发电厂管道yong损失的在线分析

本文利用Ｙｏｎｇ分析方法建立了以易测参数表示的、可实现在线的发电厂管道各项Ｙｏｎｇ损失的计算式。详细分析了影响管道损失的各种因素,指出能分析和Ｙｏｎｇ分析的区别,并结合３００ＭＷ机组的实际热力系统给出了计算实例,计算实例表明,再热蒸汽管道Ｙｏｎｇ损失最大,这与能分析的结论是不同的。     

常压热水锅炉节能分析

依据热力学基本定律 ,本文从火用平衡的角度分析了常压锅炉的能量转换利用过程 ,并通过实例计算 ,分析比较了热平衡和火用平衡的各项火用损失。同时指出了常压锅炉节能的主要方向 (减少锅炉内部损失 )和措施。     

二类热泵在利用余热供热中的热力分析

对单级二类吸收式热泵进行热力分析,建立了热泵系统各部分质量守恒、能量平衡和火用分析数学模型。根据火用平衡方程计算了各个部分的火用损失和热泵系统的火用效率。分析了溶液换热器稀溶液温差、热源温差、余热源温度和冷却水温度对火用损失、循环倍率和COP等的影响。对热泵系统进行了火用能质量评定,确定了火用能的薄弱环节。     

引进型300 MW循环流化床锅炉(火用)效率的分析

通过分析大型CFB锅炉(火用)效率的计算方法,建立了CFB锅炉炯损失的数学模型,对我国引进型300 MW CFB锅炉的(火用)损失和炯效率进行了计算,并与热量法的计算结果进行了比较.结果表明:(火用)方法比热量法更能全面地反映电站锅炉的各种损失以及产生的部位;锅炉(火用)效率远低于热效率的原因在于锅炉不仅存在外部损失,还存在大量的不可逆内部损失;锅炉主要外部损失仍为排烟热损失和机械不完全燃烧(火用)损失;从降低炉内平均温度与提高炉内水和蒸汽的平均温度两方面采取措施,可减少传热过程中的(火用)损失,提高锅炉效率.     

冷凝式燃气热水锅炉节能(火用)分析

根据热力学基本定律,通过实例,从(火用)平衡的角度分析了冷凝式燃气热水锅炉的能量转换利用过程,计算了(火用)效率和热效率,比较了(火用)平衡和热平衡的各项损失.同时指出了冷凝式燃气热水锅炉节能的实质和再次节能的方向.     

单元初始火用效率和火用流价值分布

分析了火用的不等价性,在此基础上提出了火用弹性系数、初始火用损耗率等概念.以火用弹性系数为计算基础,分析了在单一系统内各组元火用效率对整个系统火用效率的影响,导出了初始火用损耗率的计算方法,并以实例进行了分析计算.分析表明系统内各组元的单位火用所消耗的初始火用更能反映系统各组元的火用耗特性,从而有利于更科学地分析系统各单元的节能潜力.     

600MW火电机组不可避免火用损失分析

火用分析法是目前较为普遍使用的火电机组能耗评价方法,但常规火用分析法是以理想过程作为分析基础的,不能对火电机组进行正确的节能降耗指导。本文分析了不可避免的火用损失的存在性,结合有限时间热力学建立了火电机组不可避免火用损失模型,以某600 MW机组为例,计算循环的最大吸热温度与最小放热温度为469.2℃、9.2℃,与实际吸、放热温度相差46.7℃、7.7℃。推导得到回热循环各换热器火用损失最小的最佳流速,均已超过实际流速。计算了锅炉、凝汽器、回热加热器的不可避免火用损失与实用火用损失,并与常规火用分析法进行比较。     

水泵的吸入管路改造与汽蚀

水泵吸入压力降低会引起泵的汽蚀。这就要求在改造水泵吸入管道时应必须保证吸入管道的阻力损失不能大于原来的阻力损失。从实例出发,分析得出管道阻力的估算方法,提出了管道阻力计算时存在的、不可忽略的“瓶颈”问题。     

地热-高温水源热泵供热系统的分析

运用能量系统的为(火用)分析方法.建立地热-高温水源热泵供热系统的炯分析理论模型.以实际工程项目为例,分析和讨论了系统运行条件下的能量有效利用,并计算了地热-高温热泵供热系统的火甩效率和各部分(火用)损失、(火用)效率.从计算结果看出,板式换热器的火用损失所占比例较大.     

超超临界二次再热锅炉火用分析

依据能量平衡方程,对超超临界二次再热机组锅炉建立了两种不同的火用分析模型。在锅炉热平衡计算的基础上,对某1000MW超超临界二次再热机组的锅炉进行定量火用分析计算。通过计算和分析得出二次再热锅炉的火用损分布,指出内部火用损失是节能的重点方向,并证明二次再热机组通过缩小工质与高温烟气的换热平均温差有效地减少了内部火用损失,从全厂的角度提高了效率。     

Exergy analysis of a coal‐based 210 MW thermal power plant

In the present work, exergy analysis of a coal‐based thermal power plant is done using the design data from a 210 MW thermal power plant under operation in India. The entire plant cycle is split up into three zones for the analysis: (1) only the turbo‐generator with its inlets and outlets, (2) turbo‐generator, condenser, feed pumps and the regenerative heaters, (3) the entire cycle with boiler, turbo‐generator, condenser, feed pumps, regenerative heaters and the plant auxiliaries. It helps to find out the contributions of different parts of the plant towards exergy destruction. The exergy efficiency is calculated using the operating data from the plant at different conditions, viz. at different loads, different condenser pressures, with and without regenerative heaters and with different settings of the turbine governing. The load variation is studied with the data at 100, 75, 60 and 40% of full load. Effects of two different condenser pressures, i.e. 76 and 89 mmHg (abs.), are studied. Effect of regeneration on exergy efficiency is studied by successively removing the high pressure regenerative heaters out of operation. The turbine governing system has been kept at constant pressure and sliding pressure modes to study their effects. It is observed that the major source of irreversibility in the power cycle is the boiler, which contributes to an exergy destruction of the order of 60%. Part load operation increases the irreversibilities in the cycle and the effect is more pronounced with the reduction of the load. Increase in the condenser back pressure decreases the exergy efficiency. Successive withdrawal of the high pressure heaters show a gradual increment in the exergy efficiency for the control volume excluding the boiler, while a decrease in exergy efficiency when the whole plant including the boiler is considered. Keeping the main steam pressure before the turbine control valves in sliding mode improves the exergy efficiencies in case of part load operation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3‐E analysis of advanced power plants based on high ash coal

The objective of the study is to identify the ‘best’ possible power plant configuration based on 3‐E (namely energy, exergy, and environmental) analysis of coal‐based thermal power plants involving conventional (subcritical (SubC)) and advanced steam parameters (supercritical (SupC) and ultrasupercritical (USC)) in Indian climatic conditions using high ash (HA) coal. The analysis is made for unit configurations of three power plants, specifically, an operating SubC steam power plant, a SupC steam power plant, and the AD700 (advanced 700°C) power plant involving USC steam conditions. In particular, the effect of HA Indian coal and low ash (LA) reference coal on the performance of these power plants is studied. The environmental impact of the power plants is estimated in terms of specific emissions of CO₂, SO_x, NO_x, and particulates. From the study, it is concluded that the maximum possible plant energy efficiency under the Indian climatic conditions using HA Indian coal is about 42.3% with USC steam conditions. The results disclose that the major energy loss is associated with the heat rejection in the cooling water, whereas the maximum exergy destruction takes place in the combustor. Further, the sliding pressure control technique of load following results in higher plant energy and exergy efficiencies compared to throttle control in part‐load operation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exergy analysis of a thermal power plant with measured boiler and turbine losses

In this paper, a thermodynamic analysis of a subcritical boiler–turbine generator is performed for a 32 MW coal-fired power plant. Both energy and exergy formulations are developed for the system. A parametric study is conducted for the plant under various operating conditions, including different operating pressures, temperatures and flow rates, in order to determine the parameters that maximize plant performance. The exergy loss distribution indicates that boiler and turbine irreversibilities yield the highest exergy losses in the power plant. In addition, an environmental impact and sustainability analysis are performed and presented, with respect to exergy losses within the system.     

某电厂循环流化床锅炉热力学分析

提高CFB锅炉机组燃煤效率是洁净煤电站优化运行的目标。通过对唐山开滦东方发电有限责任公司(简称东方电厂)490t/h CFB锅炉系统热平衡和火用平衡计算及结果分析,研究热效率、火用效率、传热火用损失和燃烧火用损失随锅炉负荷的变化规律。分析表明,降低传热火用损失和燃烧火用损失可有效提高锅炉机组的火用效率,而降低排烟热损失可有效提高锅炉机组的热效率。研究结果可为CFB锅炉机组的优化设计和经济运行提供科学依据。     

火电机组的热经济性分析

为进行整个火电机组的能量系统热经济性分析及考察其组元变化的影响，提出了以热经济学和边际成本概念为基础的热经济性分析方法。对复杂能量系统主要以功能划分后形成的组元，考察其组元的输出炯流变化引起整个系统的能耗变化，可以通过边际炯成本、单位炯成本和组元产品的函数来表达，来衡量整个系统所有组元的输出炯流变化对系统外部输入燃料的影响，便于火电机组的运行经济状态动态评估。通过300MW机组主蒸汽参数变化的计算表明：参数变化时将引起系统的煤耗增加，降低了经济性，因而从本质上进行了热经济性的全面综合分析，以优化机组运行，进行性能诊断。图1表2参10     

Energy–exergy analysis and modernization suggestions for a combined‐cycle power plant

Energy and exergy analysis were carried out for a combined‐cycle power plant by using the data taken from its units in operation to analyse a complex energy system more thoroughly and to identify the potential for improving efficiency of the system. In this context, energy and exergy fluxes at the inlet and the exit of the devices in one of the power plant main units as well as the energy and exergy losses were determined. The results show that combustion chambers, gas turbines and heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) are the main sources of irreversibilities representing more than 85% of the overall exergy losses. Some constructive and thermal suggestions for these devices have been made to improve the efficiency of the system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modified exergoeconomic modeling of geothermal power plants

In this study, a modified exergoeconomic model is proposed for geothermal power plants using exergy and cost accounting analyses, and a case study is in this regard presented for the Tuzla geothermal power plant system (Tuzla GPPS) in Turkey to illustrate an application of the currently modified exergoeconomic model. Tuzla GPPS has a total installed capacity of 7.5 MW and was recently put into operation. Electricity is generated using a binary cycle. In the analysis, the actual system data are used to assess the power plant system performance through both energy and exergy efficiencies, exergy losses and loss cost rates. Exergy efficiency values vary between 35% and 49% with an average exergy efficiency of 45.2%. The relations between the capital costs and the exergetic loss/destruction for the system components are studied. Six new exergetic cost parameters, e.g., the component annualized cost rate, exergy balance cost, overall unavoidable system exergy destruction/loss cost rate, overall unavoidable system exergy destruction/loss cost rate, overall unavoidable system exergy production cost rate and the overall unavoidable system exergy production cost rate are studied to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the system.     

Performance and parametric investigation of a binary geothermal power plant by exergy

Exergy analysis of a binary geothermal power plant is performed using actual plant data to assess the plant performance and pinpoint sites of primary exergy destruction. Exergy destruction throughout the plant is quantified and illustrated using an exergy diagram, and compared to the energy diagram. The sites with greater exergy destructions include brine reinjection, heat exchanger and condenser losses. Exergetic efficiencies of major plant components are determined in an attempt to assess their individual performances. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the plant are 4.5% and 21.7%, respectively, based on the energy and exergy of geothermal water at the heat exchanger inlet. The energy and exergy efficiencies are 10.2% and 33.5%, respectively, based on the heat input and exergy input to the binary Rankine cycle. The effects of turbine inlet pressure and temperature and the condenser pressure on the exergy and energy efficiencies, the net power output and the brine reinjection temperature are investigated and the trends are explained.     

300MW燃煤电厂热力系统仿真研究

基于过程系统工程的建模和仿真原则,针对某电厂300MW燃煤机组开发了一套稳态热力学仿真系统,并详细阐述了模型建立的基本思路和方法,通过改变输入参数、负荷和环境条件,仿真电厂在不同工况下的运行特性．结果表明：系统仿真所获得的结果与实际电厂的性能测试数据相比误差不超过2％;通过仿真可获得主要物流、能流的热力学参数（包括质量流量、温度、压力、比焓、比熵等）和主要设备的运行参数（包括汽轮机和泵的等熵效率、加热器端差、热传导系数等）,为燃煤电厂的实际运行优化、炯分析、热经济学分析等提供基础数据．     

基于_分析的发电厂改造方法研究

根据分析理论,把锅炉、汽轮机及发电厂热力系统作为一个整体,通过对发电厂各环节进行分析找到具体损失环节并对具体位置提出改造方案,是发电厂改造的一种新方法。以某超超临界机组为例,运用分析理论找到损失环节,找到二次风温及给水温度对锅炉系统及电厂热力系统影响的关系,通过增加一级高压加热器提高给水温度,同时在保证锅炉排烟温度不变的前提下适当地提高二次风温,分析在给水温度及二次风温的双重作用下,锅炉乃至整个机组性能的变化。结果表明,当给水温度由299.5℃升高至322℃时,二次风温由327.8℃升高至360℃,锅炉系统传热损失由3 443 kJ/kg降低至3 254 kJ/kg,燃烧环节损失由6 204 kJ/kg降低至6 158 kJ/kg,锅炉效率由54.15%升高至54.45%,机组目的效率由42%升高至46.7%。