二次挤压对挤压和ECAP变形后ZK60镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

测试四种状态下ZK60合金的显微组织和力学性能,四种状态分别为：挤压;挤压＋4道次ECAP;挤压＋4道次ECAP＋二次挤压;挤压＋4道次ECAP＋退火＋二次挤压。在室温下成功地进行ZK60的二次挤压,得到超细晶组织。结果表明：ECAP和二次挤压可以显著细化晶粒。挤压＋4道次ECAP＋二次挤压后的ZK60合金的屈服强度为342MPa,但是其伸长率只有0.8%。在二次挤压之前进行退火,ZK60合金的伸长率可以提高到4.5%,而屈服强度基本不变,抗拉强度达到 388 MPa。     

An investigation of cavity growth in a superplastic aluminum alloy processed by ECAP

Quantitative measurements were taken to evaluate the significance of cavitation in the tensile testing of a superplastic spray-cast Al-7034 alloy processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). Samples were processed by ECAP and then tested in tension at 673 K using strain rates from 10⁻³ to 10⁻¹ s⁻¹. For comparison purposes, similar tensile testing was conducted also on samples without ECAP processing. Inspection of polished sections after tensile testing revealed extensive internal cavitation in all samples. Measurements were taken to provide detailed information on the sizes and shapes of the cavities and these measurements were analyzed to determine the dominant cavity growth mechanisms. The results demonstrate the importance of superplastic diffusion growth in ultrafine-grained materials processed by ECAP.     

Developing superplasticity in a magnesium alloy through a combination of extrusion and ECAP

A new processing procedure was applied to a cast Mg-9% Al alloy. This procedure involves the sequential application of extrusion and equal-channel angular pressing and is designated EX-ECAP. Experiments show that the Mg-9% Al alloy has an initial grain size of ~50 μm after casting but this is reduced to ~12 μm after extrusion and it is further reduced to ~0.7 μm when the extruded alloy is subjected to ECAP for 2 passes at 473 K. Although the cast alloy exhibits extremely limited ductility and the extruded alloy is only moderately ductile, it is demonstrated that processing by EX-ECAP produces excellent superplastic ductilities including the occurrence of both low temperature superplasticity and high strain rate superplasticity. The EX-ECAP process is less effective when the ECAP step is conducted at 573 K because, although the pressing is then very easy, there is significant grain growth at this higher temperature.     

挤压成形AZ31镁合金的低温超塑性变形

利用挤压成形工艺在300 ℃下将AZ31镁合金铸锭挤制为细晶板材,将制成的拉伸试样在250 ℃下分别以不同的应变速率进行等应变速率拉伸,研究了试样的超塑性变形性能,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜分别观察了变形后试样的显微组织和断口形貌。研究结果表明,在250 ℃和2×10^-2 s^-1应变速率下,AZ31镁合金试样的伸长率达到了290%,实现了较低温度和较高应变速率下的超塑性变形,有利于节约能源和提高效率;在250 ℃下以2.5×10^-4 s^-1应变速率进行拉伸变形,试样的伸长率最大,达到了390%,最大伸长率下AZ31镁合金的显微组织显示,变形后试样的晶粒仍保持等轴状,但晶粒尺寸比原始晶粒增大约一倍,试样断口形貌表现为典型的韧窝型穿晶断裂特征。     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Mg95.5Y3Zn1.5 alloy processed by extrusion and ECAP

A Mg_95.5Y₃Zn_1.5 alloy processed via a two-step processing route of extrusion plus ECAP has been investigated. It was found that the ECAP processed Mg_95.5Y₃Zn_1.5 alloy contained ultrafine grains and exhibited excellent mechanical properties. After ECAP, the average grain size of Mg_95.5Y₃Zn_1.5 alloy was refined to about 300 nm. The highest strengths, with yield strength of 444.6 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 472.7 MPa, were obtained after 1 pass at 623 K. The SAED patterns indicated that the microstructure after ECAP consisted of both high angle and low angle grain boundaries. The fraction of high-angle boundaries increased with increasing numbers of ECAP passes. The Mg_95.5Y₃Zn_1.5 alloy contained a high volume fraction of X-Mg₁₂ZnY phase due to high yttrium and zinc addition. And, it accelerated the growth and coalescence of cracks during tensile testing, resulting in premature fracture and lower elongation of alloy.     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金ECAP变形后的组织和性能

通过对退火态的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金在523 K加热进行不同道次等径通道挤压(ECAP),采用120°模具在Bc路径下经10次ECAP变形后等效真应变达到6.2.试验结果表明,退火态合金试样ECAP挤压后晶粒明显细化,8道次之后晶粒细化趋于缓和,10道次后获得晶粒尺寸为0.8 μm左右的等轴状组织.性能测试结果表明:合金的显微硬度、抗拉强度及伸长率随着ECAP变形道次的增加而增大,ECAP提高了合金的综合力学性能,显著地改善了合金的塑性.     

Low temperature superplasticity of a fine-grained ZK60 magnesium alloy processed by equal-channel-angular extrusion

Fine-grained ZK60 magnesium alloy with the grain size of 1.4 μm was processed by equal-channel-angular extrusion. The material exhibited low temperature superplasticity. The normalized plot suggested that the present material had equilibrium grain boundaries at the superplastic temperature in contrast to typical materials processed by severe plastic deformation.     

挤压变形对镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

研究了镁合金管材挤压成形工艺参数,如坯料温度、模具温度、润滑、挤压比、挤压速度等对镁合金管材挤压后组织与力学性能的影响,以及镁合金管材挤压成形后高温性能、室温性能和超塑性性能。结果表明:镁合金挤压管材的室温力学性能为屈服极限190 MPa,拉伸强度280 MPa,伸长率17%;镁合金挤压管材在400℃高温时的力学性能为屈服极限、拉伸强度值接近25MPa,伸长率180%;随着变形程度的增大,力学性能指标随之增大,并分析了镁合金管材挤压后组织状态的变化。     

Properties inhomogeneity of AM60 magnesium alloy processed by cyclic extrusion compression angular pressing followed by extrusion

A new severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique for improvement of the metallurgical properties of the magnesium alloys is presented. In this process, a cyclic extrusion compression angular pressing (CECAP) process is followed by an extrusion step in the outlet playing the role of additional back pressure. Therefore, more uniform and enhanced mechanical properties are expected in comparison with equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). In order to evaluate the effectiveness and capabilities of this new method, an AM60 magnesium alloy was processed. Finite element results exhibited a significant increase in strain values as well as uniform strain distribution for the new method. In addition, ~110% increase in compressive stress was observed in new method compared to the conventional ECAP. Experimental results revealed a noticeable increase in the hardness and strength of the specimens processed by the new technique as a result of the formation of finer grains and more homogeneous microstructure with good distribution of refined β-phase along the boundaries. It may be concluded that the new process is very promising for future magnesium alloy products.     

Influence of hot extrusion on microstructure and mechanical properties ofAZ31 magnesium alloy

Extrusion treatment is a common method to refine the grain size and improve the mechanical properties of metal material. The influence of hot extrusion on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy was investigated. The results ,show that the mechanical properties of AZ31 alloy are obviously improved by extrusion treatment. The ultimate tensile strength （UTS） of AZ31 alloy at room temperature is measured to be 222 MPa, and is enhanced to 265.8 MPa after extrusion at 420℃. The yield tensile strength （YTS） of AZ31 alloy at room temperature is measured to be 84 MPa, and is enhanced to 201 MPa after extrusion at 420℃. The effective improvements on mechanical properties result from the formation of the finer grains during extrusion and the finer particles precipitated by age treatment. The features of the microstructure evolution during hot extruded of AZ31 alloy are dislocation slipping on the matrix and occurrence of the dynamic recrystallization.     

Using X-ray microtomography to evaluate cavity formation in a superplastic magnesium alloy processed by equal-channel angular pressing

The magnesium AZ31 alloy exhibits excellent superplastic properties after processing by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and testing in tension at a temperature of 623 K. Experiments show that there is an increase in the elongations to failure with increasing numbers of passes in ECAP. X-ray microtomography was used to obtain detailed information on the morphologies of cavities developed during superplastic flow and the results were analyzed in terms of the different possible cavity growth mechanisms. The results show that superplastic elongations are attained in this alloy because the finer grain structure introduced by ECAP is associated with lower flow stresses in tensile testing at elevated temperatures and this leads to a reduction in the rate of growth of internal cavities.     

ECAP法制备超细晶铝合金材料的超塑性行为

研究经多道次等径弯曲通道变形后Al-3%Mg-0.5%Zr铝合金的超塑性行为.研究表明:晶粒尺寸由变形前的50 μm经过8道次等径弯曲通道变形后细化为0.3μm;随后,在330℃退火保温1 h的条件下,其晶粒尺寸长大至10 μm;在500℃、应变速率1×10-3s-1的拉伸实验中,该超细晶材料的最大延伸率高达370%,呈现出良好的超塑性.     

Microstrucmre and mechanical properties of AZ31-0.5%Si alloy processed by ECAP

Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31-0.5%Si（mass fraction） alloy processed by ECAP were investigated. Results show that Mg2Si phase formed during solidification can be broken up and be dispersed in matrix by ECAP. With the increase of ECAP passes, Mg2Si phase in microstructure tends to distribute uniformly. The mean grain size is about 4 μm, and the mean size of Mg2Si is about 6 μm. The elongation of AZ31-0.5%Si alloy is significantly increased after ECAP and then changes a little with increasing ECAP passes, The ultimate strength of as-extruded AZ31-0.5%Si alloy reaches 348.9 MPa, while its strength decreases after ECAP.     

6061铝合金等通道转角挤压时的流变性能

分别对退火态和固溶时效态6061铝合金进行8道次及4道次等通道转角挤压,用有限元软件Deform-3D模拟变形过程,研究连续大变形对组织性能的影响规律.结果表明:等通道挤压使晶粒破碎细化,金属流线走向与剖面对角线方向基本一致;退火态合金的表面硬度随变形道次增加而升高,各道次挤压载荷峰值没有随着变形道次增加而单调增加,而是经历一个升高、降低、再升高的过程.固溶时效态合金的表面硬度在2道次变形后达到了峰值,其载荷峰值也在第2道次变形时最高.硬度值的变化规律与强化因素及位错的运动有关,而载荷的变化规律与摩擦力的变化及其对载荷的贡献大小有关.模拟结果发现,挤压载荷峰值随着变形道次的增加而增大,与实测值不相符.由于剧烈变形使合金组织性能变化较大,因此需要适当修正材料本构关系,才能正确反映其流变行为.     

AZ91镁合金挤压组织与性能的试验研究

通过对AZ91镁合金不同条件下的热挤压成形试验,结果发现,均匀化退火可提高材料塑性,使伸长率由1.8%提高至5%.相对于平模、锥模而言,流线型挤压模具可改善材料的流动性,制备出光滑完整的AZ91棒材.挤压后合金棒材的强度和塑性同时提高,抗拉强度可达340 N/mm2,屈服强度超过260 N/mm2,伸长率超过12%.SEM扫描电镜分析显示,合金中的第二相为晶界上粗大的Mg17Al12和晶粒内部弥散分布的AlxMny.挤压后Mg17Al12可被碎化,α基体晶粒平均直径细化至20 μm,而AlxMny则和铸态的相同,平均直径5 μm.     

正挤压对铸态AZ31镁合金组织与性能的影响

为了研究塑性变形对铸态镁合金组织和性能的改善作用,用铸态AZ31镁合金进行了正挤压试验,并测试了原始试样和变形后试样的组织和性能.结果表明,正挤压可使铸态AZ31合金晶粒显著细化;挤压后抗拉强度和伸长率比挤压前分别提高22%和100%;随挤压温度升高,挤压所得试样的抗拉强度明显下降,但伸长率变化幅度较小;随挤压比的升高,挤压所得试样的伸长率和抗拉强度均明显升高.     

Research on the diffusion bonding of superplastic magnesium alloy

The elevated temperature tensile experiments have been carried out on the magnesium alloy and results indicate that the magnesium alloy has excellent superplastic property.Gleebe-1500 testing machine was used in the diffusion bonding experiment on the superplastic magnesium alloy.Then,the shear stength of the joints under different conditions is obtained through shear testing and the optimum processing parameters for the diffusion bonding are achieved.By metallurgical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM),it is revealed that the micromechanism of diffusion bonding is the slide of grain boundaries caused by the growth of grains and atom diffusion of the superplastic magnesium alloy.     

再结晶退火对AZ31镁合金挤压板材组织与性能的影响

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对AZ31镁合金挤压板再结晶退火前后的显微组织和断口形貌进行分析,并通过室温拉伸试验研究了再结晶退火前后的力学性能.结果表明,随退火保温时间的延长,板材先出现大量片状退火孪晶,随后退火孪晶消失,变形组织被细小、均匀的再结晶晶粒所取代;再结晶退火后,挤压板伸长率增加,抗拉强度提高;退火后试样断裂时宏观断口呈现撕裂棱与韧窝共存的形貌,呈韧性断裂,且随着合金晶粒尺寸减小,撕裂棱和韧窝更加细小.