Zinc-mediated hatching of eggs of soybean cyst nematode,Heterodera glycines

Egg hatching of the soybean cyst nematode,Heterodera glycines, was not affected by millimolar concentrations of calcium sulfate or calcium chloride. However, zinc chloride and zinc sulfate caused strong and moderate increases in hatching, respectively. The inhibitors of calcium transport, ruthenium red and lanthanum chloride, and calcium ionophore A23187 had no effect on hatching in the presence or absence of 3 mM zinc chloride. Selected chelators decreased the zinc-induced hatching ofH. glycines eggs. Eggs exhibited a formation constant with zinc between 5.5 and 11.2. The addition of zinc chloride after chelation with EDTA and rinsing caused expected hatching rates. Concentrations of calcium chloride, manganese chloride, and magnesium chloride had no effect on hatching of eggs in zinc chloride, but reduced hatching at higher concentrations, possibly by osmotic influences. Hatching of eggs was increased as the time of exposure to zinc chloride was increased and was maximal at 28 °C and a pH of 5.3. Picrolonic acid, a known hatching stimulant, increasedH. glycines hatching, while sodium metavanadate had no effect. Analysis of seasonal hatching during 1981–1982 in untreated control eggs indicated that hatching was most pronounced in May.     

Chemotaxis of larval soybean cyst nematode,Heterodera glycines Race 3, to root leachates and ions

Second-stage larvae of the soybean cyst nematodeHeterodera glycines Race 3 were attracted in an in vitro bioassay to pooled leachates of soybean roots that were expressed as root gram-hours (1 g of root/hr/vol). Their responses were dosage dependent with maximal attraction to a 5 root g-hr/ml source. Optimal bioassay conditions used 24 hr for gradient formation and 1.5 hr for larval movement. Individual plants produced leachate with little variation in biological activity. Production was constant for five days of preparation. The attractive activity of root leachate declined with storage at 4 °C and heating over 30 °C, but loss of activity was reduced by freezing. Extraction and Sep-Pak fractionation indicated that the attractions(s) was water-soluble. Larvae were attracted also to several ionic solutions.     

Isolation,identification, and synthesis of the sex pheromone of the tobacco budworm

The sex attractant of adult tobacco budworms,Heliothis virescens (F.) was isolated from ether washes of “calling” females and verified as active by field cage bioassays. The components of the pheromone were identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-9-tetradecenal by spectroscopic and microdegradative methods. The two components are inactive when tested separately, but when they are mixed in the ratio in which they occur in female washes (16∶1, respectively), the synthesized mixture is equivalent to the natural one in attracting males in large cages. In field tests, 53 μg of synthesized mixture was competitive with four live females.     

Seducin,male sex pheromone of the cockroachNauphoeta cinerea: Isolation,identification, and bioassay

The male sex pheromone of the cockroachNauphoeta cinerea was isolated from adult sternal glands and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This pheromone, which attracts females from a distance, is a multicomponent blend. It is composed principally of three compounds: 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), 2-methylthiazolidine, and 4-ethyl-2-meth-oxyphenol. A mixture of synthetic compounds in a ratio of 441 (2700 ng) elicits maximal response and short latency of response by receptive females, similar to that induced by male sternal gland extracts. Tested separately, each compound induces a positive response, but the moving times spent by females are generally longer than with the mixture or extracts. These three volatile compounds also are found in small amounts (about 1/40 of sternal glands) in tergal gland secretions licked by females. Acetoin also is found in the sternal and tergal glands of two closely related speciesLeucophaea maderae andHenschoutedenia flexivitta. The biological relationship of each compound and pheromone blend to behavioral response is discussed.     

Isolation,identification, and synthesis of a female sex pheromone of the navel orangeworm,Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

A sex pheromone of the navel orangeworm,Amyelois transitella (Walker), was obtained from ether rinses of the sex pheromone gland of calling females. The pheromone was isolated by means of liquid and gas chromatography and was identified as one of four possible geometrical isomers of 11,13-hexadecadienal by means of spectroscopic and microchemical methods. Synthesis and laboratory bioassay of all four isomers revealed that only the (Z,Z) isomer was biologically active. (Z,Z)-11,13-hexadecadienal elicited quantitatively similar activation and attraction responses byA. transitella males as did the natural product.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product in this paper does not constitute an endorsement of that product by the USDA. Accepted for publication February 28, 1979.     

Study of female sex pheromone of leopard moth,Zeuzera pyrina L. Isolation and identification of three components

Three compounds have been identified in the abdominal tip extracts from the female leopard moth,Zeuzera pyrina L. Gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy data showed that (E, Z)-2, 13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate was the main component and that (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol acetate and octadecan-1-ol acetate were secondary components. The electroanten-nographic responses of maleZ. pyrina to nanogram amounts of all four 2, 13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate isomers indicated that theE, Z isomer had the maximum activity. A strong EAG response was also recorded for (Z)-7-do-decen-1-ol acetate, which was not detected in the female extracts.     

Isolation and identification of sex pheromone ofSymmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The sex pheromone of the South American potato tuber mothSymmetrischema tangolias (syn.:Symmetrischema plaesiosema) was identified as a 2:1 mixture of (E,Z)-3,7-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate and (E)-3-tetradecen-1-ol acetate by means of dual-column GC, EAG, GC-EAD, GC-MS, NMR, and wind-tunnel bioassays. (Z)-5-Tetradecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-7-tetradecen-1-ol acetate were also identified in the pheromone gland extract. MaleS. tangolias were able to detect these acetates (EAG), but their addition to the two-component sex pheromone did not improve attractiveness. Field trials in Cajamarca and Cusco, Peru, showed that traps baited with the synthetic sex pheromone were able to catch large numbers of maleS. tangolias.     

Isolation,identification, and synthesis of male-produced sex pheromone of papaya fruit fly,Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker (Diptera: Tephritidae)

A male-produced sex pheromone of the papaya fruit fly,Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, was isolated from volatiles collected from air passed over calling males and was identified as 2-methyl-6-vinylpyrazine by comparative gas-liquid chromatographic and spectroscopic evidence. Synthetic 2-methyl-6-vinylpyrazine elicited typical pheromonal responses from unmated mature female flies such as walking, running, and flying in an arena bioassay; flying upwind with a zigzag flight pattern; and hovering in the pheromone plume in a wind-tunnel bioassay. These responses were similar quantitatively and qualitatively to responses to naturally occurring pheromone from calling male papaya fruit flies.This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement or the recommendation for its use by USDA.     

Isolation and tentative identification of lineatin,a pheromone from the frass ofTrypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

An attractant compound was isolated from frass produced byTrypodendron lineatum female beetles boring in Douglas fir. The proposed structure is one of two isomeric tricyclic acetals, to which the trivial name lineatin is assigned.Research supported by: National Science Foundation (U.S.A.) Grant No. PCM 74-13643, National Research Council (Canada) Operating Grant No. A3881, Canada Department of Fisheries and Forestry Extramural Research Grant No. F-58, Canadian Forestry Service Science Subvention Grant, and the Council of Forest Industries of British Columbia.     

Aggregation pheromone components of two species ofPissodes weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Isolation,identification, and field activity

Two related volatile compounds were identified from each of two species ofPissodes bark weevils and implicated as components of their aggregation pheromones. Grandisol (cis-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutaneethanol), and its corresponding aldehyde, grandisal, were isolated from males of bothP. strobi andP. approximatus and were found in the abdomens and hindguts of the respective species. In field tests synthetic grandisol and grandisal together with odors from cut pine acted synergistically in attracting both sexes ofP. approximatus. This response was similar to that elicited by maleP. approximatus feeding on cut pine. Males and females of natural populations ofP. strobi were more responsive to caged males feeding on leaders of white pine than they were to leaders alone. The combination of grandisol, grandisal, and leaders was less attractive than males on leaders, but more attractive than leaders alone. From isolation of pheromone components at different times of the year, it was determined that males of both species produced grandisol and grandisal only at times when cohort females were reproductively mature.     

Synthesis and identification of a third component of the San Jose scale sex pheromone

Two components of the San Jose scale sex pheromone had previously been identified as 7-methyl-3-methylene-7-octen-1-yl propanoate (I) and (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl propanoate (II). An isomer and various homologs have subsequently been synthesized and tested in a greenhouse bioassay. TheE isomer of II (XI) was found to be attractive to male scales. This compound has now been isolated and identified from airborne extracts of virgin female scales. The composition of the natural pheromone was 48.5%, 46.7%, and 4.8% of I, II, and XI, respectively. In field tests in California and New York, synthetic XI was found to be attractive to male scales alone and in combination with I and II, but there was no obvious increase in trap catch when the synthetic isomers were present in the same ratio as in the natural blend. Quadraspidiotus perniciosm (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae)     

Isolation and identification of a sex attractant of a mushroom-infesting sciarid fly

A sciarid fly,Lycoriella mali (Fitch), is one of the most destructive pests to the commercial mushroom,Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Singer. Sanitation procedures and pesticide applications were ineffectual in controlling this pest. A supplemental pest control method employing sex pheromones was suggested since previous work indicated the presence of a sex attractant in the female. Diagnostic reactions performed on female extracts indicated saturated hydrocarbons as active components. The biologically most active fractions eluted from the gas chromatograph between standard hydrocarbons C₁₅ and C₂₂. Hydrocarbons C₁₅, C₁₆, C₁₇, and C₁₈ were isolated and identified via TLC, GC, and GC-MS. Male response to standard hydrocarbons C₁₅ to C₂₆ indicated that C₁₇ is a major attractant. Male response to varying amounts of C₁₇ indicated a preference for levels 10^–6g and 10^–9g.     

Isolation,identification, synthesis,and bioassay of the pheromone of the comstock mealybug and some analogs

The sex pheromone of the Comstock mealybug,Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) was isolated from volatiles trapped from air passing over virgin female insects. Combined gas chromatography, mass and infrared spectroscopy, and microreactions indicated that the structure was 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-ol acetate. This was confirmed by synthesis; several analogs were also prepared. The natural and synthetic pheromone caused similar trap capture of male insects. Synthetic analogs were significantly less attractive in field tests and the addition of minor amounts of the corresponding alcohol to the pheromone appeared to enhance trap capture, but the results were not statistically conclusive.     

Isolation and identification of the multiple forms of soybean phytases

Sequential precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and KCl followed by preparative anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography was used to isolated acid phosphatases (APases) from germinating soybean seeds. KCl inhibited the PEG precipitation of APases. Thus individual APases can be isolated directly from crude extracts by controlling PEG and KCl concentrations. Four of the isolated APases were phytases. APases 3 and 5 exhibited optimal activity at pH 4.5 and and 5.8. Phytase activity was at its peak at 40°C for APase 4 and at 60°C for APases 3, 5, and 6. This isolation method can be used to identify endogenous and/or exogenous phytases that are suitable for phytic acid hydrolysis in many food and feed systems, especially during the processing. of oilseeds and cereal-based ingredients.     

Isolation,identification, and biological activity of trail-following pheromone of termiteTrinervitermes bettonianus (Sjöstedt) (Termitidae:Nasutitermitinae)

The principal compound which posseses trail-following activity at low concentration has been isolated from workers and from female alates of the grass feeding termiteTrinervitermes bettonianus. Male alates also produce the pheromone but in much smaller quantities than the female. The structure of the pheromone was determined as the diterpene hydrocarbon cembrene-A from spectra and microscale reaction data.     

Analogs of sex pheromone of processionary moth,Thaumetopoea pityocampa: Synthesis and biological activity

The synthesis and biological activity of some analogs of (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate1, the major component of the sex pheromone of the processionary mothThaumetopoea pityocampa is described. The analogs have been formally derived by structural modification of the enyne and acetate functions of the parent compound1. In field tests, trifluoroacetate ester16 and the analog,11, with fluorine substitution at the olefin site, decreased the pheromone action, whereas epoxy derivative,10, from epoxidation of the olefin moiety in1, and propionate ester15 gave synergistic activity. The formate14 had a variable effect according to the composition of the lure. Formal reduction of the enyne to give the acetylene2 was found to retain activity. Alcohols12 and13, resulting from hydrolysis of the enyne1 and acetylene2, respectively, inhibited the action of their parent compounds.Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoeidae.     

一例人狂犬病病例的病毒分离及鉴定

目的对2013年武汉市新发生的一例疑似狂犬病死亡病例的脑组织进行病毒分离及鉴定。方法采用直接荧光抗体法(DFA)和ELISA法检测狂犬病病毒(rabies virus,RABV)抗原;提取病毒RNA,设计12对引物,分段扩增全基因组,克隆后测序,应用DNAStar软件包中的MegAlign模块对基因所编码的氨基酸进行对位分析;Clustal X 1.83软件和GENEDOC软件用于序列比对;MEGA 4.1软件以Kimura two-parameter模型邻位相连法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)构建系统进化树(Bootstrap-l000),并与国内外疫苗株及近期湖北省及周边地区分离的代表性街毒株进行同源性分析。结果分离的街毒株13WH10的RABV抗原呈阳性;13WH10街毒株基因组全长11 924 bp,属基因Ⅰ型狂犬病病毒;13WH10与湖北省及周边街毒株处于同一亚群,与CTN-1疫苗株及东南亚地区的街毒株同源性较高,高于欧美国家疫苗株。结论成功对武汉市2013年新发生的一例疑似狂犬病死亡病例的脑组织进行了病毒分离及鉴定;CTN-1与RABV国内分离株同源性较高,系统进化关系较近,提示采用CTN-1疫苗株生产的狂犬病疫苗可有效预防中国狂犬病的流行。     

Iowa European corn borer sex pheromone isolation and identification of four C14 esters

Four C₁₄ straight-chain acetate esters—(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, and tetradecyl acetate—were isolated and identified from the diethyl ether extracts of the abdominal tips of adult female European corn borers,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). The compounds were isolated using a combination of high-resolution gel-permeation, adsorption highpressure liquid, and micropreparative gas chromatography. Identifications were made by gas chromatography, a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and microdegradative chemical methods.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product in this paper does not constitute a recommendation or an endorsement of that product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Energy Research and Development Administration.Joint contribution: Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Energy Research and Development Administration; and Journal Paper No. J-8565 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station. Project 2183.     

Male sex pheromone of a giant danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe

Males of a giant danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe, display hairpencils during courtship. The females were visually attracted to and olfactorily arrested by an artificial butterfly model to which male hairpencil extracts were added. The hairpencil extracts contained a complex mixture of volatiles, including pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) derivatives (danaidone, viridifloric -lactone), aromatics (phenol,p-cresol, benzoic acid), terpenoids (geranyl methyl thioether, (E,E)-farnesol), a series of -lactones (6-hydroxy-4-undecanolides and its homologs), hydrocarbons [(Z)-9-tricosene, etc.], and several compounds with higher molecular weight. A mixture of the major volatiles applied to a butterfly dummy strongly elicited an abdomen-curling acceptance posture in females. Viridifloric -lactone and danaidone induced significant electroantennogram responses on the female's antennae, suggesting their principal role together with other hairpencil components as a sex pheromone to seduce females.I. leuconoe males seem to acquire the precursor for both of the PA fragments from the host plant,Parsonsia laevigata (Apocynaceae), during the larval stage; thereby they do not show pharmacophagous behavior towards PA-containing plants during the adult stage. However, males are pharmacophagously attracted to and feed on a number of simple phenolic compounds in a manner similar to other danaine species towards PAs. Wild males sequester one of the phagostimulants, (–)-mellein, in the hairpencils in varying quantities. Phenolic compounds incorporated in the hairpencils may act primarily as warning odors linked with the defensive PAs present in the body tissues.     

Composition,quantification, and periodicity of sex pheromone gland volatiles from individualHeliothis virescens females

Sex pheromone gland volatiles from individualHeliothis virescens (F.) females were collected and analyzed on an SP-2330 capillary gas-liquid chromatography column for identification and quantification of the compounds emitted. Only four of the seven compounds previously reported as pheromone components appeared consistently in the volatile collections: 14:Ald, Z9-14:Ald, 16:Ald, and Z11-16:Ald. The female glands did not emit the same amounts of these compounds throughout a 24-hr period; they emitted maximum quantities between 6 and 11 hr after the onset of scotophase with the remainder of the photoperiod having minimal emission rates. Although the absolute quantities fluctuated, the percent compositions of the compounds remained about the same throughout the 24-hr period.