基于量化调制与像素块添加的二值工程图抗打印扫描水印算法

针对已有二值工程图抗打印扫描方法需要图像校正且不可见性较差的不足,本文提出了一种基于量化调制与像素块添加的二值工程图抗打印扫描水印算法。本方法首先识别出图中线段边缘部分作为水印嵌入区域,然后将水印序列进行分组,对每组水印序列根据其组号在水印嵌入区域添加参考点,再计算出量化区间,通过在量化区间相应位置添加像素块的方式嵌入水印。水印提取则可通过识别水印点直接进行,无需对图形进行校正还原。实验结果表明本算法能够抵抗打印扫描以及复印攻击,且水印容量大,不可感知性好,具有较好的应用前景。     

基于高阶位平面冗余的可逆信息隐藏方法

针对现有加密图像可逆信息隐藏(RDHEI)方法存在的隐藏容量低、解密标记图像质量差的问题,提出了一种新的基于高阶位平面冗余的RDHEI方法.首先,通过Logistic映射对原始图像进行分块加密,并保留块内像素高阶位平面的冗余;其次,依据块内高阶位和低阶位个数是否相同的规则将加密后的图像块分为可嵌入块和不可嵌入块,并在可...     

基于多尺度分解与预测误差扩展的可逆图像水印算法

针对现有可逆图像水印算法中嵌入量与图像视觉质量之间的矛盾,提出了一种基于多尺度分解与预测误差扩展的可逆图像水印算法。首先,对原始图像进行多尺度分解,将其分解为同质块和非同质块;其次,通过对同质块进行预测误差扩展来嵌入水印信息;最后,通过计算非同质块信息熵,根据嵌入水印信息量选择合适的非同质块,通过对选取的非同质块进行整数小波变换,在中高频中嵌入剩余水印信息。实验结果表明,该算法易于实现且完全可逆,能有效提高水印嵌入量,具有较高的视觉质量。     

Weighted matrix based reversible watermarking scheme using color image

High capacity, secure, reversible watermarking scheme using a color image for image authentication and tampered detection is still an important area of research. In this investigation, we have proposed a weighted matrix based reversible watermarking scheme using the color image which provides image authentication and tampered detection. Here, we decomposed the original image into R, G, B color components and partitioned into (3 × 3) pixel blocks then we performed the sum of entry-wise-multiplication operations using a modified weighted matrix to embed the watermark. The watermark embedding locations are stored within an index file to enhance security, increase data hiding capacity, gain good visual quality, achieve reversibility and confirm authenticity. The proposed watermarking scheme not only perform authentication and tampered detection but also improved both data embedding capacity up to 8.00 (bpp) as well as increase visual quality measured by PSNR, 50.03 (dB). Finally, the scheme is compared with other existing state-of-the-art methods and gives a reasonably better performance in terms of visual quality and hiding capacity. Our scheme has been evaluated through various steganographic analysis and observed that the scheme is secure and robust against various attacks.     

An adaptive color image steganography method using adjacent pixel value differencing and LSB substitution technique

Abstract

Steganography is a data-concealing technique that provides a covert communication. This paper proposes a spatial domain color steganography method that uses a neighboring pixel-pair differencing concept to enhance the embedding capacity. The proposed method considers the distortion tolerance capacity of each color plane and the difference value between two neighboring pixels while deciding the number of bits that can be concealed in that pixel-pair. Each plane is divided into some disjoint blocks of size 3?×?3 pixels. The method forms eight pairs of pixels in one block using the eight-neighboring pixel concept, which enables the method to utilize all the edge pixels in all probable directions. It also uses the XOR encoding technique before the embedding process. This step provides an additional layer of security to the secret information. The simulation results show that the proposed method is able to achieve a high embedding capacity with good visual quality as per the calculation of imperceptibility metrics. The robustness of the method is tested by RS steganalysis and pixel difference histogram analysis. Further, a comparison between the proposed method and the existing methods on the basis of embedding capacity and stego image quality is shown.     

Adaptive reversible data hiding based on a local smoothness estimator

A novel reversible watermarking (RW) scheme based on a local smoothness estimator and multi-step embedding strategy is proposed in this paper. All the pixels are divided into four equal parts. Correspondingly, the watermark embedding process is separated into four independent steps. Thus each step is performed to embed watermark information into its corresponding image part. In each step, for each to-be-embedded pixel, a local smoothness estimator defined as the variance of its total neighbors is presented to estimate its local smoothness. An obvious advantage of introducing this estimator is that it can determine those pixels in smooth regions accurately. In fact, accurate determination means the decrease in embedding distortion. At the low embedding rate (ER), modifications induced by difference expansion (DE) are done only to those pixels located in smooth regions. Hence, the proposed method can obtain high embedding capacity while maintaining good visual quality. With ER gradually increased, adaptive embedding is employed. In adaptive embedding, for one to-be-embedded pixel, 1 or 2 bits are adaptively embedded according to the strength of relationship among all the pixels surrounding it. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective.     

用于图像认证的变容量恢复水印算法

兼顾水印嵌入容量和安全性,提出一种水印容量可变的数字图像可恢复水印算法.该算法提取2×2图像块特征生成变容量恢复水印——平滑块6比特,纹理块12比特.图像块的恢复水印基于密钥随机嵌入在其它图像块的低有效位,通过比较图像块特征与相应恢复水印重构的块特征并结合邻域特征判定图像块的真实性,变容量恢复水印用尽可能少的比特数保存足够的图像块信息,仅被嵌入一次且同时用于篡改检测与恢复,不仅有效降低了水印嵌入容量,而且提高了算法抵抗恒均值攻击的能力.实验仿真结果表明,该算法得到的含水印图像和恢复图像的质量好,且能有效抵抗拼贴攻击、恒均值攻击等已知伪造攻击.     

High-capacity PVO-based reversible data hiding scheme using changeable step size

Reversible data hiding (RDH) algorithm based on pixel-value-ordering (PVO) has received widespread attention because of its excellent performance. PVO algorithm divides the host image into non-overlapped equal-sized blocks, then achieves data embedding by modifying the maximum and minimum values of each block. Every pixel block can be a host of watermark data, so the smaller number of pixel blocks limit the embedding capacity (EC). In our work, a novel PVO with changeable step size (CPVO) is presented which can choose suitable step size based on the number of watermark data bits, even that allow one block to overlap other ones. Take the block size 2 × 2 as an example, we can set step size 2 × 1 or another one in CPVO. Consequently, with a block selection skill based on the noise level (NL) of a pixel block, CPVO can embed more hidden data bits into a host image. Compared to the original PVO-based schemes, experimental results show that our proposed scheme increases the EC by 2 ～ 3 times, and the marked image quality keeps much higher, even outperforms some other state-of-the-art works in some test images.

     

Block-based fuzzy-image authentication method

Abstract

Fragile watermarking methods have been widely used for image authentication. A novel image-authentication method based on fuzzy coding is presented in this work. This method is a block-based method and it consists of watermark generation, watermark embedding, watermark extraction, tamper detection, and image recovery phases. First, the cover image is divided into nonoverlapping blocks. In the watermark-generation step, fuzzy sets and fuzzy coding are used. To generate fuzzy sets, three threshold points are selected from a histogram of the cover image and fuzzy sets are created by using these threshold points. Memberships of pixels are calculated to generate features. Fuzzy coding is used to generate the watermark. The watermark-embedding function uses ±1 data hiding function for each block. Therefore, high visual quality is achieved. The generated watermark is compared with the extracted watermark in the tamper-detection phase. Finally, a new image-recovery algorithm is proposed for recovering tampered areas. To evaluate the proposed method, visual quality, tamper detection ability, image recovery capability, and computational complexity were used. The experimental results clearly indicated that the proposed method was a success.     

一种新的基于域相关算法的图像易损水印技术

给出了一种在空域中嵌入有意义易损水印的算法，嵌入有意义的水印与无意义的伪随机序列相比，具有明显的优势。该文的方法，首先根据密钥随机选取一组图像像素以及它们的邻域，由邻域中像素的相关性选取出一个参考水印点，通过参考点和水印值来共同调整选出的图像像素值，从而完成水印信息的隐藏。检测时不需要原始图像。实验结果表明算法对有损压缩、数据替换等各种篡改操作具有很强的敏感性，通过归一化相关系数等方法可对数据的完整性做出结论。     

基于自适应MSB与差值预测的大容量密文域可逆信息隐藏算法

为提高密文域可逆信息隐藏（reversible data hiding in encrypted images,RDH-EI）的嵌入容量,提出了一种基于自适应MSB（most significant bit）与差值预测的RDH-EI方案。首先将图像进行分块,然后进行块级加密和置乱以抵抗对于加密图像的分析。在嵌入数据阶段,对于自适应MSB预测的方法进行改进,将没有嵌入数据的块,利用部分块内像素之间差值很小的特点采用自适应差值预测的方法嵌入数据,以块中左上角像素为目标像素,用于预测其他像素从而腾出更多的嵌入空间。实验结果表明,所提方法具有可逆性和可分离性,并且在自适应MSB预测方法的基础上进一步提高了嵌入容量,对于512×512大小的灰度图像,平均嵌入容量提高了大约7 445 bit。     

基于幅度调制和视觉掩蔽特性的彩色图像水印

提出了一种基于幅度调制的盲检测彩色图像水印算法,为了改善可见性,根据人眼视觉特性（HVS）自适应选择其嵌入位置。水印嵌入是通过修改图像中像素蓝色通道信息来实现的,而水印提取是基于对嵌入水印位置的邻域像素值的线性组合的预测而完成的。在嵌入过程中通过高斯模板来均衡调整嵌入水印后对宿主图像影响的强度。仿真实验证明该文算法不仅具有非常好的透明性,而且对诸如叠加噪声、JPEG压缩、平滑滤波、几何变换、图像增强等攻击具有很好的鲁棒性。     

Improving digital image watermarking by means of optimal channel selection

Supporting safe and resilient authentication and integrity of digital images is of critical importance in a time of enormous creation and sharing of these contents. This paper presents an improved digital image watermarking model based on a coefficient quantization technique that intelligently encodes the owner’s information for each color channel to improve imperceptibility and robustness of the hidden information. Concretely, a novel color channel selection mechanism automatically selects the optimal HL4 and LH4 wavelet coefficient blocks for embedding binary bits by adjusting block differences, calculated between LH and HL coefficients of the host image. The channel selection aims to minimize the visual difference between the original image and the embedded image. On the other hand, the strength of the watermark is controlled by a factor to achieve an acceptable tradeoff between robustness and imperceptibility. The arrangement of the watermark pixels before shuffling and the channel into which each pixel is embedded is ciphered in an associated key. This key is utterly required to recover the original watermark, which is extracted through an adaptive clustering thresholding mechanism based on the Otsu’s algorithm. Benchmark results prove the model to support imperceptible watermarking as well as high robustness against common attacks in image processing, including geometric, non-geometric transformations, and lossy JPEG compression. The proposed method enhances more than 4 dB in the watermarked image quality and significantly reduces Bit Error Rate in the comparison of state-of-the-art approaches.     

Adaptive reversible watermarking with improved embedding capacity

Embedding capacity is one of the most important issues of the reversible watermarking. However, the theoretical maximum embedding capacity of most reversible watermarking algorithms is only 1.0 bits per pixel (bpp). To achieve a higher capacity, we have to modify the least significant bit (LSB) multiple times which definitely lowers the quality of the embedded image. To this end, this paper proposes a novel reversible watermarking algorithm by employing histogram shifting and adaptive embedding. Specifically, the amount of the embedded watermark is adaptively determined in terms of the context of each pixel. For pixels with small prediction error, we modify the second, third and even the fourth LSBs as well to embed more than one watermark bit. Consequently, the proposed method achieves the embedding capacity larger than 1.0 bpp in single-pass embedding as well as bringing relatively low embedding distortion. The superiority of the proposed method is experimental verified by comparing with other existing schemes.     

Orthogonal Data Embedding for Binary Images in Morphological Transform Domain- A High-Capacity Approach

This paper proposes a data-hiding technique for binary images in morphological transform domain for authentication purpose. To achieve blind watermark extraction, it is difficult to use the detail coefficients directly as a location map to determine the data-hiding locations. Hence, we view flipping an edge pixel in binary images as shifting the edge location one pixel horizontally and vertically. Based on this observation, we propose an interlaced morphological binary wavelet transform to track the shifted edges, which thus facilitates blind watermark extraction and incorporation of cryptographic signature. Unlike existing block-based approach, in which the block size is constrained by 3times3 pixels or larger, we process an image in 2times2 pixel blocks. This allows flexibility in tracking the edges and also achieves low computational complexity. The two processing cases that flipping the candidates of one does not affect the flippability conditions of another are employed for orthogonal embedding, which renders more suitable candidates can be identified such that a larger capacity can be achieved. A novel effective Backward-Forward Minimization method is proposed, which considers both backwardly those neighboring processed embeddable candidates and forwardly those unprocessed flippable candidates that may be affected by flipping the current pixel. In this way, the total visual distortion can be minimized. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of our arguments.     

基于分块DCT的自适应视频水印算法

在以往的离散余弦变换(DCT)水印嵌入算法中,选择直流系数嵌入能增加稳定性,但也会导致水印的不可见性较差。本文在DCT直流系数嵌入法的基础上进行改进,结合人类视觉系统模型(HVS),优先选择纹理强度大的DCT分块并自适应控制嵌入强度,能较好兼顾稳定性和不可见性。改进后的算法与改进前算法相比,数字水印的安全性、鲁棒性、嵌入量、不可见性、稳定性等各方面都有较大提高。     

Reversible watermarking based on two embedding Schemes

Two different embedding schemes are presented in this paper. One aims to increase rate-distortion performance at low embedding rates. It will increase performance at low embedding rates from the following three main aspects: 1) a local variance-controlled mechanism, 2) a better predictor and 3) a new embedding scheme which can decrease the number of the pixels to be modified on the basis of providing a certain embedding capacity. Since the first scheme is only to provide low embedding rate with high visual quality, another scheme is designed to achieve higher embedding rate with good visual quality. In the second scheme, the center pixel of a three-pixel set is the prediction of a pixel, and thus any modification to it is meaningless. Each three-pixel set contains two differences. Based on the fact that the center pixel can not be modified, the remaining two pixels must be modified so that both of difference are shifted by 1. For instance, if both of pixels can carry 1-bit watermark and to-be-embedded bits are both 1, then two pixels must be shifted left or right by 1. Since we can not shift two difference by modifying only the center pixel, the distortion is high. To decrease distortion, the possibility that two bits are both equal to 1 is discarded in this paper. Experimental results also demonstrate the proposed method is effective.     

An information hiding scheme with minimal image distortion

This paper proposes an embedding scheme which can embed a message into an image and obtain minimal image distortion for applications which need a high-visual-quality stego-image. The message to be embedded is divided into sub-messages each of which is embedded into a pixel vector with three pixels. A sub-message is extracted from a stego-pixel vector by calculating the differences between pixels. The embedding capacity of an image using the proposed scheme can be more than one bit per pixel and the modification of a pixel is not more than one. Since the modification of pixels is minimal, applications using the proposed scheme can obtain a stego-image with higher visual quality than existing studies.     

基于扩频调制和视觉掩蔽的彩色图像盲水印算法

为了更好地实现彩色图像的版权保护,首先,从理论上说明了应该选择彩色图像绿色分量嵌入水印,然后提出了一种新的适应彩色图像的盲水印算法。该算法先对宿主图像的绿色分量以8×8pixels分块进行DCT变换;然后将二值水印图像用两个互不相关的伪随机序列进行扩频调制;最后为了最大限度地增强水印强度,且不影响透明性,通过引入人眼视觉掩蔽因子,将调制好的水印根据视觉掩蔽因子大小,不同强度地嵌入到DCT变换域的中频子带系数上。该算法是通过比较两个伪随机序列和水印化图像的相关性大小来提取水印,不需要原始图像的参与,为盲水印算法。实验结果证明,该算法能有效抵抗JPEG压缩、加噪、剪切、滤波等常见攻击,而且在绿色分量中嵌入水印比在红色和蓝色分量中嵌入水印能更好地抵抗JPEG压缩的攻击。     

利用像素置换的自适应可逆信息隐藏

目的 像素置换作为一种可逆信息隐藏方式具有良好的抗灰度直方图隐写分析能力,但嵌入容量偏小一直是其缺陷。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于像素置换的自适应可逆信息隐藏算法。方法 首先,与传统2×2像素块结构相比构造了尺寸更小的像素对结构,使得载体图像可以被更稠密地分割,为嵌入容量的提升提供了基数条件。其次,提出适用于该新像素结构的可嵌像素对（EPP）筛选条件,避免嵌入过程引起图像质量大幅下降。之后,根据EPP的灰度趋势差异对其进行自适应预编码,提高Huffman编码压缩比,进一步提升算法嵌入容量。最终,通过像素置换嵌入信息。结果 与2×2像素块结构的非自适应图像隐写算法相比,在同样保证灰度直方图稳定性的情况下该算法的PSNR提高了32%左右,嵌入容量提高了95%以上。其中自适应性对嵌入容量提升的贡献极大。结论 本文算法同时具有抗灰度直方图隐写分析能力与高嵌入容量性的可逆信息隐藏。算法构造了更高效的可嵌单位,并且针对不同载体图像的特点对其可嵌区域进行差异化编码。实验结果表明,本文算法在具有更好的不可见性的同时,嵌入容量得到大幅提升。