Low pressure carburising and high pressure gas quenching

Abstract

The traditional technology of heat treatment for gear components is the combination of atmospheric gas carburising with oil quenching. This technology is proven to deliver reliable results. However, the need of modern production is to react fast according to changing processes and production volumes. The highest technical requirements in combination with economical production methods must be met to ensure the highest quality standards and to establish environmental friendly production. Low pressure carburising and high pressure gas quenching is a reliable method that is used more and more in Asia, Europe and North America. This technology is an answer to the above described needs. Major car and gear makers have proven this process and implemented it into the mass production of gears components. With low pressure carburising and high pressure gas quenching it is possible to have real high production volumes and to react very flexible to different production scenarios.     

压力加镁球化处理包工作压力的研究

本文以Ｃｌａｕｓｉｕｓ－Ｃｌａｐｅｙｒｏｎ方程为根据，提出了压力加镁包工作压力与待处理铁水温度之间的关系，同时以实测验证了理论计算的可靠性，对压力加镁包的设计有参考价值 。     

内压对薄壁管充液压弯时的影响

失稳起皱和截面畸变是薄壁管弯曲成形过程中的主要缺陷,通过数值模拟和实验的方法,研究了液压支承下管材的弯曲变形行为,进行了从无内压到内压为18MPa的管材充液弯曲成形,分析了充液弯曲成形过程中的内压值对成形的影响,给出了成形后的不圆度和典型点壁厚减薄率的变化规律,结果显示,随着充液压力的增加,管材的截面不圆度逐渐减小,管材内侧壁厚增厚趋势减小,外侧壁厚减薄趋势增大。并根据模拟结果给出了成形后的典型点的应力状态。     

Distinctions of dendritic behavior influenced by constant pressure and periodic pressure

The distinctions of dendritic morphology and sidebranching behavior when solidified under atmosphere pressure, constant pressure which is higher than atmosphere pressure (hereinafter referred to as constant pressure) and periodic pressure were investigated using 3-D phase field method. When growing at atmosphere pressure, side branches (secondary dendritic arms) are irregular. When solidified under constant pressure with a relatively high value, side branches are much more luxuriant, with more developed high-order side branches. When applied with periodic pressure, resonant sidebranching happens, leading to many more regular side branches and the smallest secondary dendritic arm spacing (SDAS) in the three cases. The significant difference in dendritic morphology is associated with tip velocity modulated by total undercooling including pressure and temperature undercooling. In the case of constant pressure, tip velocity increases linearly with total undercooling, and it varies periodically in periodic pressure case. The different variation trend in tip velocity is the reason for the distinct dendrite growth behavior in different cases. Unlike the phenomenon in constant pressure case where the dendrite grows faster with higher pressure, the dendrite grows slower under periodic pressure with higher amplitude, resulting in less developed primary dendrite and side branches. This is influenced by tip remelting due to low undercooling or even negative undercooling. It is revealed that the accelerated velocity of tip remelting increases with the decline of undercooling. The greater the amplitude of periodic pressure, the faster the tip remelting velocity during one period. This is the reason why the average tip velocity decreases with the rise of amplitude of periodic pressure.

     

Effect of blank holder pressure on viscous pressure forming aluminum alloy ladder parts

Viscous pressure forming (VPF), is suitable for forming difficult-to-form sheet metal parts. An investigation in the effect of blank holder pressure(BFIP) on VPF aluminum alloy ladder parts was conducted. Based on experimental and numerical simulation results of the effect of BFIP on dimensional accuracy, wall-thickness reduction, forming pressure, material flow and defects (such as wrinkling and fracture) of specimens, the effect patterns of BFIP load path on VPF ladder parts were explained. The limits of BFIP corresponding to specimens with no defect and with wrinkling or fracture defect were determined. In the limits of formable BFIP, the variable load path of BFIP was beneficial to drawing blank into the die and decreasing wall-thickness reduction of specimens. The experimental results show that the ladder parts of good surface fineness and high dimensional accuracy can be obtained by variable load paths of BHP.     

高压状态下固体颗粒介质侧压应力系数试验

高压状态下固体颗粒介质物理性能是固体颗粒介质管、板料成形工艺的基础性研究,是深入探索其成形规律、进行生产实践的重要理论依据。固体颗粒在压力传递过程中表现出非均匀分布的力学性能,可用侧压应力系数进行数学描述。侧压应力系数是固体颗粒的基本物理特性,存在两个极限侧压应力系数nmin与nmax,且两者互为倒数。文章通过试验测试,得出了GM颗粒介质侧压应力系数实测曲线,并以散体力学为基础,对固体颗粒介质在内高压状态下侧压应力系数的变化规律进行了系统的分析和讨论。     

Advantages of low pressure carburising and high pressure gas quenching technology in manufacturing

Abstract

Over the last decade, vacuum carburising in combination with high pressure gas quenching (HPGQ) has become a preferred technology in gear industry mainly in Europe and North America. Driven by cost savings in manufacturing of gears and shafts, the heat treatment process has gone into the focus of the manufacturers. The potential of savings in heat treatment is huge because the new technology allows the integration into the manufacturing chain of gears and shafts. With vacuum heat treatment furnaces is it possible to implement this integration into manufacturing. The advantages of vacuum technology are in particular: the absence of surface oxidation, the cold wall technology, the gas quenching technology, the reduced logistics, flexible reaction on the needs of production and the control of distortion. In parallel to the development of the new heat treat process, a second point came into the focus of manufacturers: the choice of material. The industry recognised that by choosing a slightly higher alloyed material, significant savings in the entire manufacturing chain can be realised: smaller grinding stock, faster carburising cycles, gas quenching with control of distortion, and ultimately the reduction/elimination of grinding- and straightening operations. Vacuum furnaces are flexible in their reaction to the production requirements. Only with these types of heat treatment furnaces is it possible to switch them off after use and save immediately energy and costs. This benefit was essential for the industry in 2008/09 during the world economic crisis. In the past, the automotive industry in Europe and North America mostly ran on conventional pusher type furnaces which must be kept on operating temperature even if only 50% of installed production capacity is needed. The vacuum furnace of type ModulTherm is a multi-chamber system and each chamber can be switched On or Off according to the production plan which finally saves a huge amount of cost for energy. This paper presents the advantages of the vacuum carburising technology with high pressure gas quenching. The author will demonstrate with examples and comparisons the benefits of vacuum technology and the successfully integration of heat treatment in the manufacturing chain.     

不同内压对锥柱耐压壳焊接残余应力的影响

为了研究高强钢锥柱耐压壳焊接残余应力在不同内压作用下的变化规律,首先运用ANSYS中的APDL语言编制了焊接残余应力计算程序,并用模型试验验证其可靠性.在数值模拟和试验结果相一致的基础上,计算了锥柱耐压壳的初始焊接残余应力.然后对有初始焊接残余应力的锥柱耐压壳在不同内压下的残余应力变化规律进行研究.结果表明,随着内压的...     

节流控制的压力补偿特性优化和测压点补偿研究

本文在优化传统压差式压力补偿器补偿特性的同时，提出了一种新的补偿方法－测压点补偿原理，试验表明，利用测压点补偿原理，比优化结构参数的传统压差式压力力补偿器有更高的补偿精度，且几乎不增加制造成本。     

无压机分球式高压装置用复合传压介质的制备研究

以无压机分球式高压装置（BARS）制备宝石级金刚石时,对传压介质的相对密度要求很高。为提高传压效率,实验研究ZrO₂-NaCl复合传压介质的制备,分析其相对密度同密封效果、倒角设计的关系,并通过NaCl复合提高ZrO₂的传压性能。发现复合介质的传压效率比叶蜡石更高,但只有在相对密度92%时才能保证设备安全、稳定工作,且需加装密封边。最后,在自制BARS设备上使用ZrO₂-NaCl传压介质合成出2ct、VS级的黄色宝石级人造金刚石单晶。      

The influence of pressure during solidification of high pressure die cast aluminium telecommunications components

The effects of process variables on the quality of high-pressure die cast components was determined with the aid of in-cavity pressure sensors. In particular, the effects of set intensification pressure, delay time, and casting velocity have been investigated. The in-cavity pressure sensor has been used to determine how conditions within the die-cavity are related to the process parameters regulated by the die casting machine, and in turn the effect of variations in these parameters on the integrity of the final part. Porosity was found to decrease with increasing intensification pressure and increase with increasing casting velocity. The delay time before the application of the intensification pressure was not observed to have a significant effect on porosity levels.     

Use of near atmospheric pressure and low pressure techniques to modification DLC film surface

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have been use in numerous industrial applications due to its mechanical properties such as low friction coefficient, high hardness, and high adherence on different substrate materials. It has been demonstrated that the DLC surface can be modified with oxygen plasma treatment. The purpose of this paper is to study two kinds of surface treatments (atmospheric and low pressures) using oxygen gas for different etching exposure times in DLC films. Plasma durability along the time was also evaluated. DLC films were deposited using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. The properties of DLC treated for both techniques in different exposure times were investigated through Raman, AFM and contact angle measurements. D band position slightly shifts toward lower wave numbers after oxygen plasma etching treatment whilst the surface becomes rougher, although the roughness values are still lower. A conventional wetting contact angle method was used to study the surface properties of DLC films with different treatments. The wetting contact angle reduced significantly due to the increase of carbon–oxygen sites on the surface.     

低压蒸汽差压发电技术应用

钢厂低压蒸汽在减温减压处理过程中没有有效收集利用会造成能源浪费,该文提出了低压蒸汽差压发电技术,利用螺杆膨胀动力机回收蒸汽的势能做功发电,并介绍了该螺杆发电机组的螺杆膨胀动力机、控制系统、动力系统等。经试验验证,该技术能有效回收低品位能源处理过程中损失的能耗。     

车灯反射镜液压力作用区域与径向压力

针对不规则曲面板材零件成形需要,提出了凹模腔液压力作用区域和主动径向加压的充液拉深新技术。通过数值模拟方法,采用分析软件eta/DYNAFORM5.6和HYPERWORKS9.0相结合,对St16板材车灯反射镜零件液压力作用区域和主动径向加压充液拉深成形过程进行了研究。以零件成形最终壁厚分布和短轴最小宽度为评定标准,分析了不同液压力作用区域和主动径向压力加载路径对成形质量的影响。通过数值模拟证明了,在不同液压力作用区域和主动径向加压充液拉深过程中,成形件的最小厚度的变化趋势。研究表明,采用凹模圆角处向外偏置6mm的液压力作用区域,并配合1.3倍液压力的主动径向压力加载路径,获得的车灯反射镜最大减薄率为10.056%,零件质量好。     

他汀类药物的血压调节作用

他汀类药物是治疗高胆固醇血症的首选药物, 临床已广泛应用于血脂异常的治疗。近年来, 临床研究发现他汀类药物可改善高血压合并血脂异常患者的血压, 这种作用不仅见于未经治疗的高血压患者, 对于已经使用抗高血压药物治疗的高血压患者也有一定的疗效。但有一些研究并不完全肯定这一作用。他汀类药物降低血压的作用在很大程度上不依赖于其调脂作用, 可能与其改善血管内皮功能及调节血管紧张素受体有关。