锈胀钢筋混凝土拱肋承载力试验与模拟

为研究锈胀损伤对钢筋混凝土拱肋极限承载力的影响,制作了4片钢筋混凝土圆弧拱肋,通过电化学快速锈蚀使其表面产生不同程度的锈胀裂缝,讨论了初始锈胀裂缝的分布情况,研究了锈胀拱肋的裂缝发展、不同位置处位移和应变、极限承载力及失效模式。试验结果表明：锈胀削弱了混凝土截面尺寸和刚度,降低了钢筋与混凝土间的粘结性,是承载力退化的主要原因之一;锈胀导致的拱肋极限承载力下降率约为60%;锈胀未改变拱肋的失效模式,所有拱肋均在一侧拱脚发生脆性破坏。在试验的基础上,建立了锈胀钢筋混凝土拱肋的有限元计算模型,由于RC拱肋存在大面积锈胀,模型中未考虑混凝土保护层的影响,计算结果和试验值较为接近,为日后有限元建模提供一定参考。     

Fracturing behaviors of FRP-strengthened concrete structures

In this paper, we focus on the study of concrete cracking behavior and interfacial debonding fracture in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)-strengthened concrete beams. An experimental program is systematically reviewed according to the observed failure modes, in which it is found that the interfacial debonding may propagate either within the adhesive layer or through concrete layer in the vicinity of bond interface. A finite element analysis is performed to investigate the different types of debonding propagation along FRP-concrete interface and crack distribution in concrete. For the numerical fracture models, interfacial debonding that initiates and propagates in adhesive layer is modeled by fictitious interfacial crack model. And concrete cracking, including the debonding fracture through interfacial concrete, is modeled by smeared crack model. Properties of the interfacial adhesive layer and concrete are considered to significantly influence the debonding propagation types and crack distribution. The interactions between interfacial bond strength, interfacial fracture energy of bond adhesive layer and tensile strength, fracture energy of concrete are discussed in detail through a parametric study. According to the results, the effects of these properties on different types of interfacial debonding, concrete cracking behavior and structural load-carrying capacity are clearly understood.     

Failure modes and failure mechanisms of RC members strengthened by NSM CFRP composites – Analysis of pull-out failure mode

The aim of the experimental programme developed in this work was to study the failure modes and the pull-out failure mechanism of RC members strengthened by Near Surface Mounted reinforcement (NSM) technique. The global behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by NSM and subjected to flexure was investigated. The rods were 6- and 12-mm-diameter carbon–epoxy pultruded FRP. Two vibrated concrete compositions were tested: conventional (VC30) and high-strength (VC60), and one filling material: epoxy resin. The study was carried out up to the failure load, and focused on the failure modes of the beams. The experimental results were compared with the analytical model for the pull-out failure mode of FRP rods. Based on the concept of the anchorage length beyond the last crack, the calculation gives a good approximation of the ultimate bond stress in the cross-section located at the last crack.     

粘贴钢板加固钢筋混凝土梁的分离式有限元模型

提出了外粘钢板加固受弯钢筋混凝土梁的非线性有限元模型。该模型中采用了一种特殊的、具有剥离破坏功能的界面单元来模拟混凝土梁和外粘钢板之间的粘结层,这种剥离破坏主要发生在粘贴钢板端部区域和弯曲、剪切裂缝附近。影响这种剥离破坏的主要因素有两个:一是粘贴钢板的端部与加固梁支座距离;二是粘贴钢板的厚度。传统的梁理论不能描述这种加固梁破坏模式,采用有限元方法能全方位地描述这种加固梁的各种性状和破坏模式。数值计算结果与粘贴不同厚度钢板加固梁的试验结果相吻合。     

A discrete spectral model for intermediate crack debonding in FRP-strengthened RC beams

One of the common failure modes of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened in flexure with a bonded fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) is intermediate crack (IC) debonding, which is originated at a critical section in the vicinity of flexural cracks and propagates to a plate end. Despite considerable research over the last years, few reliable and simplified IC debonding strength models have been developed. This paper firstly presents a one-dimensional model based on the discrete crack approach for concrete and the spectral element method for the numerical simulation of the IC debonding process. The progressive formation of flexural cracks and subsequent concrete–FRP interfacial debonding is formulated by the introduction of a new element able to represent both phenomena simultaneously without perturbing the numerical procedure. Furthermore, with the proposed model, high frequency dynamic response for these kinds of structures can also be obtained in a very simple and non-expensive way, which makes this procedure very useful as a tool for diagnoses and detection of debonding in its initial stage by monitoring the change in local dynamic characteristics.     

Plasticity approach to shear design

The paper presents some plastic models for shear design of reinforced concrete beams. Distinction is made between two shear failure modes, namely web crushing and crack sliding. The first mentioned mode is met in beams with large shear reinforcement degrees. The mode of crack sliding is met in non-shear reinforced beams as well as in lightly shear reinforced beams. For such beams the shear strength is determined by the recently developed crack sliding model. This model is based upon the hypothesis that cracks can be transformed into yield lines, which have lower sliding resistance than yield lines formed in uncracked concrete. Good agreement between theory and tests has been found.     

Failure diagrams of FRP strengthened RC beams

Amongst various methods developed for strengthening and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, external bonding of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) strips to the beam has been widely accepted as an effective and convenient method. The experimental research on FRP strengthened RC beams has shown five most common modes, including (i) rupture of FRP strips; (ii) compression failure after yielding of steel; (iii) compression failure before yielding of steel; (iv) delamination of FRP strips due to crack; and (v) concrete cover separation. In this paper, a failure diagram is established to show the relationship and the transfer tendency among different failure modes for RC beams strengthened with FRP strips, and how failure modes change with FRP thickness and the distance from the end of FRP strips to the support. The idea behind the failure diagram is that the failure mode associated with the lowest strain in FRP or concrete by comparison is mostly likely to occur. The predictions based on the present failure diagram are compared to 33 experimental data from the literature and good agreement on failure mode and ultimate load has been obtained. Some discussion and recommendation for practical design are given.     

Prediction of the behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with FRP Plates

Epoxy-bonding a composite plate to the tension face is an effective technique to repair reinforced concrete beams since it increases their strength and rigidity. In this paper, the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plates is studied numerically. For it, a numerical damage model is used in order to predict their strength, stiffness and failure modes observed in experimental tests taking into account the influence of different variables such as the amount of steel reinforcement, the type and amount of external reinforcement, the plate length, etc. The consideration of concrete cracking and the yielding of the steel rebars allows to predict in a realistic way the behavior of the strengthened beams and especially the debonding failure mode. In that sense both end and midspan debond can be represented since the model is able to reproduce the tension stiffening phenomenon.     

Prediction of intermediate crack debonding failure in FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams

The present paper addresses with intermediate crack (IC) debonding failure modes in FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams; a non-linear local deformation model, derived from a cracking analysis based on slip and bond stress, is adopted to predict the stresses and strains distribution at failure. Local bond-slip laws at the longitudinal steel-to-concrete and FRP-to-concrete interfaces, as well as the tension stiffening effect of the reinforcement (steel and FRP) to the concrete, are considered. Model predictions are compared to experimental results available in the literature together with predictions of other models. Reasonable agreement with experimentally measured IC debonding loads and FRP strains is observed for all examined strengthened beams. Results of a parametric analysis, varying geometrical and mechanical parameters involved in the physical problem are also presented and discussed.     

Strength prediction and failure modes of concrete specimens subjected to the split test

This paper deals with modelling and test of concrete specimens subjected to the Brazilian split test. Based on the fictitious crack concept, a simple model for the crack propagation process in the splitting plane is developed. From the model, it is possible to determine the distribution of residual tensile strength as crack propagation take place. The residual tensile strength is thereafter used in a rigid plastic analysis of the splitting failure. Based on this combined approach, the ultimate load may either be governed by crack propagation or by a plastic failure, which then terminates the crack growth process. It is shown that the model is able to replicate a number of experimental observations. This includes size effect and influence of loading width.     

Damage evaluation of concrete plates by high-velocity impact

This paper describes the evaluation of the local damage of concrete plates by the impact of high-velocity rigid projectiles. A new launching system of mushroom-shaped projectiles has been developed. Impact tests for concrete plates have been conducted by using the system to examine failure modes of the local damage of concrete plates. The damage or failure behavior has been discussed on the basis of the failure process captured by a high speed video camera and the strain histories obtained by strain gauges on the concrete plate. Numerical simulations have been also carried out in order to explain the mechanism of the local damage observed by the experiment. A reasonable numerical model has been discussed in terms of a constitutive model and strain rate effect of concrete material. Mechanism of the local damage of concrete plates has been illustrated schematically.     

钢板-混凝土组合板抗剪承载性能的试验研究与数值分析

主要通过试验研究与数值模拟,分析钢板-混凝土组合板在受剪状态下的承载力、变形、裂缝发展情况以及钢板与混凝土参与抗剪程度等。进行了3块钢板-混凝土组合板试件和1块无钢板混凝土试件的抗剪承载力试验。结果表明：钢板-混凝土组合板试件的剪切破坏形式主要是斜拉破坏;钢板承担了约50%以上总剪力,由于钢板的协同作用,混凝土承担的剪力与按照规范计算的混凝土抗剪承载力相比有较大幅度的提高;随着栓钉间距的增大,构件的抗剪承载力减小。基于修正压力场理论对ABAQUS进行了材料层面的二次开发,建立了适合钢板-混凝土组合板抗剪分析的数值仿真模型,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

Development of discrete cracks in concrete loaded by shock waves

The non-linear behaviour of statically loaded concrete results mainly from the development of cracks. In addition, highly dynamically loaded concrete is influenced by the failure of micro-pores. Several authors use a damage model to consider both effects. The objective of this work is to test the capability of a discrete crack model to simulate shock wave-loaded concrete. Discrete cracks are modelled using the element-free Galerkin method, which allows cracks to be implemented independently of the mesh. The discrete crack model is used in combination with a fracture process zone to simulate the cohesive behaviour of the cracks in concrete. The behaviour of the micro-pores is described by a compression modulus, which depends on hydrostatic strain (Hugoniot curve). The strain rate effect is considered by modifying the failure surface for calculating crack development. Static and dynamic benchmarks with several concrete beams show good agreement with experimental results. Experiments with concrete loaded by contact detonation show the development of cracks below the crater. The simulation model used shows good agreement with the experimental crack pattern.     

Flexural response predictions of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates

Existing experimental studies showed that the reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with prestressed carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates had three possible flexural failure modes (including the compression failure, tension failure and debonding failure) according to the CFRP reinforcement ratio. Theoretical formulas based on the compatibility of strains and equilibrium of forces were presented to predict the nominal flexural strength of strengthened beams under the three failure modes, respectively, and a limitation on the tensile strain level developed in the prestressed CFRP plate was proposed as the debonding failure occurred. In addition, the calculation methods for cracking moment, crack width and deflection of strengthened beams were provided with taking into account the contribution of prestressed CFRP plates. Experimental studies on five RC beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates and a nonlinear finite element parametric analysis were carried out to verify the proposed theoretical formulas. The available test results conducted by other researchers were also compared with the predicted values.     

Modelling of CFRP–concrete bond using smeared and discrete cracks

This paper presents a finite element study of the bond characteristic between CFRP and concrete. The behaviour of twelve shear-lap specimens was modelled using a combination of smeared and discrete cracks. The smeared crack model is based on Rankine’s failure criterion, whereas the discrete crack model is based on nonlinear fracture mechanics, where both mode I and II fractures are accounted for. The finite element model proved to be able to predict the ultimate loads, crack patterns at failure and CFRP strain distributions reasonably well. The same method was then used to simulate debond failures in retrofitted beams which also showed good correlation with the experimental results.     

带栓钉波形钢板混凝土组合构件粘结滑移性能与承载力试验研究

通过11个带栓钉的波形钢板混凝土组合构件在单调荷载下的推出试验和1个自然粘结构件的对比试验,研究带栓钉波形钢板混凝土组合构件的破坏形态、裂缝模式、荷载-滑移特性、波形钢板应变分布和承载力等。结果表明：带栓钉波形钢板混凝土组合试件的破坏形态以混凝土劈裂为主。试件的荷载-滑移曲线由上升阶段、下降阶段、残余阶段三个部分组成。由于混凝土和栓钉的组合作用,波形钢板自由端存在受拉区,产生过零点现象。带栓钉波形钢板混凝土组合试件的抗剪承载力随栓钉直径、数量的增长呈线性增长,而在一定条件下,栓钉长度、钢板厚度对抗剪承载力影响不大,另外在200 mm范围内适当增大栓钉间距对抗剪承载力也有提高。基于试验结果和力的扩散原则,分别提出了考虑栓钉影响的波形钢板混凝土界面粘结滑移本构模型以及带栓钉的波形钢板混凝土推出试件的承载力计算公式,所提模型与试验结果吻合良好,承载力公式计算结果与试验结果总体相符且偏于安全。     

型钢高强高性能混凝土梁抗弯性能试验研究

基于10榀型钢高强高性能混凝土简支梁的抗弯试验,观察了诸试件的破坏过程、裂缝开展模式及破坏形态,得到了型钢高强高性能混凝土梁的典型荷载-挠度曲线及混凝土、型钢沿截面高度的应变分布规律,分析了一般弯曲破坏和弯曲劈裂破坏模式下梁的破坏机理,揭示了影响梁抗弯性能的主要因素,探讨了混凝土强度等级、含钢率、翼缘宽度比(型钢翼缘宽度和梁截面宽度的比值)及剪切连接方式对梁抗弯性能的影响规律。研究将为型钢高强高性能混凝土梁相关计算理论的建立提供试验数据及理论依据。     

Interfacial shear stress concentration in FRP-strengthened beams

This paper reports the results of an experimental programme designed to study the interfacial shear stress concentration at the plate curtailment of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened in flexure with externally bonded carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP). Specifically, the study looks at the relationship between the CFRP plate thickness and the interfacial shear stress concentration at the plate curtailment, the failure modes of the CFRP-strengthened beams as well as the efficiency of the CFRP external reinforcing system. Comparing the experimental results with existing models' predictions is another objective of this study. The experimental programme included five RC beams 115 mm×150 mm in cross-section and 1500 mm in length. Four of the RC beams were reinforced externally with CFRP plates of different thicknesses. Tests in this study showed that the thickness of CFRP plate affects not only the load-carrying and deflection capacities of the strengthened beam, but also the shear stress concentration at the CFRP/concrete interface and the beam failure mode.     

FRP debonding from a concrete substrate: Some recent findings against conventional belief

For beams strengthened with FRP plates, many existing theories and concepts related to debonding failure are challenged by recent experimental observations in our laboratory. For debonding initiated by stress concentrations at the plate end, ultimate failure is always preceded by the formation of a major crack in the concrete member, causing interfacial stresses to change significantly from the elastic distribution. Existing elastic models are therefore not applicable to failure prediction. For debonding initiated from a flexural crack near mid-span, fracture mechanics based models indicate that the plate stress at failure is inversely proportional to the square root of the thickness. Test results from beams of various sizes and retrofitted with plates of different thickness show a different trend. To delay debonding failure, bonding of U-shape FRP ‘stirrups’ to the end of the FRP plate has been proposed. Test results indicate that ‘stirrups’ applied away from the plate end can indeed be more effective under some practical situations.     

Concrete beams with externally bonded flexural FRP-reinforcement: analytical investigation of debonding failure

This paper studies the problem of early concrete cover delamination and plate-end failure of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP-reinforcement. The accuracy of analytical models and finite element (FE) methods for predicting this type of failure is assessed against published experimental data. Two design approaches based on the maximum concrete tensile strength and the shear capacity of concrete beams were examined first and it was found that linear elastic analysis cannot accurately predict the brittle plate-end concrete failure. It was also found that the extent of strengthening that can be achieved is limited by the shear capacity of concrete beams. The FE analysis is used to examine the effects of internal tensile reinforcement on the magnitude of principal tensile stresses in the critical region. The non-linear behaviour of FRP-strengthened beams is also examined in the FE analysis using the smeared crack model for concrete which is shown to adequately display the inelastic deformation of the beam. Finally, the mixed mode of failure due to the combined shear and concrete cover delamination is addressed through modelling plate-end and shear crack discontinuities using the discrete crack approach.