钨柱破片对装甲钢的侵彻研究

研究典型柱型破片质量、着靶姿态对装甲钢的弹道极限速度(V₅₀)的影响规律，可为战斗部毁伤元设计提供有效的参考数据。通过弹道冲击试验获取了长径比为1,质量5 g的钨柱在0°和90°着靶姿态下对10 mm装甲钢的V₅₀。试验得到钨柱破片纵向正侵彻10 mm装甲钢的V₅₀为745 m/s,横向正侵彻10 mm装甲钢的V₅₀为761 m/s,钨柱破片在侵彻过程中，破片被横向镦粗，破片头部受靶板挤压磨蚀，形成不规则蘑菇头状翻边。基于试验数据的单一性，通过数值模拟获取了不同着靶姿态下3种典型钨柱(3 g, 5 g, 8 g)对10 mm装甲钢板的V₅₀,并探索了着靶姿态和破片质量对V₅₀变化的影响规律，对比试验与数值模拟结果，两者相对误差在10%左右。研究发现，不同着靶姿态下，钨柱破片侵彻装甲钢的V₅₀存在波动区间，破片纵向正着靶时V₅₀最小，破片以40°～60°着靶姿态角着靶时V₅₀最大，钨柱破片V<...     

芳纶复合材料抗钨球性能研究

通过弹道试验研究了热固性、热塑性两类树脂基体的芳纶复合材料对钨球的抗贯穿性能,分析了芳纶复合材料对钨球的防护机理,并与装甲钢对钨球的防护性能进行对比分析,实验结果表明:芳纶复合材料与装甲钢相比有更加优异的抗钨球性能,相同面密度时,抗钨球性能提高1.5倍左右;相同防护性能条件下,减重可以接近一半.     

钨合金破片侵彻2024铝靶的数值模拟研究

研究93W钨合金破片对铝合金靶板的弹道极限(V₅₀)影响规律，对战斗部毁伤元威力设计具有重要意义。通过弹道冲击试验获取了钨合金立方体破片、球形破片在90°着角的情况下，对4 mm 2024铝靶的侵彻弹道极限(V₅₀)。基于数值模拟与试验结果的一致性，分析了钨合金破片形状、质量对V₅₀的影响规律。结果表明：两种形状破片的侵彻V₅₀均随着破片质量的增加而减小；在90°着角时，立方体破片的侵彻V₅₀较低于球形破片，且两者V₅₀差值随着破片质量的增大而增大。其中，立方体破片由于着靶姿态的变化导致V₅₀存在着波动区间，随着破片质量增加，V₅₀的波动区间相对增加，且立方体破片侵彻V₅₀小于球形破片V₅₀的概率也随之增加。     

含屈服段本构模型和断裂准则对Q355B钢靶板侵彻预报的影响

为校验考虑屈服阶段的本构模型和Lode相关断裂准则的有效性,在一级轻气炮上开展了直径为5.95 mm的平头钢性弹侵彻4 mm厚Q355B钢靶板试验,获得了弹体贯穿靶板的断裂行为和弹道极限。并开展了平面应变和扭转试验,标定了Lode无关MJC断裂准则和Lode相关ASCE断裂准则参数。在ABAQUS软件中对打靶试验建立三维有限元模型,对靶板的断裂行为进行研究,验证了考虑屈服阶段MxJ-C-Q本构模型和ASCE断裂准则的有效性,并探讨了Lode参数对Q355B钢的变形和断裂的影响。结果表明,采用MJC断裂准则预报高估了断裂应变其弹道极限比试验值高约38.36%;而采用Lode相关ASCE断裂准则预报的弹道极限、剩余速度以及断裂行为,与试验结果吻合较好。     

7A04-T6高强铝合金板对平头杆弹抗侵彻行为的试验与数值模拟研究

为了解高强铝合金对动能杆的抗侵彻性能,在一级轻气炮上开展了直径5.98 mm的平头刚性弹侵彻6mm厚7A04-T6铝合金靶板的打靶试验,撞击速度范围为73.9~446.5 m/s。获得了弹体贯穿靶板后的剩余速度以及靶板的断裂行为,通过拟合初始-剩余速度数据得到了弹道极限。同时,在ABAQUS/Explicit中建立了三维有限元模型对打靶试验进行了数值计算,7A04-T6的力学行为通过Johnson-Cook本构模型和修正的Johnson-Cook断裂准则描述。试验结果表明,7A04-T6高强铝合金靶板在平头弹撞击下发生剪切冲塞,塞块表面有明显裂纹产生,弹道极限为156.0 m/s,剪切冲塞可在撞击速度不低于约0.90倍弹道极限时形成。数值仿真发现,有限元计算可成功再现靶板的剪切冲塞及冲塞表面的断裂;预报的弹道极限为168.8 m/s,比试验结果高约9%;撞击速度不低于0.92倍弹道极限时靶板发生剪切冲塞破坏,与试验结果十分接近。     

分层对TC4钛合金板抗平头弹撞击失效特性的影响

使用Abaqus/Explicit有限元分析软件,开展平头弹撞击不同厚度双层TC4钛合金板数值模拟,研究双层TC4钛合金板撞击失效特性与失效模式随厚度变化规律及机理。通过对比撞击试验与仿真结果,验证数值模型和参数的有效性。在此基础上与等厚度单层TC4钛合金板的抗侵彻性能进行对比,结果表明,对于12.68 mm直径的平头弹,在靶板厚度2~16 mm内,双层结构的弹道极限与总厚度近似呈线性关系。由于单层靶板在4~10 mm内随着厚度增加,弹道极限无明显变化,所以等厚接触式双层结构在该厚度范围相比单层靶有明显的优势。在总厚度为8 mm时,双层靶优势最为明显,弹道极限相比单层靶提高了43%左右。     

低中速钨球变形与速度关系计算模型

为研究钨球侵彻装甲钢板时钨球的变形和初速的关系,采用12.7 mm弹道枪加载的方式,进行了Φ5.86mm、Φ6.83 mm和Φ7.51 mm钨球冲击装甲钢板实验。根据实验过程,分析了弹-靶侵彻过程,依据低速碰撞时靶表面的压力分布、固体碰撞问题动力学和接触体间压力静力学方法建立了钨球的侵彻速度与最大变形关系式,与实验结果进行了比较验证。结果表明,实验数据和模型计算公式的误差在11%以内,证明了计算公式的正确性。     

N形装甲板抗穿甲弹侵彻性能数值模拟

面向军用车辆弹道防护需求,针对一种由孔板、斜板和基板组成的N形结构装甲板,进行了其抗7.62 mm穿甲弹侵彻性能的数值模拟分析。在验证数值模拟方法有效性的基础上,仿真了子弹对N形装甲板的侵彻过程并分析了其特殊的抗弹机理;研究了弹着点位置对装甲板抗弹性能的影响,结果表明,弹着点位置的不同会导致穿甲弹的侵彻路径和剩余速度的差异;通过对比贯穿3种构型孔板后弹体的偏转角度和完整性,发现锥形孔板对弹体姿态的改变和破坏更大;通过多组仿真得到了锥形孔N形装甲板的弹道极限。结果表明,与等质量均质钢板相比,锥形孔N形装甲板的弹道极限提高了12.5%。     

不同材料双层球缺罩侵彻特性的研究

采用数值模拟及钢靶侵彻试验两种方法研究了单层钛合金球缺罩、钛合金/铜、铝合金/铜双层球缺罩形成的3种杆式射流对45#钢锭靶板侵彻深度和开孔的问题。研究结果表明:不同材料的双层球缺罩形成的杆式射流对45#钢锭靶板的开孔孔径和侵彻深度大小均有直接影响,且钛合金/铜双层罩杆式射流破甲深度相对于铝合金/铜双层罩有一定提高,其开孔孔径明显增大。而单层钛合金药型罩杆式射流整体速度最大,开孔孔径较钛合金/铜、铝合金/铜双层罩杆式射流有明显提高,但破甲能力较低。研究结果对于武器战斗部设计具有一定的指导作用。     

分析金属装甲弹道极限的两阶段模型

基于大量弹道试验分析,考虑靶板背面自由边界的影响,提出一个分析刚性尖头弹垂直撞击中等厚度理想弹塑性材料靶板弹道极限的两阶段工程模型.由圆柱形空腔膨胀理论和功能原理导出第一阶段延性扩孔耗能表达式,按薄靶板最小穿透能量的简化分析模型计算第二阶段耗能,由两阶段总的耗能最小确定第一阶段的侵彻深度,从而得到最小穿透能量的解析解.经与金属装甲弹道试验比较,表明两阶段工程模型计算结果与试验吻合较好,比现有单一延性扩孔模型精度高.     

Influence of conical projectile diameter on perpendicular impact of thin steel plate

A numerical study of conical projectiles for perpendicular impact on a thin steel plate is reported. The target material considered, Weldox 460 E steel, is frequently used for this kind of application and several results of experiments are available in the international literature to verify numerical simulations. The Johnson-Cook constitutive relation coupled with the Johnson-Cook failure criterion have been applied to analyse penetration of the target and also the failure process. The analysis has been focussed on the influence of the projectile diameter on the perforation process, assuming the same projectile mass. The aim was to preserve the same initial kinetic energy and identical nose angle. The goal is to estimate the ballistic limit, the residual velocity, the plastic work, and the temperature levels produced during the penetration process. The analysis has shown a linear increase of the ballistic limit with the projectile diameter.     

穿甲靶板弹孔微观结构观察及侵彻过程分析

为研究穿甲侵彻机理,使用海37弹道炮,发射93W次口径穿甲弹,侵彻45靶板,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜研究弹孔周围微观结构特点.研究结果表明,绝大部分弹孔表面被溶化快凝物覆盖,其厚度约为10μm,其内未发现腐蚀组织.熔化物中含有钨的成分,说明在侵彻过程中产生的高压下,钨颗粒可以熔化.高速碰撞动能在侵彻瞬间可能使弹靶部分作用区域的温度超过钨的熔点.靶板材料在局部区域熔化和再结晶,破坏形式为延性扩孔破坏,观察弹孔周围未发现绝热剪切带.     

Comparative analysis of perforation models of metallic plates by rigid sharp-nosed projectiles

Based on the mode of ductile hole enlargement, the present paper compares the models of a rigid sharp-nosed projectile perforating the ductile metallic target plate, given by Chen and Li [1] and Forrestal and Warren [2], respectively. It indicates that the formulae of ballistic limit and residual velocity of these two perforation models are consistent in form but with different applicable range, which due to them employing the spherical cavity expansion theory and cylindrical cavity expansion theory, alternately. Further analyses are conducted to discuss the effects of target material and plate thickness on the terminal ballistic performance with referring the experimental results of aluminum alloy and Weldox E steel plates. It is confirmed that the perforation mechanisms may transform with increasing the plate thickness and the strength of target material.     

An engineering model to predict perforation damage to plates impacted by high velocity debris clouds

This paper describes experiments and the development of a model to predict damage to metallic plates impacted by high velocity, multi-particle debris clouds. The experiments involved single steel spheres fired at a steel shatter plate at speeds near 1.5 and 2.0 km/sec to generate the debris clouds. In each series of tests, the impact velocity was controlled, and a witness plate was placed at increasing distances behind the shatter plate to observe the effects of debris particle dispersion on plate damage. This paper focuses on the variations, with plate spacing, in the size of the central region removed from the witness plates. The central hole size model compares the post impact kinetic energy distribution in a witness plate impacted by a debris cloud to the free impact residual kinetic energy in an equivalent plate impacted by an L/D=1 steel cylinder, at the ballistic limit velocity. This approach permits extension of the model to other plate materials through utilization of existing ballistic limit velocity data.     

超高强钢制电池包底部球击试验与仿真方法研究

目的 研究超高强钢电池包底部球击工况的仿真分析方法,通过实物试验验证仿真分析方法的准确性。方法 通过建立电池包底部球击的仿真模型,对底部球击工况进行数值模拟,分析球击过程中应力–应变分布和底板承受变形的能量情况。开展底部球击实物试验,并与模拟结果进行对比分析。结果 在球击过程中,随着球击头撞击底板位移的增大,挤压力逐渐增加,底板变形能量也逐渐增加;当挤压力达到10 k N时,仿真位移为19.127 mm,试验结果位移为20 mm。当位移达到20 mm时,仿真底板变形能量为73.716 J,试验结果为70.581J,仿真与试验结果较为一致。结论 超高强钢电池包在底部球击试验中未发生开裂,满足标准要求,数值模拟方法可以为电池包底部球击工况提供指导。     

TC4钛合金板厚度对其撞击失效特性影响研究

为了揭示TC4钛合金板抗撞击性能与失效模式随厚度的变化规律及机理,采用ABAQUS/Explicit有限元软件建立平头弹撞击不同厚度靶板的模型,对弹体撞击不同厚度靶板进行计算。通过对比数值仿真与撞击实验结果,验证仿真模型的有效性。研究结果表明,靶板的主要失效模式、耗能机制、弹道极限随其厚度增加会发生改变,靶板厚度存在对应的转折值。对于TC4钛合金薄板,当靶板厚度比较小时,靶板拉伸撕裂破坏占主导作用。但是,当靶板厚度比较大时,靶板主要失效模式是局部剪切破坏。当靶板厚度小于4 mm、大于8 mm时,弹道极限速度随靶板厚度的增加而增加;当厚度为4~8 mm时,弹道极速度变化不明显。     

The influence of projectile hardness on ballistic performance

The ballistic performance of 17 penetrator materials, representing 5 distinct steel alloys treated to various hardnesses along with one tungsten alloy, has been investigated. Residual lengths and velocities, as well as the ballistic limit velocities, were determined experimentally for each of the alloy types for length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio 10 projectiles against finite-thick armor steel targets. The target thickness normalized by the projectile diameter (T/D) was 3.55. For some of the projectile types, a harder target, with the same thickness, was also used. It was found that the ballistic limit velocity decreases significantly when the projectile hardness exceeds that of the target. Numerical simulations are used to investigate some of the observed trends. It is shown that the residual projectile length is sensitive to projectile hardness; the numerical simulations reproduce this experimental observation. However, the observed trend in residual velocity as a function of projectile hardness is not reproduced in the numerical simulations unless a material model is invoked. It is assumed that the plastic work per unit volume is approximately a constant, that is, there is a trade off between strength and ductility. Using this model, the numerical simulations reproduce the experimentally observed trend.     

Ballistic Limit of Single and Layered Aluminium Plates

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental and finite‐element investigation of ballistic limit of thin single and layered aluminium target plates. Blunt‐, ogive‐ and hemispherical‐nosed steel projectiles of 19 mm diameter were impacted on single and layered aluminium target plates of thicknesses 0.5, 0.71, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3 mm with the help of a pressure gun to obtain the ballistic limit in each case. The ballistic limit of target plate was found to be considerably affected by the projectile nose shape. Thin monolithic target plates as well as layered in‐contact plates offered lowest ballistic resistance against the impact of ogive‐nosed projectiles. Thicker monolithic plates on the other hand, offered lowest resistance against the impact of blunt‐nosed projectiles. The ballistic resistance of the layered targets decreased with increase in the number of layers for constant overall target thickness. Axi‐symmetric numerical simulations were performed with ABAQUS/Explicit to compare the numerical predictions with experiments. 3D numerical simulations were also performed for single plate of 1.0 mm thickness and two layered plate of 0.5 mm thickness impacted by blunt‐, ogive‐ and hemispherical‐nosed projectiles. Good agreement was found between the numerical simulations and experiments. 3D numerical simulations accurately predicted the failure mode of target plates.     

Relation between shear banding and penetration characteristics of conventional tungsten alloys

The dynamic compression failure and ballistic penetration characteristics of conventional tungsten alloys similar in strength were investigated. Dynamic compression failure properties were generated with a symmetric Taylor test technique and penetration characteristics were obtained with 44 mm kinetic penetrators against an 300 HB hardness steel target at 1400 m/s. From shear crack length data generated with Taylor specimens impacted at different impact speeds a critical speed characterizing shear band initiation was deduced. The critical equivalent plastic strain at shear band initiation sites, obtained from the numerical simulation of the Taylor test at the critical impact speed, was found to decrease with the increase of the penetration performance. These results reinforce the argument that shear band formation is a failure mechanism associated with the erosion process for conventional tungsten alloys.