Blade-pitch-angle-controllable windmill simulator

The paper describes the development of a windmill simulator, to simulate accurately the movement of a windmill. The simulator has a model to facilitate the change of windmill parameters, such as power coefficient or moment of inertia, by overcoming the weak points in the research and development environment for wind utilization, especially with the purpose of improving methods of windmill speed control or output. Also, to determine further the dynamic characteristics of the windmill speed with great accuracy, the simulator has a motor model to compensate for the slow response of the DC motor itself. The simulator is mainly composed of a separately-excited DC motor to directly simulate the movement of the windmill, a high-output DC amplifier to drive the motor, and a personal computer for control. It is ascertained that the developed simulator can fully reproduce the stationary and dynamic characteristics of a windmill from the experimental results. Also, a method is described to control the blade pitch angle to keep a windmill rotational speed constant. The results of the numerical simulation agree with the characteristics of the windmill simulator, and the effectiveness of the blade pitch angle control of the simulator is also affirmed.     

Output power control for large wind power penetration in small power system

Nowadays, wind turbine generator (WTG) is increasingly required to provide control capabilities regarding output power. Under this scenario, this paper proposes an output power control of WTG using pitch angle control connected to small power systems. By means of the proposed method, output power control of WTG considering states of power system becomes possible, and in general both conflicting objectives of output power leveling and acquisition power increase are achieved. In this control approach, WTG is given output power command by fuzzy reasoning which has three inputs for average wind speed, variance of wind speed, and absolute average of frequency deviation. Since fuzzy reasoning is used, it is possible to define output power command corresponding to wind speed condition and changing capacity of power system momentarily. Moreover, high performance pitch angle control based on output power command is achieved by generalized predictive control (GPC). The simulation results by using actual detailed model for wind power system show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Sensor-less maximum power point tracking control for wind generation system with squirrel cage induction generator

This paper proposes a technique that determines the optimal windmill operation speed and the optimal rotor flux. Moreover, the position and speed sensor-less wind generation system using the electromotive voltage observer to estimate rotor position and full-order observer to estimate rotor speed and the windmill output torque are proposed. The position and speed sensor-less maximum power point of wind power generation system is controlled by using the above estimated values, optimized windmill operation speed for maximum output power and optimized rotor flux for minimum generator losses. The effectiveness of the position and speed sensor-less maximum power point tracking control for wind power generation system with squirrel cage induction generator is verified by simulations. The simulation results confirm that the proposed method can estimate the operation speed efficiently.     

An integrated control method for a wind farm to reduce frequency deviations in a small power system

Output power of wind turbine generator (WTG) is not constant and fluctuates due to wind speed changes. To reduce the adverse effects of the power system introducing WTGs, there are several published reports on output power control of WTGs detailing various researches based on pitch angle control, variable speed wind turbines, energy storage systems, and so on. In this context, this paper presents an integrated control method for a WF to reduce frequency deviations in a small power system. In this study, the WF achieves the frequency control with two control schemes: load estimation and short-term ahead wind speed prediction. For load estimation in the small power system, a minimal-order observer is used as disturbance observer. The estimated load is utilized to determine the output power command of the WF. To regulate the output power command of the WF according to wind speed changing, short-term ahead wind speed is predicted by using least-squares method. The predicted wind speed adjusts the output power command of the WF as a multiplying factor with fuzzy reasoning. By means of the proposed method, the WF can operate according to the wind and load conditions. In the WF system, each output power of the WTGs is controlled by regulating each pitch angle. For increasing acquisition power of the WF, a dispatch control method also is proposed. In the pitch angle control system of each WTG, generalized predictive control (GPC) is applied to enhance the control performance. Effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the numerical simulations.     

改进灰狼优化算法在变桨距自抗扰控制中的应用

风电机组模型的不确定性以及风等外部干扰严重影响风电机组输出功率的稳定性,因此,将自抗扰控制器(ADRC)引入到风电机组变桨距控制中。当风速高于额定风速时,通过自抗扰变桨距控制策略有效调节桨距角,保证风电机组输出功率的稳定性。但ADRC参数繁多,仅靠专家经验进行整定比较困难。因此,文章提出将改进灰狼优化算法应用到ADRC中,完成参数的自寻优整定过程。仿真结果证明,经改进灰狼优化算法进行参数整定后的变桨距自抗扰控制系统能够对桨距角进行精确调整,并将输出功率快速稳定到额定值附近,具有较快的响应速度以及较好的抗扰动能力。     

变速风力机变桨距系统建模与仿真

变速风力发电机组一般采用变桨距控制来稳定输出功率,但是桨距角的改变会引起攻角的改变,从而引起叶片气动性能的改变,所以在变桨距控制过程中,必须保证合适的攻角,以确保风力机具有良好的气动性能。采用统一变桨距控制方法,在matlab/simulink环境下,通过预测攻角仿真研究了变速风力发电机组的变桨距控制过程,结果表明,该控制模型能正确模拟各种风速下风力发电机组变桨距的动态过程,为进一步研究变速风力发电机的功率控制奠定了基础。     

新型变桨风力机结构设计与性能分析

为满足分布式电网发展要求,提高小型风力机风能利用率,防止大风条件损坏风力发电设备,文章设计了一种应用于小型风力机的新型主动统一变桨调节装置。文章介绍了装置的基本构造与工作原理,利用熔融沉积3D打印技术制作小比例模型验证了变桨装置的可行性,并通过数值模拟方法对功率输出性能及风轮载荷进行了模拟分析。模拟结果表明:通过适当调节桨距角大小,可有效控制风力机输出功率保持在额定功率值附近,且高转速条件下增大桨距角对功率输出性能有较强抑制作用;叶片应力集中区域主要在叶根及叶片中部靠近前缘部位,在功率调控过程中,随着桨距角与风速的增加,应力集中区域由叶中向叶根转移,最大应力值总体呈下降趋势。     

Power optimization of wind turbines with data mining and evolutionary computation

A data-driven approach for maximization of the power produced by wind turbines is presented. The power optimization objective is accomplished by computing optimal control settings of wind turbines using data mining and evolutionary strategy algorithms. Data mining algorithms identify a functional mapping between the power output and controllable and non-controllable variables of a wind turbine. An evolutionary strategy algorithm is applied to determine control settings maximizing the power output of a turbine based on the identified model. Computational studies have demonstrated meaningful opportunities to improve the turbine power output by optimizing blade pitch and yaw angle. It is shown that the pitch angle is an important variable in maximizing energy captured from the wind. Power output can be increased by optimization of the pitch angle. The concepts proposed in this paper are illustrated with industrial wind farm data.     

Enhancement of micro-grid performance during islanding mode using storage batteries and new fuzzy logic pitch angle controller

Power system deregulation, shortage of transmission capacities and needing to reduce green house gas have led to increase interesting in distributed generations (DGs) especially renewable sources. This study developed a complete model able to analysis and simulates in details the transient dynamic performance of the Micro-Grid (MG) during and subsequent islanding process. Wind speed fluctuations cause high fluctuations in output power of wind turbine which lead to fluctuations of frequency and voltages of the MG during the islanding mode. In this paper a new fuzzy logic pitch angle controller is proposed to smooth the output power of wind turbine to reduce MG frequency and voltage fluctuations during the islanding mode. The proposed fuzzy logic pitch controller is compared with the conventional PI pitch angle controller which usually used for wind turbine power control. Results proved the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy controller in improvement of the MG performance. Also, this paper proposed using storage batteries technique to reduce the frequency deviation and fluctuations originated from wind power solar power fluctuations. Results indicate that the storage batteries technique is superior than fuzzy logic pitch controller in reducing frequency deviation, but with more expensive than the fuzzy controller. All models and controllers are built using Matlab® Simulink® environment.     

基于改进最小方差法的风电机组变桨距控制

针对额定风速以上风电机组变桨距控制问题,提出了一种基于改进最小方差法的风电机组变桨距控制策略。该方法将延长预测步长思想,时变砺设计和柔化控制作用相结合,能够在突变过程初期,限制控制幅度,在控制后期能够加快收敛速度。同时与递推最小二乘辨识方法结合,用于额定风速以上风电机组变桨距控制系统。通过算例仿真表明,与传统的最小方差控制和PI控制方法相比,该方法能够使得系统响应迅速,在额定风速以上快速改变桨距角,保证了风电机组恒功率输出运行。     

Output power dispatch control for a wind farm in a small power system

Nowadays, a wind turbine generator (WTG) is required to provide control capabilities as the output power of WTG fluctuates. Under this scenario, this paper proposes an output power control method of a wind farm (WF) connected to a small power system using pitch angle control. In this control approach, the WF output power control is achieved by two control levels: central and local. In the central control, the WF output power command is determined by considering the frequency deviations and wind speeds using a fuzzy function. Then, the local output power commands for each of the WTGs are based on the proposed dispatch control. In the proposed dispatch control, the output commands of each WTG are determined by considering wind conditions for each of the WTGs. The simulation results by using an actual detailed model for the wind power system show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风力机的新型变桨距自抗扰控制系统

采用高速浮点 TMS320F28335(DSP)芯片作为硬件核心控制器,运用自抗扰控制系统算法对风力机桨距角进行精确调整,实现了一种由新型软硬件相结合的风力机变桨距控制系统.结果表明:当风速高于额定风速或者瞬时输出功率大于额定功率时,通过对桨叶桨距角的精确调整,可使输出功率动态维持在额定功率附近.变桨距自抗扰控制系统算法实现简单,具有良好的动态响应特性,能有效保障风力机的安全运行.     

Optimal performance of double fed induction generator in windmills

Double fed induction generator with two pair of poles (DFTPPIG) can be combined with the windmill such that it works only at one power characteristic with the optimum value of tip speed ratio (TSR). With such construction one does not have to care on variable speed gearbox and variable pitch blade. Adjusting the magnitude of the rotor's voltage, angle between the rotor's ems and voltage and number of poles of the DFTPPIG in relation to the speed of the wind (shaft) it is possible to obtain the optimum value of TSR for wide range of speed for given windmill at the fixed position of the propellers.     

基于神经元PID的风力发电机组独立变桨控制

针对传统统一变桨距控制策略存在的不足,基于风力机空气动力学原理,提出了基于神经元PID的独立变桨距控制策略,将测量的桨叶根部My方向载荷通过神经元PID控制算出d、q轴的桨距角,经反Park变换得到3个桨叶的附加桨距角,将其与统一变桨距角相加作为独立桨距角的设定值。并借助Fast软件平台以2MW变速变桨风力发电机组为例,仿真比较了独立变桨距控制策略与统一变桨距控制策略。结果表明,独立变桨距控制策略能有效保证在额定转速下机组输出功率稳定,且能有效降低风力发电机组各零部件的疲劳载荷。     

大型风力发电机组独立桨叶控制系统

设计出独立桨叶控制系统的机构方案，依据空气动力学分析，提出模糊控制结合以桨叶空间方位角作为主体因素的加权系数的控制策略，建立了系统模型，仿真结果表明，在风速高于额定风速时，作用在桨叶上的负载波动大为减小，输出功率维持在额定功率附近。     

风电机组的功率模糊控制系统研究

变桨距风电机组是一个高阶、非线性、强耦合、多变量时变的系统,其控制系统是综合性控制系统。在额定风速以上采用功率反馈的模糊控制策略,通过对桨距角的控制,改变气流对叶片的攻角,使风力机吸收的风能在一个相对的稳定值,从而实现发电机恒功率输出。仿真结果表明,模糊控制方法更具优越性,在风力发电系统中能取得较好的控制效果,系统具有较强的抗扰性和快速性。     

Multivariable control strategy for variable speed, variable pitch wind turbines

Reliable and powerful control strategies are needed for wind energy conversion systems to achieve maximum performance. A new control strategy for a variable speed, variable pitch wind turbine is proposed in this paper for the above-rated power operating condition. This multivariable control strategy is realized by combining a nonlinear dynamic state feedback torque control strategy with a linear control strategy for blade pitch angle. A comparison with existing strategies, PID and LQG controllers, is performed. The proposed approach results in better power regulation. The new control strategy has been validated using an aeroelastic wind turbine simulator developed by NREL for a high turbulence wind condition.     

参与电网调频的风电机组线性变参数变桨控制策略

风电机组参与调频时其输出功率的调整将改变风电机组变桨动作的风速范围,同时由于桨距角调节气动功率的灵敏度随风况变化,使得传统PI变桨控制难以适用于风电机组参与调频时的复杂工况,出现风电机组转速振荡问题。提出一种基于线性变参数(Linear Parameter Varying, LPV)系统的风电机组变桨控制方法,对风电机组模型进行线性化,根据风速和桨距角的变化范围进行凸分解,得到其具有四面体结构的LPV模型,通过求解不同平衡点处的线性矩阵不等式(Linear Matrix Inequality, LMI)设计出相应的变桨控制器。仿真结果表明:与传统PI变桨控制相比,LPV变桨控制能有效减小转速的波动,降低低速轴载荷以及减小桨距角的波动程度,验证了该控制策略的有效性和先进性。     

风切变和塔影效应对风力机变桨距控制的影响分析

随着单台风力机功率的不断增大,变桨距控制对于风力机起动、制动性能的改善和对输出功率的稳定作用不断显现。单台风力机功率的不断增大也导致了塔架的增高和风轮直径的增大,风切变和塔影效应对风轮旋转平面风速分布产生的差异也不断变大。为了验证风速差异对变桨距控制的影响,建立了考虑风切变、塔影效应的风速模型以及基于叶素理论的风力机模型。采用1.5 MW风力机的数据进行研究,仿真验证表明,在集中变桨时,即使参考风速稳定,风速分布的差异也会使实际的风轮输出转矩产生脉动,桨距角产生周期性脉动,从而导致输出功率产生脉动,影响电能质量,同时叶片上产生不平衡的弯矩,增加了叶片的疲劳载荷,缩短了叶片的寿命。大型风力机应采用独立变桨技术来解决这些问题。     

风力机叶片覆冰状态监测基准值与分级诊断标准研究

以2 MW风力机为研究对象,基于实际风力机状态(SCADA)系统大数据,选取叶片正常状态和覆冰状态下的风速、功率、桨距角和偏航角数据,采用核密度-均值数据处理方法,得到叶片覆冰状态监测基准值及其定量表达式。同时,根据叶片不同覆冰时期桨距角和功率值随风速的变化情况,提出叶片覆冰状态分级诊断标准。应用结果表明,根据桨距角随风速的变化情况可判断在叶片覆冰过程中机组最大功率追踪情况以及气动性能损失情况,根据风速-功率值分布情况可较准确地判别叶片的覆冰状态。