造纸物化污泥好氧堆肥发酵供氧方式研究

实验证明造纸物化污泥堆肥物料采用传统的通风供氧不能完全进入好氧堆肥的过程,分析其原因是造纸物化污泥浓度低,自由空域少,通风氧不能进入其内部造成的。本文提出了一种新型的渗透供氧方式。实验证明:采用APMP制浆黑液作为渗透供氧的供给者,与通风供氧相结合,既能解决造纸物化污泥堆肥物料氧气供给问题,又能收到处置APMP制浆黑液的效果。     

造纸污泥封闭式自动化好氧堆肥技术

本文阐述了造纸污泥封闭式好氧发酵堆肥的主要工艺流程,造纸污泥堆肥化综合调控技术及其参数,以及造纸污泥堆肥腐熟度的评价方法和指标。采用封闭式堆肥进行尾气控制除臭,消除了对环境的二次污染;废水回收处理、余热循环利用,降低了能耗;自动化翻堆,节约人力,缩短了堆肥时间,提高效率的同时达产品标准化。     

造纸污泥做有机肥的尝试

本文介绍了河北某生物科技公司利用造纸污泥做有机肥的生产经验。生产实践显示,采用好氧堆肥(生物干化)技术,解决了造纸污泥难以低成本快速脱水问题;造纸污泥与秸秆粉和鸡粪合理搭配可以制成精制有机肥,田间试验结果表明,使用该有机肥可以减少化肥用量;造纸污泥堆肥的长期施用对土壤重金属的累积量和作物中累积行为还需要进一步研究。     

不同C/N比条件下污泥好氧堆肥研究

以广西百色某污水处理厂脱水污泥为原料,米糠为调理剂,研究剩余污泥与米糠混合后不同C/N比的间歇式通风好氧堆肥,探究这两种不同的C/N比对好氧堆肥的影响,进一步确定可行性比例,对温度、含水率、有机质、pH、全氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、种子发芽指数(GI)等各项参数进行研究。结果表明,利用米糠作为堆肥调理剂,初始含水率为60%左右可以很好的达到堆肥的卫生学标准,堆肥原料C/N比为28,堆肥升温较快,全氮损失较少,腐熟效果好。堆肥过程中全氮的损失集中在高温期,应用时注意在高温期采取保氮措施。堆肥C/N比越低氮损失越多,低C/N比不利于保氮。C/N影响着堆肥过程中各指标的大小,C/N为28比C/N为21的堆肥效果好,进而能为污泥堆肥的工厂化生产提供参考。     

造纸污泥交替式好氧厌氧堆肥实验

调节造纸污泥的水分和C/N比,经过为期50d的交替好氧厌氧堆肥处理,污泥有机质发生降解,TN、TP和TK含量都呈上升趋势,挥发性固体和有机碳分别达到60%和30%的稳定状态,堆肥的种子发芽率达到95%以上,大肠杆菌数低于国家卫生标准,实现造纸污泥无害化、稳定化和减量化的要求.腐熟的污泥堆肥成为高价值的农用产品.     

造纸污泥堆肥生产的实践及过程控制

造纸污泥是综合废水处理过程中产生的沉淀物质,这些物质如果处理不当,其所含有害成分会对大气、土壤、水体造成污染,严重破坏生态环境。造纸堆肥法利用是将造纸污泥在一定的湿度、温度、C/N和通风条件下通过微生物能的发酵作用,在人工控制下将污泥中的有机物与好氧菌充分发生氧化反应,使堆肥的原辅物料由不稳定状态转变为稳定的腐殖质物质,其堆肥产品不含病原菌,不含杂草种子,无臭无蝇,生产制作出具有经济简便、可资源化利用强等优点的土壤改良剂和有机肥料,实现污泥无公害化的利用目的。     

造纸污泥堆肥应用中重金属的累积行为

造纸污泥经过交替好氧厌氧堆肥处理后施加到菜园土中,进行了盆栽实验.实验结果表明,造纸污泥堆肥作为农业肥料,可以增加作物的生物量,提高土壤的养分含量,有效改良土壤的物理性状:土壤中的重金属在作物中的累积行为呈现不同的规律,但最后均趋于一个极值;重金属生物累积的峰值均低于国家蔬菜重金属含量标准.     

造纸污泥好氧堆肥处理技术研究

造纸污泥是一种生物固体废弃物，通过调节水分与C／N比，在强制通风与定期翻堆情况下，由于微生物作用，有机质发生降解，C／N比在不断下降，经过2个月左右高温堆肥，可以转化为高效的有机肥料。从堆肥过程的物理、化学及生物学指标变化可以看出，添加富含纤维素降解菌的发酵料，可以加速造纸污泥的腐熟，堆肥的阳离子交换量(CEC)与盆栽玉米增产率之间具有较好的相关性，CEC值可以作为造纸污泥堆肥腐熟程度的控制指标，CEC值≥80mmol／100g时，认为造纸污泥堆肥已经腐熟。     

污泥动态堆肥无害化处理新技术——开放式发酵堆肥技术

对制浆造纸厂废水治理产生的污泥,进行堆肥无害化处理,使废弃物成为改良土壤的优质堆肥,是资源化利用的重要方法,在发达国家早已利用并推广。本文介绍了在日本成熟的一种发酵技术——开放式动态好氧堆肥技术的生产原理、工艺参数、主要设备等情况。     

塔式高温好氧堆肥发酵处理工程实践

对某地区污水厂脱水污泥处理工程规模为处理脱水污泥20吨/日,污泥含水率为80%。采用塔式高温好氧堆肥发酵工艺,再经过二次腐熟,可使污泥达到减量化、稳定化和无害化。运行过程中对温度、有机质、含水率、无机营养成分和发芽指数等参数进行监测,结果表明,该工艺堆肥物料温度快速升至55℃以上,并且可以持续5天以上,有机质含量可达到40%,最终物料含水率小于40%,最终堆肥成为有机营养土。     

Using sludge fermentation liquid to improve wastewater short-cut nitrification-denitrification and denitrifying phosphorus removal via nitrite

Wastewater biological nutrient removal (BNR) by short-cut nitrification-denitrification (SCND) and denitrifying phosphorus removal via nitrite (DPRN) has several advantages, such as organic carbon source saving. In this paper, a new method, i.e., by using waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid as BNR carbon source, for simultaneously improving SCND and DPRN was reported. First, the performance of SCND and DPRN with sludge fermentation liquid as carbon source was compared with acetic acid, which was commonly used in literatures. Sludge fermentation liquid showed much higher nitrite accumulation during aerobic nitrification than acetic acid (81.8% versus 40.9%), and the former had significant anoxic denitrification and phosphorus uptake. The soluble phosphorus and total nitrogen removal efficiencies with sludge fermentation liquid were much higher than with acetic acid (97.6% against 73.4% and 98.7% versus 79.2%). Then the mechanisms for sludge fermentation liquid showed higher SCND and DPRN than acetic acid were investigated from the aspects of wastewater composition, microorganisms assayed by 16S rRNA gene clone library, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. More NO(2)(-)-N accumulated by the use of sludge fermentation liquid was attributed to be more humic acids in the influent, which inhibited nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) more serious than ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and more AOB but less NOB were observed in the BNR system. The reasons for sludge fermentation liquid BNR system exhibiting greater short-cut denitrifying phosphorus removal were that there were less glycogen accumulating organisms and more phosphorus accumulating organisms and anoxic denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria with higher nitrite reductase activity.     

木薯酒糟污泥制生物有机肥途径探讨

论述了木薯酒糟污泥的传统处理处置方法,分析了土地填埋,土地农用,污泥焚烧和污泥堆肥处理技术的局限性,提出以接入好氧微生物发酵菌剂,生产生物有机肥作为最终处理途径的可能,并对发酵过程进行了探讨,以期使污泥变废为宝,产生更大的效益。     

The effects of buffered propionic acid-based additives alone or combined with microbial inoculation on the fermentation of high moisture corn and whole-crop barley

Buffered propionic acid-based additives (BP) alone or in combination with a microbial inoculant containing lactic acid bacteria (MI) were mixed with ground, high moisture corn or whole-crop barley and ensiled in triplicate laboratory silos to investigate their effects on silage fermentation and aerobic stability. The inoculant and chemicals were applied separately for treatments that included both additives. The addition of MI alone had no effect on DM recovery, fermentation end products, or aerobic stability of high moisture corn. However, treatments with 0.1 and 0.2% BP (alone and the combination) had more than 10- and 100-fold fewer yeasts, respectively, and they also had greater concentrations of propionic acid than did untreated corn. Corn treated with only 0.1 (161 h) and 0.2% (218 h) BP tended to be more stable when exposed to air than untreated corn (122 h). Treatment with MI + 0.2% BP markedly improved the aerobic stability (>400 h) of high moisture corn. With whole-crop barley, the addition of MI alone, BP alone, and combinations of MI and BP prevented the production of butyric acid that was found in untreated silage (0.48%). All barley silages that had MI in their treatments underwent a more efficient fermentation than treatments without MI, as evident by a greater ratio of lactic:acetic acid and more DM recovery than in untreated silage. Increasing levels (0.1 to 0.2%) of BP added together with MI improved the aerobic stability of barley (190 and 429 h) over the addition of MI alone (50 h). These data show that buffered propionic acid-based products are compatible with microbial inoculants and, in some circumstances when used together, they can improve the fermentation and aerobic stability of silages.     

The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of high moisture corn in laboratory silos

The production of antifungal compounds during fermentation could be a useful mechanism to improve the aerobic stability of fermented feeds when they are exposed to air. High moisture corn (26% moisture) was ground and inoculated with various amounts of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788, a heterolactic acid bacteria, and ensiled in laboratory silos. Inoculation with L. buchneri 40788 from 1 x 10(5) to 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of corn had minor effects on the end products of fermentation during the early stage of ensiling (< or = 14 d). However, after 49, 92, and 166 d of ensiling, increasing the application rate of L. buchneri 40788 applied to corn increased the concentration of acetic acid when compared to untreated corn. Addition of L. buchneri 40788 had few other effects on the end products of fermentation. Dry matter recovery and aerobic stability were measured after 92 and 166 d of ensiling. At these times, dry matter recovery was not different among treatments, and numbers of yeasts and molds tended to decrease as the application rate of L. buchneri 40788 increased. Aerobic stability (number of h prior to a 2 degrees C rise in temperature after exposure to air) was markedly improved by the addition > or = 5 x 10(5) cfu/g of L. buchneri 40788. Combining L. buchneri 40788 with L. plantarum did not impart better aerobic stability than when L. buchneri 40788 was applied alone to corn. Addition of L. buchneri 40788 did not affect the rate of fermentation in high moisture corn, but after prolonged storage higher application rates increased production of acetic acid and markedly improved aerobic stability.     

Pilot-scale waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation, fermentation liquid separation, and application of fermentation liquid to improve biological nutrient removal

The use of sludge fermentative short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) as an additional carbon source of biological nutrient removal (BNR) has drawn much attention recently as it can reuse sludge organics, reduce waste activated sludge production, and improve BNR performance. Our previous laboratory study had shown that the SCFA production was significantly enhanced by controlling sludge fermentation at pH 10 with NaOH. This paper focused on a pilot-scale study of alkaline fermentation of waste activated sludge, separation of the fermentation liquid from the alkaline fermentation system, and application of the fermentation liquid to improve municipal biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. NaOH and Ca(OH)(2) were used respectively to adjust the alkaline fermentation pH, and their effects on sludge fermentation and fermentation liquid separation were compared. The results showed that the use of Ca(OH)(2) had almost the same effect on SCFA production improvement and sludge volatile suspended solids reduction as that of NaOH, but it exhibited better sludge dewatering, lower chemical costs, and higher fermentation liquid recovery efficiency. When the fermentation liquids, adjusted with Ca(OH)(2) and NaOH respectively, were added continuously to an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic municipal wastewater BNR system, both the nitrogen and phosphorus removals, compared with the control, were improved to the same levels. This was attributed to the increase of not only influent COD but also denitrifying phosphorus removal capability. It seems that the use of Ca(OH)(2) to control sludge fermentation at pH 10 for efficiently producing a carbon source for BNR is feasible.     

玉米皮渣类纤维兼氧发酵产丁二酸

采用酶酸两步法水解玉米皮渣,重点考察了稀HCl水解条件变化对还原糖产率的影响,并以产琥珀酸放线杆菌为发酵菌株,探讨以玉米皮渣类纤维为原料替代葡萄糖为碳源,兼氧发酵产丁二酸的可行性。结果表明:在HCl浓度1.5%,底物浓度为12%,100℃水解4h的水解工艺下,还原糖产率达83%。在还原糖质量浓度40g/L,玉米浆为氮源,35℃发酵60h的条件下,丁二酸产率达到19.41g/L。应用玉米加工副产物玉米皮渣和玉米浆为原料发酵产丁二酸具有良好的应用前景。     

Establishment of evaluation method to determine effects of veterinary medicinal products on manure fermentation using small-scale composting apparatus

To evaluate on a laboratory scale the influence of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) excreted into feces on manure fermentation, we have developed an evaluation method that uses a small-scale composting apparatus. Each run is of approximately 3 kg scale and the operation can be conducted in an environmentally controlled laboratory. The main evaluation parameter is calorific value generated by aerobic fermentation. At the sulfadimethoxine (SDM) trial, the volume of CO(2) generated during fermentation and the disappearance of the inhibitory effect of immature manure on sprouting (using Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)) were measured. In addition, DNA of 16S rRNA was extracted from a manure sample and subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results suggest that the presence of such VMPs in feces affected the microbial community in manure fermentation, and indicate that the evaluation method may be used as a standard method to evaluate the effect of VMPs on the microbial community. Using the method, we obtained data of the influence of five VMPs approved for stockbreeding in Japan on swine manure fermentation. Erythromycin (EM) affected the calorific value even at a relatively low concentration (105 mg/3 kg manure). In contrast, oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC), norfloxacin (NFLX), and tylosin tartrate (TS) had no effect at that concentration. These VMPs also affected the increase of fermentation temperature when added at high concentrations.     

The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation, aerobic stability, and ruminal degradability of low dry matter corn and sorghum silages

The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum, on the fermentation, aerobic stability, and ruminal degradability of low dry matter corn and sorghum silages was studied under laboratory conditions. The inoculants were applied at 1 x 10(6) cfu/g. Silages with no additives served as control. After treatment, the chopped forages were ensiled in 1.5-L anaerobic jars. Three jars per treatment were sampled on d 2, 4, 8, 15, and 90. After 90 d of storage, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 d, in which CO2 production, as well as chemical and microbiological parameters, was measured to determine the extent of aerobic deterioration. At the end of the ensiling period (d 90), the L. buchneri- and L. buchneri + L. plantarum-inoculated silages had significantly higher levels of acetic acid than the control and L. plantarum-inoculated silages. Therefore, yeast activity was impaired in the L. buchneri- and L. buchneri + L. plantarum-inoculated silages. As a result, L. buchneri, alone or in combination with L. plantarum, improved aerobic stability of the low dry matter corn and sorghum silages. The combination of L. buchneri and L. plantarum reduced ammonia N concentrations and fermentation losses in the silages compared with L. buchneri alone. However, L. buchneri, L. plantarum, and a combination of L. buchneri + L. plantarum did not effect in situ rumen dry matter, organic matters, or neutral detergent fiber degradability of the silages. The L. buchneri was very effective in protecting the low dry matter corn and sorghum silages exposed to air under laboratory conditions. The use of L. buchneri, alone or in combination with L. plantarum, as a silage inoculant can improve the aerobic stability of low dry matter corn and sorghum silages by inhibition of yeast activity.