氢能的研究进展

随着可再生能源和生物制氢在氢源的开发、制氢源的开发和制氢技术中的不断拓展,高密度固体储氢材料的进一步研发,以及受燃料电池研究的驱动,氢能系统已经成为洁净能源研究的热点。综述了氢能系统中氢源的开发和制氢、储氢、输氢以及氢能利用5个技术领域的最新研究进展,旨在明确这些技术领域研究中的关键问题及主要研究方向。     

Nanopore-Supported Metal Nanocatalysts for Efficient Hydrogen Generation from Liquid-Phase Chemical Hydrogen Storage Materials

Hydrogen has emerged as an environmentally attractive fuel and a promising energy carrier for future applications to meet the ever-increasing energy challenges. The safe and efficient storage and release of hydrogen remain a bottleneck for realizing the upcoming hydrogen economy. Hydrogen storage based on liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage materials is one of the most promising hydrogen storage techniques, which offers considerable potential for large-scale practical applications for its excellent safety, great convenience, and high efficiency. Recently, nanopore-supported metal nanocatalysts have stood out remarkably in boosting the field of liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage. Herein, the latest research progress in catalytic hydrogen production is summarized, from liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage materials, such as formic acid, ammonia borane, hydrous hydrazine, and sodium borohydride, by using metal nanocatalysts confined within diverse nanoporous materials, such as metal–organic frameworks, porous carbons, zeolites, mesoporous silica, and porous organic polymers. The state-of-the-art synthetic strategies and advanced characterizations for these nanocatalysts, as well as their catalytic performances in hydrogen generation, are presented. The limitation of each hydrogen storage system and future challenges and opportunities on this subject are also discussed. References in related fields are provided, and more developments and applications to achieve hydrogen energy will be inspired.     

利用太阳能制氢的方法及发展现状

发展清洁可再生能源是人类面临的巨大技术挑战,氢气作为一种理想的清洁能源,其制取及储运技术近年来都取得了很大进展。综述了利用太阳能分解水制氢的基本途径及发展现状,主要包括电解水制氢及人工模拟光合作用制氢、半导体光解水及其催化剂以及最有希望实现的高温热化学循环分解水制氢技术。     

储氢材料的研究进展

氢能源以其可再生性和良好的环保效应成为未来最具发展潜力的能源载体,氢能被公认为人类未来的理想能源,而氢的储存是发展氢能技术的难点之一.本文综述了目前主要的储氢材料,如合金储氢、配位氢化物储氢、碳质材料储氢、有机液体氢化物储氢,并对未来的储氢材料发展进行了展望.     

高容量储氢材料的研究进展

氢能是一种理想的二次能源.氢能开发和利用需要解决氢的制取、储存和利用3个问题,而氢的规模储运是现阶段氢能应用的瓶颈.氢的储存方法有高压气态储存、低温液态储存和固态储存等3种.固态储氢材料储氢是通过化学反应或物理吸附将氢气储存于固态材料中,其能量密度高且安全性好,被认为是最有发展前景的一种氖气储存方式.由轻元素构成的轻质高容量储氢材料,如硼氢化物、铝氢化物、氨摹氢化物等,理论储氢容量均达到5%(质量分数)以上,这为固态储氢材料与技术的突破带来了希望.新型储氢材料未来研究的重点将集中于高储氢容量、近室温操作、可控吸/放氢、长寿命的轻金属基氢化物材料与体系.     

核壳结构纳米镁基复合储氢材料研究进展

氢能的有效开发和应用主要需解决氢的安全、高效储运瓶颈问题。MgH_2具有高储氢容量、资源丰富以及成本低廉等优点,被认为是最具发展前途的一类储氢材料。但是,MgH_2较高吸放氢温度和较慢吸放氢速率限制了其实际应用。核壳结构纳米镁基储氢材料有助于材料储氢性能的改善,目前已取得了大量成果。本文针对国内外纳米镁基核壳结构储氢体系研究现状,归纳了该类储氢材料的制备方法,重点阐述和总结了其吸放氢热力学动力学性能、微观结构、物相变化,并对该领域的研究成果和方向进行了总结和展望,指出调控核壳结构镁基材料的纳米尺寸、添加高效纳米催化剂及其综合协同作用是镁基储氢材料领域未来的研究趋势和重要研究方向。     

Pathways to hydrogen as an energy carrier

When hydrogen is used as an alternative energy carrier, it is very important to understand the pathway from the primary energy source to the final use of the carrier. This involves, for example, the understanding of greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of hydrogen and throughout the lifecycle of a given utilization pathway as well as various energy or exergy efficiencies and aspects involved. This paper which is based on a talk given at the Royal Society in London assesses and reviews the various production pathways for hydrogen with emphasis on emissions, energy use and energy efficiency. The paper also views some aspects of the breaking of the water molecule and examines some new emerging physical evidence which could pave the way to a new and more feasible pathway. A special attention will be given to the use of the renewable energy pathway. As an example of a hydrogen society that could be based on renewable primary energy, the paper describes the hydrogen society experiments in Iceland as well as unconventional hydrogen obtained from geothermal gases. In the light of our experience, attempts will be made to shed light upon drivers as well as obstacles in the development of a hydrogen society.     

储氢材料研究进展

氢能作为一种新型的能量密度高的绿色能源,正引起世界各国的重视。储存技术是氢能利用的关键。储氢材料是当今研究的重点课题之一,也是氢的储存和输送过程中的重要载体。本文综述了目前已采用或正在研究的储氢材料,如金属(合金)储氢、碳基储氢、有机液体储氢、络合物储氢、硼烷氨储氢等材料,比较了各种储氢材料的优缺点,并指出其发展趋势。     

水合物储氢技术的研究进展

氢能开发与利用的关键在于氢气的储存.目前现存的储氢技术和材料没有一种能满足工业实用的要求,作为一种新型的储氢材料,氢气水合物以其特有的优点被认为是一种比较理想的储氢材料.介绍了氢气水合物的特性,综述了水合物储氢技术的发现、发展、研究现状及优缺点.水合物储氢技术的关键在于使其生成条件更容易实现,最终达到提高水合物中储氢量的目的.由于在低温下生成氢气水合物的压力不需太高,因此低温制冷技术可以为氢气水合物的研制提供技术支持.     

碳中和背景下氢能利用关键技术及发展现状

氢能作为一种二次能源,因其绿色、灵活、来源广泛等特点,将在可再生能源占主导的未来能源体系中发挥重要作用。决定氢能产业大规模发展的核心是实现低廉、高效的原料来源和储运。为此,从可再生能源电解水制氢和储氢运输2个方面,对实现氢能清洁和高效利用的关键技术进行了综述。总结了欧洲和日本作为氢能利用的领先国家在氢能发展方面的一些思路与进展,也对氢能的成本因素进行了讨论。分析了我国氢能发展的趋势,对于未来我国氢能产业发展的前景,提出以下建议:建立健全法规与政策体系;重视氢源供应及储运的发展;积极探索发展各类氢能利用方式。     

人防地下工程PEMFC电站储氢方案的选择

PEMFC发动机除了应用于氢能汽车外,还可以应用于地下PEMFC电站。选择适当的储氢方案,对于电站稳定运行具有重大意义。分析了PEMFC电站储氢的特点,计算了储氢量,综合比较各种储氢方案的优劣,认为金属氢化物用于人防工程PEMFC电站储氢最适合。     

焦炉气规模氢分离流程组织研究

氢能规模应用需要储运数以亿立方米计的氢源,液氢储存在各种储氢方式中规模实用化的优势明显.提出采用新的低温分离法将焦炉气中的氢分离并同时液化,及分区液化和分段加压模型.通过分离模型的能耗计算,表明分段加压能大大减少流程能耗,计算结果对新流程的组织有指导作用.     

机械合金化制备镁系储氢材料的研究进展

机械合金化法是新近发展起来的制备镁系储氢材料的较佳工艺.综述了国内外采用该法制备镁系储氢材料的研究进展情况,报道了机械合金化法制备MgH4、Mg2Ni、多元镁基储氢合金、非晶态镁系储氢合金及纳米复合镁系储氢材料的最新研究成果,总结认为,机械合金化可以显著改善镁系储氢材料的动力学性能和电化学性能,提高储氢量.     

A combinatorial characterization scheme for high-throughput investigations of hydrogen storage materials

Abstract

In order to increase measurement throughput, a characterization scheme has been developed that accurately measures the hydrogen storage properties of materials in quantities ranging from 10 ng to 1 g. Initial identification of promising materials is realized by rapidly screening thin-film composition spread and thickness wedge samples using normalized IR emissivity imaging. The hydrogen storage properties of promising samples are confirmed through measurements on single-composition films with high-sensitivity (resolution <0.3 μg) Sievert’s-type apparatus. For selected samples, larger quantities of up to ～100 mg may be prepared and their (de)hydrogenation and micro-structural properties probed via parallel in situ Raman spectroscopy. Final confirmation of the hydrogen storage properties is obtained on ～1 g powder samples using a combined Raman spectroscopy/Sievert’s apparatus.     

新型能源载体-储氢材料研究进展

综述了近年来储氢材料的研究进展,介绍了储氢材料应用并指出储氢材料发展趋势.     

Advanced Materials for Energy Storage

Popularization of portable electronics and electric vehicles worldwide stimulates the development of energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, toward higher power density and energy density, which significantly depends upon the advancement of new materials used in these devices. Moreover, energy storage materials play a key role in efficient, clean, and versatile use of energy, and are crucial for the exploitation of renewable energy. Therefore, energy storage materials cover a wide range of materials and have been receiving intensive attention from research and development to industrialization. In this Review, firstly a general introduction is given to several typical energy storage systems, including thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic, hydrogen, and electrochemical energy storage. Then the current status of high‐performance hydrogen storage materials for on‐board applications and electrochemical energy storage materials for lithium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors is introduced in detail. The strategies for developing these advanced energy storage materials, including nanostructuring, nano‐/microcombination, hybridization, pore‐structure control, configuration design, surface modification, and composition optimization, are discussed. Finally, the future trends and prospects in the development of advanced energy storage materials are highlighted.     

Sell or store? An ADP approach to marketing renewable energy

In deregulated markets, electricity is usually traded in advance, and the advance commitments have a time lag of several periods. For example, in the German intraday market, the seller commits to providing electricity 45 min before the 15-min interval in which delivery has to be made. We consider the problem of a producer that generates energy from stochastic, renewable sources, such as solar or wind and uses a storage device with conversion losses. We model the problem as a Markov Decision Process and consider lagged commitments for the first time in the literature. The problem is solved using an innovative approximate dynamic programming approach. Its key elements are the analytical derivation of the optimal action based on the value function approximation and a new combination of approximate policy iteration with classical backward induction. The new approach is quite general with regard to the stochastic processes describing the energy production and price evolution. We demonstrate the application of our approach by considering a wind farm/storage combination. A numerical study using real-world data shows the applicability and performance of the new approach and investigates how the storage device’s parameters influence profit.     

Advances in the application of nanotechnology in enabling a ‘hydrogen economy’

Hydrogen is gaining a great deal of attention as an energy carrier as well as an alternative fuel. However, in order to fully implement the so called ‘hydrogen economy’ significant technical challenges need to be overcome in the fields of production and storage of hydrogen and its point of use especially in fuel cells for the automotive industry. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss recent advances in the use of nanomaterials for solar hydrogen production and on-board solid state storage of hydrogen. The role of nanotechnology in enhancing the efficiency of fuel cells and reducing their cost is also discussed.     

纳米结构及离子束改性对储氢材料性能的影响

氢能作为一种高能量密度、清洁的绿色新能源,已受到人们的极大重视.传统的储氢材料存在吸放氢动力学差和释氢温度高的缺点,不利于使用.综述了纳米结构和离子束技术对储氢合金性能的影响,指出纳米化以及离子束改性是改善储氢合金动力学特性和释氢温度的有效途径.