found that the measured values are in good agreement with values calculated using predicted correlation for the case without vertical internals. While, the absolute percentage relative error between the measured and calculated values of these two hydrodynamic parameters indicate large differences for the case of vertical internals.