液体运输包装新形式——集装箱液袋

集装箱液袋(Fexitank),是一种新型的集存储、包装功能于一体的适用于散装非危险液体或化学制品的运输容器。每个液袋容量为16～24m3,最多可储运24000升液体,将其铺设在20英尺标准集装箱内,灌入液体,旋紧灌装口并关闭箱门,便可采用标准且灵活的集装箱物流模式进行配送和发运。     

软质聚氨酯泡沫的冲击力学性能

采用岛津试验机与改进的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置,得到了两种分别用作汽车坐垫和靠垫材料的软质聚氨酯泡沫在不同应变率下的应力应变曲线。实验结果表明,材料强度对密度和应变率敏感。动态条件下,泡沫密实后,横向惯性效应导致泡沫被拉坏。而准静态变形达到80%时,卸载后变形仍能回复。评价两种泡沫的吸能特性时,发现两种密度的海绵动态吸能性能比静态时要差。最后对坐垫泡沫的厚度进行了优化设计。     

软质聚氨酯泡沫的冲击力学性能EI

采用岛津试验机与改进的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置,得到了两种分别用作汽车坐垫和靠垫材料的软质聚氨酯泡沫在不同应变率下的应力应变曲线。实验结果表明,材料强度对密度和应变率敏感。动态条件下,泡沫密实后,横向惯性效应导致泡沫被拉坏。而准静态变形达到80%时,卸载后变形仍能回复。评价两种泡沫的吸能特性时,发现两种密度的海绵动态吸能性能比静态时要差。最后对坐垫泡沫的厚度进行了优化设计。     

齿板-玻璃纤维/聚氨酯泡沫芯夹层梁的低速冲击性能

提出了一种由齿板-玻璃纤维（TP-GF）混合面板和聚氨酯（PU）泡沫芯材组成的新型TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁,结构中金属板通过齿钉压入GF与内部芯材连接,该夹层梁采用真空导入模压工艺制作。通过低速冲击试验,研究了不同冲击能量、纤维厚度和泡沫密度下TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁的冲击响应和损伤模式,并与普通的夹层梁进行了对比分析;通过双悬臂梁试验研究了混合夹层梁的界面性能,计算了夹层梁的应变能释放率。结果表明:在22 J、33 J、44 J能量冲击下,泡沫芯材密度为150 kg/m3的TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁的最大接触力较普通夹层梁分别提高了31.2%、48.6%、33.3%,冲击能量吸收分别增加了17.2%、11.3%、15.5%;随着冲击能量、面板纤维层数及芯材密度的增加,TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁最大接触力增大,密度较低的TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁损伤形式主要为面板的局部弯曲,而芯材密度较高的TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁则以穿透损伤为主;增加泡沫芯材密度和面板纤维厚度能够提高TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁的抗冲击性能,随着芯材密度的增大TP-GF/PU泡沫夹层梁的应变能释放率峰值越高,界面性能越好。      

闭孔EVA泡沫类静态缓冲性能的研究

目的 研究密度与应变率对闭孔EVA泡沫材料类静态缓冲性能的影响规律。方法 基于包装用缓冲材料静态压缩试验法和能量吸收图法,对密度为80、95、106、124和180kg/m³的闭孔EVA泡沫试样在不同应变率下进行类静态压缩试验,得到应力-应变曲线,基于此进一步处理得到相应的单位体积能量吸收、能量吸收效率、缓冲系数和最大比吸能等曲线,同时绘制试样类静态压缩过程中的能量吸收图。结果 闭孔EVA泡沫材料的密度越高,密实化应变越小,最大单位体积能量吸收越大;在压缩应变相同时,应变率越大,应力、单位体积能量吸收、能量吸收效率、最大比吸能越大;得到了5种密度闭孔EVA泡沫材料的本构方程和闭孔EVA泡沫材料的能量吸收图及其斜率与应变率的关系式;通过分析密实化应变与相对密度的关系,得到相关拟合公式。结论 密度与应变率对闭孔EVA泡沫材料的缓冲性能有着非常大的影响,在一定的应力水平下会有一个最佳的密度使得刚好能吸收完能量,并保护产品不破损,该最佳密度受应变率的影响,因此可以通过能量吸收图进行相关的缓冲包装优化设计。     

发泡聚丙烯的静态压缩性能

目的 以发泡聚丙烯为研究对象,研究厚度和密度对发泡聚丙烯静态压缩性能的影响规律。方法 通过静态压缩试验,得出不同密度和厚度下的力-位移曲线,进一步处理得到应力-应变曲线、能量吸收效率曲线以及比吸能、总能量吸收图和抗压强度。通过这些曲线分析密度和厚度对发泡聚丙烯材料静态压缩性能的影响。结果 密度、厚度不同的发泡聚丙烯材料,其应力-应变曲线的形态基本相同。当厚度一定时,密度越大,总能量吸收、比吸能及抗压强度也越高。当密度一定时,材料越厚,其总能量吸收越高、比吸能越低,厚度对密实化应变和抗压强度的影响可忽略。结论 在对缓冲包装进行优化设计时,为了防止出现过度包装导致资源浪费或欠包装导致被包装物出现损毁等情况,应充分比较泡沫材料的厚度和密度对缓冲和吸能性能的影响,并根据试验对比结果选择最优方案。     

密度对聚丙烯泡沫材料动态冲击性能的影响

目的 以聚丙烯材料为研究对象,研究密度对其动态冲击性能的影响。方法 对4种不同密度的聚丙烯材料进行动态压缩试验,分析接触力、位移和应变以及吸收能、比吸能的变化,从而研究动态条件下不同密度的聚丙烯材料的动态冲击性能。结果 当密度一定时,最大接触力、最大位移、最大应变、比吸能随冲击能的增大而增大。当冲击能一定时,最大接触力随密度的增大而增大,最大位移、最大应变、比吸能随密度的增大而减小。结论 考虑到轻量化以及成本因素,在安全范围内,选择缓冲材料时可以选择密度较小的聚丙烯材料。     

无伞空投储液罐的高空跌落仿真分析

目的为提高液体类空投物资补给效率,研究椭球型结构的无伞空投储液罐跌落冲击地面过程的力学响应。方法基于欧拉-拉格朗日耦合算法,建立含有内盛物的椭球形储液罐有限元模型,通过Abaqus CAE仿真跌落得到罐壁材料层为聚乙烯-发泡-聚乙烯在不同厚度比条件下含内盛物跌落的最大等效塑性应变(简称最大塑性应变)云图、应力-时间曲线。结果不同层间厚度比与储液罐的最大塑性应变、塑性应变的时间和应变集中区域有密切联系,当厚度比为1∶2∶1时,罐体达到最大塑性应变的时间短,把手部位出现应变集中现象的概率增大;厚度比为1∶1∶2时,罐体的塑性应变相对降低,抗冲击能力没有达到理想优化效果;厚度比为1∶1∶2时,罐体的塑性应变最小,在此情况下能承受的冲击地面的瞬时速度最大,罐体的结构性能最好。结论基于此提出了一种结构优化思路,在添加中间发泡层以减轻配重的基础上,适当增加外层聚乙烯材料的厚度或者使用缓冲性能更好的材料,增加罐壁的缓冲吸能,改善材料结构强度。     

发泡聚丙烯材料的动态力学行为研究

目的研究发泡聚丙烯材料的厚度对其冲击性能的影响。方法对4种不同厚度的发泡聚丙烯材料进行动态压缩试验,分析其接触力、最大位移、最大应变以及吸收能,研究动态条件下发泡聚丙烯材料的力学性能。结果当冲击能一定时,增加发泡聚丙烯材料的厚度,其接触力会逐渐减小,接触时间会逐渐增加;冲击能和厚度一定时,厚度与最大位移、吸收能成正比例相关,但对最大接触力和最大应变无明显影响;任意厚度的发泡聚丙烯材料,其冲击能和厚度的增加会导致其最大接触力、最大位移、最大应变、吸收能的增加。结论在研究的冲击能量和厚度范围内,吸收能不受发泡聚丙烯材料厚度的影响,由冲击能决定。     

乙烯基酯树脂浇铸体的高应变率压缩响应行为

利用电子万能试验机和分离式Hopkinson 压杆研究了乙烯基酯树脂浇铸体在准静态和高应变率下的压缩特性, 考察了试样压缩失稳和破坏的形貌。结果表明: 在准静态加载下(应变率为3.3 ×10 -4 / s～6.6 ×10-3 / s) ,材料呈韧性破坏, 失稳应力、失稳应变能密度均随应变率的提高而提高, 失稳应变随应变率的提高而降低; 在高应变率下(应变率为950/ s～5800/ s) , 材料呈脆性破坏, 失稳应力、失稳应变能密度均随应变率的提高呈增加趋势, 而失稳应变也随应变率的提高而提高, 这与准静态不同, 表明在高应变率下, 材料发生了“强迫高弹形变”。观察试样失稳和破坏后的形貌可以发现, 试样的破坏在失稳前正应力起主导作用, 失稳后切应力起主导作用, 使试样产生裂纹进而造成宏观破坏; 乙烯基酯树脂内部损伤的演化, 也依赖于应变和应变率。      

Fracture Parameters for Natural Rubber Under Dynamic Loading

Abstract: An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the tear energy of unfilled and 25 phr carbon black‐filled natural rubber with varying loading rates. The variation of the tear energy with far‐field sample strain rate between 0.01 to 10 s^?1 was found to be different from tensile strip and pure shear specimens. Above a sample strain rate of 10 s^?1, the tear energy calculated from either specimen was comparable. The differences in the tear energy derived from the tensile strip and pure shear specimens were attributed to differences in the local crack tip stress state and strengthening of the material due to strain‐induced crystallisation. Both of these factors resulted in crack speeds 3–4 times higher in the pure shear specimen as compared to the tensile strip specimen. Finite element analysis (FEA) indicated that fracture would initiate at the crack tip either when the strain energy density approached the material toughness or when the maximum principal stress and strain approached the material tensile strength and fracture strain, respectively. It was concluded that these parameters would be better than the tear energy in predicting fracture of natural rubber under dynamic loading.     

BOPP/CPP软包装易开启性研究

研究了BOPP/CPP复合膜的撕裂性能和直线裂口性能,考察了撕裂口位置、撕裂速度和热封对软包装易开启性的影响。结果表明:BOPP/CPP复合膜的撕裂力随撕裂速度增大而减小;纵向撕裂力小于横向撕裂力,纵向直线裂口性好于横向直线裂口性。撕裂口设置在复合膜的纵向以及快速撕裂更易开启软包装袋;开启撕裂口设置在热封处的软包装袋,需逐渐增加撕裂力,设置在非热封处时,在撕裂至非热封区域和热封区域交界点时,需用较大的撕裂力。     

A study on the failure of circular plates struck by masses. Part 1: experimental results

In the present study experimental results recorded from a series of tests are presented, which examine the dynamic response and petalling failure of thin circular plates struck transversely at the centre by masses having conical heads and spherical noses. The circular plates are cut from mild steel plates with five different thicknesses of 1.17, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 mm and three different diameters of 250, 300 and 350 mm, to make a ratio of thickness to diameter ranging from 3.34×10⁻³ to 11.43×10⁻³. The impact velocity ranges from 3 to 11 m/s, corresponding to an impact energy varying from 100 to 1700 J. The radius of the sphere on the tip of conical head of the drop mass is chosen as 6, 8 and 10 mm. It has been observed that a necking circle is initiated approximately in the central part of plates along a small circle, which is directly under the transition circle from the spherical surface to conical surface of the drop mass. This is due to the excessive in-plane tensile strain. A through-thickness crack, then, is formed at one point on the circle, which is recognised as in-plane tearing failure. The crack is opened further and ends with a petalling pattern tearing failure around the crack for severe impact cases. It has been found that the critical impact energy required for the onset of failure varies significantly with the thickness of plates and the radius of spherical nose of the drop mass.     

Electrostriction of a Polyurethane Elastomer-Based Polyester

This paper is dealing with the electromechanical properties of a synthesized polyurethane elastomer film-based polyester. On the basis of the electrostatic-field induced strain, dielectric, and stress-strain measurements carried out under ambient conditions, the electromechanical parameters such as thickness strain, apparent electrostrictive coefficient, effective pressure, mechanical energy density, and Maxwell-effect contribution, were determined. Thickness strain versus the static electric field showed a quadratic dependence up to about 6.3 MV/m, which is consistent with an electrostrictive response. The maximum induced strain of 7% obtained at 16 MV/m is higher than those reported in the literature on unprestrained polyurethane film with noncompliant electrodes. Remarkable apparent electrostrictive coefficient$(sim 7.75 10^-16 hboxm^2/hboxV^2)$and response time (600 ms) were found. Under the actual experimental conditions (rigid electrodes and maximum electrostatic field of 16 MV/m), the effective compressive pressure (0.9 MPa) and mechanical energy density (0.032$hboxJ/cm^3$) values are quite noticeable. A small Maxwell-effect contribution of only 0.32% was found. The electromechanical parameters of this polyurethane elastomer indicate that this material is potentially useful for practical actuators and sensors.     

Study on energy properties and failure behaviors of heat-treated granite under static and dynamic compression

Abstract

The material testing machine and the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) were adopted, respectively, to conduct the static and dynamic compression tests on granite specimens heat treated by different temperatures. The effects of strain rate and heat-treatment temperature on the mechanism of energy evolution of the specimen during deformation and failure process were studied. The results show a significant strain rate effect on the granite, with the energy dissipation density increasing with increasing impact velocity (or strain rate), regardless of the treatment temperature. The specimens heat treated at 300?°C and 700?°C have the minimum and maximum energy dissipation densities, respectively. The specimen in the SHPB tests easily broke into pieces or even powder; while under static compression, only macroscopic fracture surfaces and spalling phenomenon on the specimen were detected. The energy dissipation density is inversely proportional to the compressive strength of the specimen. The rate of energy dissipation change is defined, which can be used to identify the stages in the deformation process of rock and to determine the position of the failure point in the stress-strain curve. For both the dynamic and static compression tests, the value of energy utilization ratio is relatively low, with a maximum value of about 35%.     

0945型瓦楞纸板衬垫缓冲防振性能试验

目的研究0945型瓦楞纸板衬垫三角形支座底部支撑点位置对其缓冲防振性能的影响。方法以0945型衬垫三角形支座的底部支撑点与边缘的水平距离为结构参数,采用B楞瓦楞纸板制作5种0945型衬垫试样,利用静、动态压缩试验、随机振动试验分析衬垫的缓冲防振性能。结果应力-应变曲线表明,当底部支撑点与边缘的距离为40 mm时,衬垫的最大应力达到78 k N;当该距离为0时,衬垫的单位体积应变能达到35.67 k J/m3。最大加速度-静应力曲线表明,40 mm时衬垫的最大加速度最小。随机振动功率谱密度曲线表明,距离为0时,衬垫的功率谱密度峰值最小。结论 0945型瓦楞纸板衬垫三角形支座为直角三角形时,垂直边能承受较大载荷,产生较小变形,不易塌陷,缓冲防振性能最好。     

Differences in strength between the grain and corium layers of leather

The tearing resistance of the two principal strata of leather (the grain and the corium layers) has been assessed via the measurement of tearing energy and notch sensitivity. Observations of the distribution of strain around notches and the form of the tear tips are also reported. It was found that the grain layer had only 20% of the tearing energy possessed by the corium. In addition, the strength of the grain was considerably more sensitive to the presence of sharp notches. It is suggested that these differences in strength between the two strata of leather are associated with the greater ability of the corium layer's fibre structure to impede propagating tears by means of tear tip blunting and fibre pull out.     

应变率对钢筋混凝土框架结构地震作用下灾变过程影响研究

开发了ABAQUS显式用户材料子程序VUMAT,该程序可以考虑材料应变率效应的影响。通过对钢筋混凝土柱的动态和静态加载试验进行模拟,验证了子程序的可靠性。通过对某四层钢筋混凝土框架结构进行增量动力时程分析,研究了材料的应变率效应对结构最大顶点位移、最大基底剪力、最大层间位移、结构的能力曲线、结构的抗倒塌能力和倒塌模式的影响。研究表明,考虑材料的应变率效应后,结构的最大顶点位移和最大层间位移大多数情况下会减小,结构最大层间位移的应变率效应更为明显;当地震波增强到使结构接近于发生倒塌时,结构的最大顶点位移和最大层间位移均明显减小;随着地震波强度的增强,应变率对结构响应的影响趋于明显;结构的抗倒塌能力有一定程度的提高,但连续性倒塌过程基本不变。